Tracking Evacuation of Pedestriansduring Disasters
Gürkan Solmaz and Damla Turgut
Networking and Mobile Computing LabDepartment of Computer Science
University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
December 9, 2015
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 1 / 17
Motivation
Increasing use of mobile devices
Application scenario of theme parksI Theme parks in OrlandoI Crowded areas (e.g., city squares, airports)
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 2 / 17
Tracking pedestrians and emergent events
Internet requires certain infrastructure that can be damaged
Networks resilient to disasters
Communication and safe evacuation in disaster areas
ContributionsI A networked system with mobile sinks
I Sink placement and mobility approaches
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 3 / 17
Network model
Network consists of sensor nodesand mobile sinks
Sensor nodes:I Store, carry, and transmit the
messages
Mobile sinks:I Personal electric vehicle
(e.g., Segway)I Exist in limited numbersI Able to move to emergent events
Routing protocol: Epidemic routing
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 4 / 17
Routing protocol
Sink A
P2
P1Initiation
RequestMessages
Sensors act as either initiator or replierMobile sinks always act as repliers
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 5 / 17
Initial sink placement
Process starts with the creation of a grid layout
The small-sized grids are located only on top of the roads
Base points: The set of quasi-random points with the highestdistance sum
Base points are used for marking grids with particular indices
Each mobile sink is placed on a random point in the subset ofgrids
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 6 / 17
Sink mobility - Physical force based (PF)
Sink A
P1
P2
F1
Sink B
F2
FB
VA
Inspired by Newton’s law of universal gravitationA pedestrian has a unit mass which attracts the mobile sinksMobile sinks have larger masses causing inverse forces
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 7 / 17
Sink mobility - Grid allocation based (GA)
Each mobile sink allocates a subset of grids (by indices)Iteratively chooses a random waypoint as the next destinationAims to divide the workload evenly without intercepting
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 8 / 17
Sink mobility - Road allocation based (RA)
Each sink allocates one or multiple roadsGrid indices are used for allocating neighbor roadsSinks decide random waypoints on top of the roads
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 9 / 17
Simulation studyOur group’s disaster area mobility model† is used for pedestriansMetrics: Intercontact times, recontact rates, number oftransmissions, rescue success ratioTwo mobility models: Random waypoint distribution (RWD),random target location (RTL)
Table: Simulation parameterssimulation time 2000 ssampling time 2.0 sdisaster area size (≈) 800x800 mnumber of sensor nodes 200sensing range 20 msensor message storage capacity 100transmission probability 0.9grid width/height 50 mnumber of effected people 20rescue failure time 600 ssink relative mass constant(λ) 0.5physical force impact factor α 20.0sink max speed 1 m/spedestrian max speed 1 m/spedestrian visibility 50 m
†G. Solmaz and D. Turgut, “Pedestrian mobility in theme park disasters.” In IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 53, no. 7,pp.172-177, July 2015.
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 10 / 17
Processed maps - Magic Kindgom
ru
pS A704-L A704-L
L-4
07A
Main Street
Carolwood Park
Frontierland
Magic Kingdom
The H
u
b
te
ert
S ni
aM
evir
D dlr
oW
yaW seitilicaF
Floridian Way
Flor
idia
n W
ay
Walt Disney World Railroad
Magic Kingdom Drive
evir
D dlr
oW
World D
rive
Caribbean W
ayyaW liaronoM
etuoR edaraP
dnalrietnorF
Tom
orro
wla
nd Indy Speedw
ayMagic Kingdom
TheNew
FantasylandNow
Open! DumboThe
FlyingElephant
First Aid
LibertyBell
Harper'sMill
StoryTimeSpot
JungleCruise
Cinderella'sCastleMoat
Mickey'sPhilharmagic
Monsters,Inc.
LaughFloor
Stitch'sGreat
Escape
It'sa SmallWorld
TheHauntedMansion
Tom Sawyer Island
MadTeaParty
SpaceMountain
Tom Sawyer Island
SplashMountain
Piratesofthe
Caribbean
The map of the Magic Kingdom extracted from (†OSM) and theprocessed map with 1300 waypoints
†M. Haklay and P. Weber, “OpenStreetMap: User-generated street maps.” Pervasive Computing, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 12-18, Dec.2008.
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 11 / 17
Results: Intercontact times by sink mobility
PF GA RA RTL RWD0
100
200
300
400
500
Sink Mobility
Inte
rcon
tact
tim
e (s
)
I PF: Physical force basedI GA: Grid allocation basedI RA: Road allocation basedI RTL: Random target locationI RWD: Random waypoint distribution
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 12 / 17
Results: Intercontact times by transmission range
10 25 50 1000
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5x 10
4
Transmission range (m)
Inte
rcon
tact
tim
e (s
)
PFGARARTLRWD
I PF: Physical force basedI GA: Grid allocation basedI RA: Road allocation basedI RTL: Random target locationI RWD: Random waypoint distribution
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 13 / 17
Results: Recontact rates by number of sinks
0 2 4 6 8 100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Number of mobile sinks
Ave
rage
rec
onta
ct r
ate
PFGARARTLRWD
I PF: Physical force basedI GA: Grid allocation basedI RA: Road allocation basedI RTL: Random target locationI RWD: Random waypoint distribution
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 14 / 17
Results: Number of transmissions by range
10 25 50 1000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Transmission range (m)
Num
ber
of tr
ansm
issi
ons
PFGARARTLRWD
I PF: Physical force basedI GA: Grid allocation basedI RA: Road allocation basedI RTL: Random target locationI RWD: Random waypoint distribution
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 15 / 17
Results: Rescue success ratio by number of sinks
0 2 4 6 8 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Number of mobile sinks
Res
cue
succ
ess
ratio
(%
)
PFGARARTLRWD
I PF: Physical force basedI GA: Grid allocation basedI RA: Road allocation basedI RTL: Random target locationI RWD: Random waypoint distribution
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 16 / 17
Thank you
Email: [email protected]
Webpage: http://cs.ucf.edu/∼gsolmaz
Gürkan Solmaz, Damla Turgut (UCF) IEEE GLOBECOM’15 December 9, 2015 17 / 17
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