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RFID based Train Accident Avoidance System
Contents..
1. Introduction
2. Block diaram
!. Circuit Diaram
". Function o# t$is %ro&ect.
'. A%%lications
(. )ard*are Details
+. So#t*are Details
,. So#t*are %rorams
-. CB desin
1/. Conclusion
11. Bibliora%$y
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Abstract0
This project utilizes the Atmel AT89C52 micro
controller the project control the rail gate at any time. The sensor used here is
a Magnetic readers, the micro controller is so programmed such that it control
the synchronous motor to drive the rail gate. Thus increasing the security o
rail gate control. This micro controller is used to control the automatic rail
gate or unmanned gate control. This project also chec! the vehicle and
human any one inside o this trac! is detected rom inside o this trac! it does
not allo" to cross the train on that trac! it automatically stop the train #y
using $%&' transmitter, it "as placed on
that rail"ay station. (hen the person or vehicle is move orm that trac! thenit auto close the rail gate. then it allo" crossing the train. &n this same time it
detect the train crossing "hen the train also leave rom that area then it
automatically open the door Then ready to scan the ne)t vehicle.
This project is designed, using Atmel AT89C52Micro
controller, 2*+ -C' 'isplay, Magnet sensor modules, 'oor Automation,
$%&' Transmitter And $eceiver, uzzer indicator.
Base Tec$noloy0
/ynchronous motor,'igital -ogic, Micro Controller 0815+ #ased3m#edded technology.
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ain Blocks0
-C' 'isplay.
Micro controller.
Magnet sensor
$ail gate Automation.
FAT3RS0
4ess o%eratin %o*er
4o* cost to desin
asy to im%lement
4nmanned Automaton
$educed the cro"d
$educed the time delay
A4ICATI560
C$eck %ost Automation
Security Automation
Automatic ate control system
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RFID Transmitter Station Control 3nit
Train
o6/top
/i nal
Micro Controller
AT 89C52
2*+ -C' display
'river circuit
$ail"ay gate
$/ 272
Converter
uzzer &ndicator
o"er /upply
Magnet /ensors
Magnet ar
&$ /ensors77.92MhzTransmitter
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RFID Receiver Train Control 3nit
Traino6/top
/i nal
Micro Controller 89C52
2*+ -C' display
'river circuit
Train Motor
$/ 272Converter
attery
o"er /upply
77.92M:z
$eceiver
:T;+2''ecoder
9 M:z
$eceiver
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ilot Control Block Diaram
Function o# t$is %ro&ect
:T+23 3ncoder
'river Controls
A/< Transmitter
9 M:z oscillator
attery o"er /upply
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The entire project is spilt into sections and each
section is e)plained in suicient detail to a#ricate present design
and these principles.
The major #loc!s o the system are
+. Micro Controller 89C52.
2. -C' display.
7. $/ 272 Converter
. 77.92M:z Transmitter6$eceiver
5. :T+23 encoder 6'ecoder
. o"er /upply 4nit.
icro controller AT ,-C'2
y com#ining a versatile 8;#it C4 "ith lash on a
monolithic chip, Atmel AT89C52 is a po"er ull, highly le)i#le
and cost eective solution to many em#edded control
applications.
At the heart o the mo#ile handsets module and central unit
are lash;#ased micro controller &C AT89C52. AT 89C52 is a
lo" po"er high perormance CM=/ 8;#it micro controller "ith
8s high;density, non;
volatile memory technology and compati#le "ith the industry
standard MC/;52 instruction set.
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The on chip lash allo" the program memory to #e
reprogrammed in;system or #y a conventional non;volatile memory
programmer.
This "hole unction "ill #e control on micro
controller sot"are programming. This sot"are "ill #e "ritten
on 3m#edded programming -anguage.
Intellient 4CD Dis%lay
This project each unction is display on that -C' screens. &t "ill
#e connected to this micro controller unit. (hen the micro controller
send the command to this unit. Then it ready to display the Alpha
?umeric data se@uentially depends on its input data.
&n this section "e e)amine an intelligent -C' display o t"o
lines, + characters per line, "hich is interaced to the 89C52.
The display contains t"o internal #yte "ide registers, one or
commands 0$/1 and the second or characters to #e displayed
0$/+. &t also contains a user programmed $AM area 0the character
$AM that can #ee programmed to generate any desired character that
can #e ormed using a dot matri). To distinguish #et"een these t"o
data areas the he) command #yte 81 "ill #e used to signiy that the
display $AM address 11h is chosen.
ort + is used to urnish the command or data #yte, and ports 7.2
to 7. urnish register select and read6"rite levels. -C' #it B is
monitored or logic high 0#usy to ensure the display is not over"ritten.
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A slightly more complicated -C' display 02lines)+ characters is
currently #eing used in this project to run a very similar program.
7ireless transmitter 8 Receiver
(e have used :olte! encoderdecoder pair o :T+23 and
:T+2' employing $% principles. oth o these +8pin '& &Cs. This $%
transmitter is used to transmit the vehicle command signal and it also
received #y this :olte! decoder or to drive the vehicle depend on its
particular operation. This transmitter unit is control the vehicle
movement. The $eceiver unit is placed on this inside o "ireless
vehicle unit.
5%eration o# )oltek )T12 and )T12D
:T+23 and :T+2' are CM=/ &Cs "ith "or!ing
voltage ranging rom 2.D to +2D. 3ncoder :T+23 has eight address and
another our address 6data lines. The data set on these t"elve lines is serially
transmitted "hen the transmitter ena#le the pin T3 is ta!en lo". The data
output appears serially on the '=4T pin. The data is transmitted our times in
succession. &t consists o diering length o positive going pulse or E+>andE1>.the pulse "idth or E1> #egin t"ice the pulse "idth or E+>.The re@uency
o this pulse may lie #et"een +.5 and B
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crystal connected #et"een =/C+ and =/C2 pins o :T+23 and :T+2', or
the given supply voltages, can #e ound out rom the graphs given in the
datasheet o respective chips.
RS2!2 Converter0
(e have used $/272 3ncoder'ecoder pair o MA*272
employing $/272 principles. oth o these +pin '& &Cs. This
$/ 272 encoder is connected to central unit, its used to transmit
the decoder num#er and device num#er "ith its status to $/ 272
ca#le and also received #y this MA*272 decoder or to compare
the decoder num#er and it device num#er "ith it status to the
receiver unit. This encoder is convert the CM=/ transmitted
signal into $/272 signal it "as placed on central 4nit. This
decoder is reconverting this $/272 signal into C=M/ signal it
"as placed on receiver 4nit.
"!!.-2 )9 RF transmitter and RF receiverThe $% transmitter T* 77is an AM and A/< transmitter .&ts
eature includeF
+. 5D +2D single supply operation
2. =n = !eying 0==
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arameter Dalue
and "idth +2M:z
/ensitivity ;+17dm
'ata rate 811#ps
Ma) data rate 911#ps/tand#y current +.2mA
Antenna (hip, strip line or helical
Doltage .5D;5.5D 'C
55: Transmitters
==< is the modulation method o choice or remote control
applications "here po"er consumption and cost are the primary actors.
ecause ==< transmitters dra" no po"er "hen they transmit a E1>,
these e)hi#it signiicantly lo"er po"er consumptions than %/0lo" data line is #eing sent, the transmitter is Eo>, ully
suppressing the carrier. &n this state, the transmitter current is very lo"
0less than + mA "hen logic is E+> is #egin sent, the carrier is ully Eon>.
&n this state the current consumption o the module is at its highest
;a#out .5mA "ith a 7Dolt po"er supply.
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ec$anical assembly
The "or!ing prototype has #een a#ricated using
readymade sheet metal parts, and availa#le components.
Com#ined actual size, single size C or the transmitter
encoder and the receiver decoder driver are manuactured on it
circuit connections. This entire project can easily come out rom
the integrated C. A suita#le $MC connector arrangement has
#een made on the receiver decoder driver C or e)tending
connections to the driver circuits, regulator &C and step do"n
transormer mounted on the chassis o the project.
o*er Su%%ly
The a#ove circuit sho"s the po"er supply circuit or G5D
supply using B815 &C regulator. This mo#ile handset unit is
ta!ing the po"er supply orm this #attery and this central unit is
ta!ing the po"er orm step;do"n transormer.
The main components o the po"er supply unit are,
+. The transormer.
2. The rectiier unit.
7. The %ilter Capacitors.
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. The Doltage $egulator units.
Trans#ormer
The unction o the transormer is to step do"n the availa#le ac
source o 271 volts. The transormer selected is a 1;+2v transormer.
The current rating o the transormer is + A on the lo" voltage side.
/ince "e re@uire G5D 'C sources "ith a common ground. The 271 AC
voltages are stepped do"n using this step do"n transormer. At the
secondary the 271v AC it is reduced to +2D $M/ outputs measured
"ith respect to ground.
Recti#ier 3nit
4sing a ull "ave #ridge rectiier then rectiies the reduced AC
source o +2 volts $M/ and it is converted into pulsating 'C availa#le
in three outputs. The three outputs are the positive, negative and the
ground. This 'C is pulsating and it needs iltering. This unregulated
'C is applied to the B815 &C voltage regulators and at the output "e
can o#tain G5D;regulated output.
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Filter Ca%acitors
The positive and the negative 'C outputs have ripple in them and
they are called pulsating 'C. The ripple coming along the 'C has to #e
removed. The ripple #eing the com#ined eect o the high re@uency
components has to #e removed and this is done #y the t"o capacitors.
These t"o capacitors are essential or the positive and the negative #us.
The capacitors selected are o the electrolytic type and are rated 25
volts 2211 M%'.
=nce the iltering is done the #us #ar voltage is steady 'C and is
no" not pulsating and it is ree rom ripples. :o"ever the capacitor
gets charged to the pea! value and thereore the voltage across the
capacitor "ill #e 9 H +.+ volts. %rom this iltered pure 'C source "e
have to get the operating B815;voltage regulator &C.
;oltae Reulator 3nits
The unction o the voltage regulator units are that "hen the
output o the ilters provide 'C o a higher value than that is re@uired
the output o the regulator r is constant o say G 5 volts. &n spite o the
variations in the supply voltage the output remains constant at the
stipulated level.
+,/' IC Reulator
The B815 is a three terminal positive regulator. &t is a compact
easy to use i)ed voltage regulator pac!aged in a single &C. This &C
voltage regulator has only 7 pins one or the unregulated input voltage,
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one or the regulated output voltage and one or ground. This device
can supply load current rom +11mA to more than 5A. The three
terminal regulators have #ecome e)tremely popular so #ecause they are
so ine)pensive and easy to use. This &C B815 is a G5D regulator. The
circuit o B815 incorporates a zener diode as an internal voltage
reerence.
The t"o eatures o B815 i)ed voltage regulator is current
limiting and thermal shutdo"n. Thermal shutdo"n means that the chip
"ill automatically turns itsel o i the internal temperature #ecomes
dangerously high around +B5degree Celsius. This is a precaution
against e)cessive po"er dissipation, "hich depends on the am#ient
temperature type o heat sin! and other varia#les. ecause o thermal
shutdo"n and am#ient limiting, B815 is almost indestructi#le.
The &C B815 needs a minimum input voltage at least 2D to 7D
greater than the regulated output voltage, other"ise it stops regulating.
%urthermore the unregulated 'C input voltage should not #e allo"ed to
e)ceed the nominal regulated output voltage #y more than a#out +5D,
other"ise regulator dissipation "ill #ecome e)cessive, this causes
thermal shutdo"n. The pin diagram o &C B815 is sho"n #elo".
:ere pin + is the input, 2 is the ground, and 7 is the output. The
capacitor at pin + is used to avoid the internal oscillations "ithin the &C.
This capacitor is also a ilter capacitor. To improve the transient
response o the regulated output voltage a #ypass capacitor is used at
pin 7.
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ro&ect Features 8A%%lications
FAT3RS0
4ess o%eratin %o*er
4o* cost to desin
asy to im%lement
Small si9e
4ess 7i$t
A4ICATI560
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Automatic t$e#t detection system
Industrial mac$ine automation
Domestic ac$ine Automation
)ard*are Details
AT,-C'2 Details
Features0
I Com%atible *it$ CS
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I Si@ Interru%t Sources
I rorammable Serial C$annel
I 4o* o*er Idle and o*er Do*n odes
Descri%tion
The AT89C52 is a lo";po"er, high;perormance CM=/ 8;
#it microcomputer "ith 8s high;density nonvolatile memory technology and is compati#le
"ith the industry standard MC/;52J instruction set and pin out. The
on;chip %lash allo"s the program memory to #e reprogrammed in;
system or #y a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. y
com#ining a versatile 8;#it C4 "ith %lash on a monolithic chip, the
Atmel AT89C52 is a po"erul microcomputer, "hich provides a highly
le)i#le and cost eective solution to many em#edded control
applications.
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AT,-C'2 in Con#iurations
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AT,-C'2 in Con#iurations
The AT89C52 provides the ollo"ing standard eaturesF s 2+2series o
encoders 0reer to the encoder6decoder cross reerence ta#le.%or proper
operation, a pair o encoder6decoder "ith the same num#er o addresses
and data ormat should #e chosen.The decoders receive serial addresses
and data rom a programmed 2+2series o encoders that are transmitted
#y a carrier using an $% or an &$ transmission medium. They compare
the serial input data three times continuously "ith their local addresses.
& no error or unmatched codes are ound, the input data codes are
decoded and then transerred to the output pins. The DT pin also goes
high to indicate a valid transmission. The 2+2series o decoders are
capa#le o decoding inormation that consist o ? #its o address and
+2;? #its o data. = this series, the :T+2' is arranged to provide 8
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address #its and data #its, and :T+2% is used to decode +2 #its o
address inormation.
5%eration
The 2+2series o decoders provides various com#inations o
addresses and data pins in dierent pac!ages so as to pair "ith the
2+2series o encoders. The decoders receive data that are transmitted #y
an encoder and interpret the irst ? #its o code period as addresses and
the last +2U? #its as data, "here ? is the address code num#er. A
signal on the '&? pin activates the oscillator, "hich in turn decodes the
incoming address and data. The decoders "ill then chec! the received
address three times continuously. & the received address codes all
match the contents o the decoders local address, the +2U? #its o data
are decoded to activate the output pins and the DT pin is set high to
indicate a valid transmission. This "ill last unless the address code is
incorrect or no signal is received. The output o the DT pin is high only
"hen the transmission is valid. =ther"ise it is al"ays lo". =utput type
o the 2+2series o decoders, the :T+2% has no data output pin #ut its
DT pin can #e used as a momentary data output. The :T+2', on the
other hand, provides latch type data pins "hose data remain
unchanged until ne" data are received.
Flo*c$art
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The oscillator is disa#led in the stand#y state and activated "hen
a logic UhighU signal applies to the '&? pin. That is to say, the '&?
should #e !ept lo" i there is no signal input.
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Decoder Timin Diaram0
Circuit Diaram0
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Datas$eet o# DT "!!.-2 Transmitter
M'T 77 is a AM6A/< transmitter module "hich can
acilitate to design remote control application in shortest "ay.
-o" po"er consumption and "ide operating voltage ma!es the
module ideal or #attery operated lo" po"er application. &t is
also small enough to it in almost any ca#inet.
The igure given #elo" sho" pin description and connections o M'T.
+; Antenna
2; 'ata input
7; round
; Dcc
Technical speciications
+ 2 7
Dcc
'ata in
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Ma) supply voltage 0DccF; +2 D HH
Ma) output o"erF; G5 d#m
Ma) data rateF; 911 #ps
Ma) operating distanceF; 51 mtH
H "ith 5 cm "ire antenna
HH typical operating voltage rom 5 +2 D
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Technical speciications
Ma) supply voltage 0DccF; 5 D
Ma) data rateF; 811 #ps
/ensitivityF; ;+15 d#m
=perating currentF; 7 mA
Ma) operating rangeF; 51 mtH
H (ith 75;1 cm "ire antenna
?oteF; antenna should #e made up o 22 /( "ire. =ne
can use telescopic antenna also
Applications
(ireless data lin!
/ecurity systems
Automo#ile security
+ 2 7 5
Dcc
'ata out
1 Antenna
2 nd
! nd
" ;cc
' Diital data out
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:ome 6 industrial automation
57R S34 36IT
As "e all !no" any invention o latest technology cannot #e activated
(ith out the source o po"er. /o it this ast moving "orld "e deli#erately
?eed a proper po"er source "hich "ill #e apt or a particular re@uirement. All
the electronic components starting rom diode to &ntel &C>s only "or! "ith a
'C supply ranging rom UG5v to UG+2. (e are utilizing or the same, the
cheapest and commonly availa#le energy source o 271v;51:z and stepping
do"n, rectiying, iltering and regulating the voltage. This "ill #e dealt #riely
in the orth;coming sections.
ST D576 TRA6SF5RR
(hen AC is applied to the primary "inding o the po"er transormer it
can either #e stepped do"n or up depending on the value o 'C needed. &n our
circuit the transormer o 271v6+5;1;+5v is used to perorm the step do"n
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operation "here a 271D AC appears as +5D AC across the secondary
"inding. =ne alteration o input causes the top o the transormer to #e
positive and the #ottom negative. The ne)t alteration "ill temporarily cause
the reverse. The current rating o the transormer used in our project is 2A.
Apart rom stepping do"n AC voltages, it gives isolation #et"een the po"er
source and po"er supply circuitries.
RCTIFIR 36IT
&n the po"er supply unit, rectiication is normally achieved using a
solid state diode. 'iode has the property that "ill let the electron lo" easily
in one direction at proper #iasing condition. As AC is applied to the diode,
electrons only lo" "hen the anode and cathode is negative. $eversing the
polarity o voltage "ill not permit electron lo".
A commonly used circuit or supplying large amounts o 'C po"er is
the #ridge rectiier. A #ridge rectiier o our diodes 0H&?11B are used to
achieve ull "ave rectiication. T"o diodes "ill conduct during the negative
cycle and the other t"o "ill conduct during the positive hal cycle. The 'C
voltage appearing across the output terminals o the #ridge rectiier "ill #e
some"hat lass than 91R o the applied rms value. ?ormally one alteration o
the input voltage "ill reverse the polarities. =pposite ends o the transormer
"ill thereore al"ays #e +81 deg out o phase "ith each other.
%or a positive cycle, t"o diodes are connected to the positive voltage at
the top "inding and only one diode conducts. At the same time one o the
other t"o diodes conducts or the negative voltage that is applied rom the
#ottom "inding due to the or"ard #ias or that diode. &n this circuit due to
positive hal cycle'+ V '2 "ill conduct to give +1.8v pulsating 'C. The 'C
output has a ripple re@uency o +11:z. /ince each altercation produces a
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resulting output pulse, re@uency 2H51 :z. The output o#tained is not a pure
'C and thereore iltration has to #e done.
FI4TRI6 36IT
%ilter circuits "hich is usually a capacitor acting as a surge arrester
al"ays ollo" the rectiier unit. This capacitor is also called as a decoupling
capacitor or a #ypassing capacitor, is used not only to Eshort> the ripple "ith
re@uency o +21:z to ground #ut also to leave the re@uency o the 'C to
appear at the output. A load resistor $+ is connected so that a reerence to the
ground is maintained. C+$+ is or #ypassing ripples. C2$2 is used as a lo"
pass ilter, i.e. it passes only lo" re@uency signals and #ypasses high
re@uency signals. The load resistor should #e +R to 2.5R o the load.
+111625v F or the reduction o ripples rom the pulsating.
+1625v F or maintaining the sta#ility o the voltage at the load side.
=,+ F or #ypassing the high re@uency distur#ances.
;54TA R34AT5RS
The voltage regulators play an important role in any po"er supply unit.
The primary purpose o a regulator is to aid the rectiier and ilter circuit in
providing a constant 'C voltage to the device. o"er supplies "ithout
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regulators have an inherent pro#lem o changing 'C voltage values due to
variations in the load or due to luctuations in the AC liner voltage. (ith a
regulator connected to the 'C output, the voltage can #e maintained "ithin a
close tolerant region o the desired output. &CB815 is used in this project or
providing G5v 'C supply.
/peciications F
$esistors $+ and $2 maintain line load regulation.
At the secondary side o the transormer,
Applied voltage +5v
Conducting drop across the diodes 2H1.
+.2v
"ithout capacitorF
Davg 0+5;+.2v +7.8c pulsating 'C
%re@uency +11:z
(ith capacitorF
DDavg H+.+0ormactor
+9.52v
%re@uency o:z
(ith B815 voltage regulatorF
D1 G5v
;54TA R34AT5R IC+,/'E
Features0
I =utput Current up to +A
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I =utput Doltages o 5, , 8, 9, +1, +2, +5, +8, 2D
I Thermal =verload rotection
I /hort Circuit rotection
I =utput Transistor /ae =perating Area rotection
Block Diaram0
Descri%tion0
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The MCB8**6-MB8**6MCB8**A series o three
terminal positive regulators are availa#le in theT=;2216';As are three terminal positive voltage
regulators. :ere the meaning o irst t"o digits 0B8 reers to positive
regulation and the last t"o digits represent the output voltage.
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&C B815 is a three terminal, positive voltage regulator. &t provides
a i)ed positive voltage o 5 volts a "ide range o load currents. &t has
internal thermal over load protection and internal short circuit
protection. The unregulated input voltage is applied to the input pin0pin
no. + o the &C regulator. The regulated output voltage is o#tained rom
output pin0pin no .7 o the &C regulator. The pin no.2 is the &C ground.
The load is connected #et"een pin no.7 and ground. The capacitor C,is
re@uired i the regulator is located at apprecia#le distances rom a
po"er supply ilter. 3ven though C2 is not needed it may #e used to
improve the transient response o the regulator.
The T=;221 case version o the B815 5;Dolt $egulator can
supply up to +111ma 0+ amp o current at 5 Dolts. A hole is provided
at the top o the regulator to mount a heat sin!. A heat sin! is re@uired
to dissipate any heat that the regulator generates "hen regulating large
amounts o po"er.
So#t*are Details
Instruction Set Summary
nemonic Descri%tion Byte 5scillator eriod
A$&T:M3T&C =3$AT&=?/
A'' A,$n Add register to Accumulator + +2
A'' A,direct Add direct #yte to Accumulator 2 +2
A'' A,K$i Add indirect $AM to Accumulator + +2
A'' A,Wdata Add immediate data to Accumulator 2 +2
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A''C A,$n Add register to Accumulator "ith Carry + +2
A''CA,direct Add direct #yte to Accumulator "ith Carry 2 +2
A''C A,K$i Add indirect $AM to Acc "ith Carry + +2
A''CA,Wdata Add immediate data to Acc "ith Carry 2 +2
/4 A,$n /u#tract $egister rom Acc "ith #orro" + +2
/4 A,direct /u#tract direct #yte rom Acc "ith #orro" 2 +2
/4 A,K$i /u#tract indirect $AM rom ACC "ith #orro" + +2
/4 A,Wdata /u#tract immediate data rom Acc "ith #orro" 2 +2
&?C A &ncrement Accumulator + +2
&?C $n &ncrement register + +2
&?C direct &ncrement direct #yte 2 +2
&?C K$i &ncrement direct $AM + +2
'3C A 'ecrement Accumulator + +2
'3C $n 'ecrement $egister + +2
'3C direct 'ecrement direct #yte 2 +2
'3C K$i 'ecrement indirect $AM + +2
&?C 'T$ &ncrement 'ata ointer + 2
M4- A Multiply A V + 8
'&D A 'ivide A #y + 8
'A A 'ecimal Adjust Accumulator + +2
45ICA4 5RATI56S
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A?- A,$n A?' $egister to Accumulator + +2
A?- A,direct A?' direct #yte to Accumulator 2 +2
A?- A,K$i A?' indirect $AM to Accumulator + +2
A?- A,Wdata A?' immediate data to Accumulator 2 +2
A?- direct,A A?' Accumulator to direct #yte 2 +2
A?- direct,Wdata A?' immediate data to direct #yte 7 2
=$- A,$n =$ register to Accumulator + +2
=$- A,direct =$ direct #yte to Accumulator 2 +2
=$- A,K$i =$ indirect $AM to Accumulator + +2
=$- A,Wdata =$ immediate data to Accumulator 2 +2
=$- direct,A =$ Accumulator to direct #yte 2 +2
=$- direct,Wdata =$ immediate data to direct #yte 7 2
*$- A,$n 3)clusive;=$ register to Accumulator + +2
*$- A,direct 3)clusive;=$ direct #yte to Accumulator 2 +2
*$- A,K$i 3)clusive;=$ indirect $AM to Accumulator + +2
*$- A,Wdata 3)clusive;=$ immediate data to Accumulator 2 +2
*$- direct,A 3)clusive;=$ Accumulator to direct #yte 2 +2
*$- direct,Wdata 3)clusive;=$ immediate data to direct #yte 7 2
C-$ A Clear Accumulator + +2
C- A Complement Accumulator + +2
$- A $otate Accumulator -et + +2
$-C A $otate Accumulator -et through the Carry + +2
$$ A $otate Accumulator $ight + +2
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$$C A $otate Accumulator $ight through the Carry + +2
/(A A /"ap ni##les "ithin the Accumulator + +2
DATA TRA6SFR
M=D A,$n Move register to Accumulator + +2
M=D A,direct Move direct #yte to Accumulator 2 +2
M=D A,K$i Move indirect $AM to Accumulator + +2
M=D A,Wdata Move immediate data to Accumulator 2 +2
M=D $n,A Move Accumulator to register + +2
M=D $n,direct Move direct #yte to register 2 2
M=D $n,Wdata Move immediate data to register 2 +2
M=D direct,A Move Accumulator to direct #yte 2 +2
M=D direct,$n Move register to direct #yte 2 2
M=D direct,direct Move direct #yte to direct 7 2
M=D direct,K$i Move indirect $AM to direct #yte 2 2
M=D direct,Wdata Move immediate data to direct #yte 7 2
M=D K$i,A Move Accumulator to indirect $AM + +2
M=D K$i,direct Move direct #yte to indirect $AM 2 2
M=D K$i,Wdata Move immediate data to indirect $AM 2 +2
M=D 'T$,Wdata + -oad 'ata ointer "ith a +;#it constant 7 2
M=DC A,KAG'T$Move Code #yte relative to 'T$ to Acc + 2
M=DC A,KAGC Move Code #yte relative to C to Acc + 2
M=D* A,K$i Move 3)ternal $AM 08;#it addr to Acc + 2
M=D* A,K'T$ Move 3)ternal $AM 0+;#it addr to Acc + 2
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M=D* K$i,A Move Acc to 3)ternal $AM 08;#it addr + 2
M=D* K'T$,A Move Acc to 3)ternal $AM 0+;#it addr + 2
4/: direct ush direct #yte onto stac! 2 2
= direct op direct #yte rom stac! 2 2
*C: A,$n 3)change register "ith Accumulator + +2
*C: A,direct 3)change direct #yte "ith Accumulator 2 +2
*C: A,K$i 3)change indirect $AM "ith Accumulator + +2
*C:'A,K$i 3)change lo";order 'igit indirect $AM "ith Acc + +2
B554A6 ;ARIAB4 A6I34ATI56
C-$ C Clear Carry + +2
C-$ #it Clear direct #i t 2 +2
/3T C /et Carry + +2
/3T #it /et direct #it 2 +2
C- C Complement Carry + +2
C- #it Complement direct #it 2 +2
A?- C,#it A?' direct #it to CA$$L 2 2
A?- C,6#it A?' complement o direct #it to Carry 2 2
=$- C,#it =$ direct #it to Carry 2 2
=$- C,6#it =$ complement o direct #it to Carry 2 2
M=D C,#it Move direct #it to Carry 2 +2
M=D #it,C Move Carry to direct #it 2 2
XC rel Xump i Carry is set 2 2
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?= ?o =peration + +2
I6TRR3T S53RC ;CT5R ADDRSS
&31 0e)ternal &?T 1 1117:
T%1 0Timer 1 111:
&3+ 0e)ternal &?T 1 11+7:
T%+ 0Timer + 11+:
$& V T& 0/erial 1127:
Reisters
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Clean the rac!ed #oard "ith ine pumice in
al!alic or copper cleaner "ith a ine #rustle #rush or
at least T"o minutes.
The #oard is dipped into the solution o erric
Chloride 0eci2 or speeding up the process the solution
may #e :eated gently. &t "ill #e ormed that all
copper laminates 0e)cept the portion "ith paint has
dissolved in the acid.
The #oard in ta!en out and the paint is removed "ith
!erosene and "ashed cleantly "ith tap "ater.
%inally necessary holes or mounting the components
Are made #y the hand drill. Thus the printed circuit
#oard is Made or the integrated circuit regulated po"er
supply.
Bibliora%$y
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+. A te)t #oo! o 3lectrical Technology - Theraja.
2. 3lectrical Machines M /ay.
7. The 8152 Micro Controller
and 3m#edded /ystems. Mohammad Ali.
. rogramming and customizing the
8152 Micro Controller. My!e red!o
5. Micro Controller -a# manual $ opalsamy
. The 8152 Micro ControllerArchitecture rogramming and Applications.
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Conclusion
The project "or! has #een completed successully.
The project "or! unctions satisactorily as per the design. The
project "or! "as developed ater conducting a num#er o
e)periments #eore inalizing the design "or!, this reduced the
#ottle nec!s and "e did not ace much diiculty in the inal
integration process.
&n general the entire development o the project "or! "as
educative and "e could gain a lot o e)perience #y "ay o doing
the project practically. (e could understand the practical
constraints o developing such systems a#out "hich "e have
studied #y "ay o lectures in the theory classes.
&t "as satisying to see so many theoretical aspects "or!
#eore us in real lie practice o "hich "e have heard through
lectures and o "hich "e have studied in the #oo!s.
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