Section 1: Background information: Cohesion Foundation
Towards ensuring access to productive resources for marginalized women farmers
Technical Protocol Documentation
Submitted to:
National Rural Livelihood Mission &
Gujarat Livelihood Promotion Company Ltd.
Submitted by:
Cohesion Foundation 6, Sejal Apartments, B/H Navneet Press,
Gurukul Road, Memnagar, Ahmedabad-380052- India
Telephone: 079-27450171, Fax: 079-27435888 email: [email protected]/[email protected]
Url: www.cohesionfoundation.org
2
Index :
Sr. No. Topics Page No.
1 Introduction 3
2 Agro Climatic Zone, Major Crops, Major Agricultural
season and Cropping Pattern 3
3 Sustainable Agricultural Practices planned under
MKSP 6
4 Mix Cropping and Crop Rotation Practices 7
5 Promoting IPM / INM practices 9
6 Seed selection, Seed treatment and Seed Preservation 14
7 Cultivation 16
8 Crop Protection Measures 21
9 Crop and Soil Nutrient Management 18
10 Promoting Kitchen Garden 20
11 Land and Water Conservation 27
12 Post harvesting measures 29
13 Technical Protocol in the prescribed format by NRLM 30
3
1. Introduction :
The project aims to empower 10000 women farmers for their recognition as
women farmers in semi-arid and fragile regions of Kutch and Patan districts of
Gujarat. Besides women empowerment strategy, the project aims to build a
conducive environment among service providers from government and non-
government so that benefits go to these women. The project therefore makes
serious endeavors to reduce drudgery of women farmers so that they have time
and resources for participating in mainstream decision making related to
agriculture operation at household, villages, cluster and block levels. The project
is positively based towards the families specially belongs to Poorest of the poor
like single women headed households and women with disabilities etc.
Looking to the adverse effect of using chemical fertilizers, shift from traditional
agricultural practices to conventional modern agricultural system, the main aim of
this programme was to promote sustainable agricultural practices like IPM/INM
practices, soil health management, seed management, plant protection measures
etc.
2. Agro Climatic Zone, Major Crops, Major Agricultural season and
Cropping Pattern
Agro – Climatic Zone :
Since the programme is implementing
in Santalpur blocks of Patan district,
which comes under the GJ-4 North
Gujarat Zone. The zonal research
station is Dantiwada. The climate is
arid to semi arid. The area is very
much rain fed. The approx. rainfall is
200 to 300 mm. The soil is Grey
brown, Coastal alluvium.
Similarly the programme is also
implementing in Rapar and Bhachau
blocks of Kutch district. The area
comes under GJ-5 North-west Zone.
The zonal research station is
Bhachau. The climate is arid to semi
arid. The approx. rainfall is 200 to 300
mm. The soil is Grey brown, deltaic
alluvium.
Sources : http://dacnet.nic.in/farmer/new/dac/AgroClimaticZones.asp?SCod=04
4
Major Crops :
Following season specific crops are planned to be cultivated under
sustainable/natural farming initiatives by MKSP project beneficiaries :
Santalpur Blocks : Kharif Rabi
Agriculture Crops
Bazra, Cotton,
Sesamum, Castor,
Guvar, Jawar
(Fodder).
Wheat (Moisture based),
Mustard, Jira (Cumin),
Gram (Chana), Sava.
Rapar & Bhachau
Blocks : Kharif Summer
Agriculture Crops
Bazri, Cotton,
Groundnut, Sesamum
and Castor.
Summer Ground Nut,
Cumin (Zira)
Major Agricultural Season :
Cropping practices are largely traditional and rainfed. As practiced elsewhere dryland
agriculture is generally drought coping and provides enough leverage to farmers to
survive in high uncertainties. Natural farming is still in practice though pockets are
subjected to high input agriculture. The major agricultural season for Kutch is Kharif
and Summer and for Patan it is Kharif and Rabi depends on rainfall. Winter and summer
cultivation is found in only irrigated lands that too in years when timely monsoon
occurred. Substantiating the earlier studies and increased tendency to cash crops, Castor
has occupied the position of Pearl Millet in delayed monsoon conditions. Pulses were
generally avoided in delayed monsoon condition.
Cropping Pattern :
Cropping pattern largely changes due to delayed monsoon. No significant changes
observed in cropping patterns in early and timely monsoon conditions. Nonetheless,
predominance of cash crops is visibly high. Where Pearl Millet is perceived as major
food grain, Sorghum and Cluster Bean are used for domestic consumptions as well as
fodder supplement for livestock. Others such as Cumin, Sesame, Cotton, Mung, Muth
5
and vegetables are generally sold. It is observed that in some parts of Adesar, farm
families purchase Pearl Millet, where they have sown only cash crops in the farmlands.
Generally the cropping pattern at Santalpur Taluka is as below :
Kharif – Bazra, Cotton, Sesamum, Castor, Guvar, Jawar (Fodder).
Rabi – Wheat (Moisture based), Mustard, Jira (Cumin), Gram (Chana),
Sava.
Summer - in case of irrigated land
and in Rapar and Bhachau taluka of Kutch the cropping pattern is as below :
Kharif – Bazri, Cotton, Groundnut, Sesamum and Castor.
Rabi – Ground nut, Cumin (Zira)
Summer – Summer Ground Nut Groundnut
6
3. Sustainable Agricultural Practices planned under MKSP
Following are the sustainable agricultural practices planned to promote under MKSP :
Promoting Mix-Cropping and Crop Roatation Practices.
IPM Practices like:
Promoting use of pheromone traps, bio-control agents like chrysopa, lady bird beetle,
trap crops, inter crops, bio-pesticides will be used in the crops like cotton, castor.
For the crops like bajra, Integrated Pest Management Practices like use of bio-pesticides
and pheromone traps will be followed.
Use of castor cake, calitropis leaves as an anti-termite
INM Practices like :
Soil testing
Deep ploughing for better soil aeration.
Use of vermicompost, farm yard manure and other organic fertilizer
Use of micro nutrients and secondary macro nutrients (Ca, Mg & S).
Kitchen Garden to be promoted to cultivate vegetables under kitchen garden where as
furits as a border crops. Low cost input based farming practices like Integrated
Nutrient Management, Integrated Pest Management through composting, use of neem
based bio-pesticides will be promoted to sustain this model.
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4. Incorporating Mix Cropping with Crop Rotation Practices
Mixed cropping, also known as inter-cropping or co-cultivation, is a type of agriculture
that involves planting two or more of plants simultaneously in the same field. In general,
the theory is that planting multiple crops at once will allow the crops to work together.
Possible benefits of mixed cropping are to balance input and outgo of soil nutrients, to
keep down weeds and insect pests, to resist climate extremes (wet, dry, hot, cold), to
suppress plant diseases, to increase overall productivity and to use scarce resources to the
fullest degree.
Crop rotation is a practice of growing different crops on the same land in a regular
recurring sequence. It means the planned order of specific crops planted on the same field.
It also means that the succeeding crop belongs to a different family than the previous one.
The planned rotation may vary from 2 or 3 years to longer period. Rotation of crops is not
only necessary to offer a diverse "diet" to the soil micro-organisms, but as they are rooting
at different soil depths hence are capable to explore the different soil layers for nutrients.
Nutrients that have been leached to deeper layers and that are no longer available for the
commercial crop can be "recycled" by the crops in rotation. This way the rotation crops
function as biological pumps. Furthermore, a diversity of crops in rotation leads to a
diverse soil flora and fauna, as the roots excrete different organicsubstances that attract
different types of bacteria and fungi, which in turn, play an important role in the
transformation of these substances into plant available nutrients. The most important
reason of crop rotation is to hinder the development of weeds, arthropod pests and short-
persistent soil-borne diseases by reducing their population levels in the soil.
Mixed Cropping planned under MKSP :
Mix Cropping as suggested by university
Rapar &
Bhachau :
Kapas Diwela
Bazri Raido
Mugh Raido
Groundnut Sunflower
Sorghum / jawar Kadingda
Bazri Magh
Kapas Magh + Adad + Tal
8
Santalpur : Magh Math, Castor, Bajri
Sorghum / jawar Kadingda
Most
prevalent
Bajri Magh, Math, Sesamum, Guwar
If monsoon is late than Only Magh, iranda, kapas, udad, chaura,
guwar and Sorghum / jawar (in july end
or Aug.)
Crop Roataion planned under MKSP :
Crop
Roatation
planned under
MKSP
Monsoon – (Kharif) Winter – (Rabi) Summer – (Unadu)
Rapar &
Bhachau :
Bajri Raido -
Magh Raido Bajri
Kapas - Bajri
Kapas - Groundnut
Kapas + Mugh - Bajri
Santalpur : Monsoon – (Kharif) Winter – (Rabi) Summer – (Unadu –
if irrigated)
Only bajri Jira and Castor -
Only Sorghum /
jawar
Jira and Isabgul -
Only Magh Groundnut, Iranda,
Cotton, Chana, jira,
raida
-
Only if Cumin
(Chasva – Jeera
(Guj-4))
Mugh, Math Tal,
Kadingda
Guvar, Bazri
If irrigated – Jira Any crop Groundnut, Jawar,
Bazri
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5. Promoting IPM / INM practices :
To create awareness and ambibing the traditional knowledge, we have proposed to
organize training on IPM/INM practices for all the women farmers. The practices that will
be promted will be :
1. Beejamrutha
Beejamrutha is a very good plant based pesticide to control seed borne diseases .Smearing the
seeds with Beejamrutha before sowing controls many diseases that attack the plant right from its
seedling stage.
Ingredients:
10 litres indigenous cow urine
10 kgs indigenous cow dung
1 kg jaggery
100 gms lime solution mixed with 50 gms turmeric powder.
20-25 kg capacity plastic drum
Method of Preparation:
Mix 10 litres of cow urine, 10 kgs. of cow dung and 1 kg. powdered jaggery in a clean drum.
Add 100 gms of lime solution and 50 gms. of turmeric powder into the drum. Stir the entire
content in the drum properly until a paste is formed.
Video can be seen on :
http://www.amara.org/en/videos/bpCr1mnYob9Y/info/beejamrutha-preparation-and-seed-
treatment/
Direction of Use:
This paste is applied to the seeds 30 minutes before sowing and dried under shade (400 grams of
beejamrutha is applied to seeds required for one acre land). This helps to avoid seed borne
diseases and other diseases that attack the crop during its growing
stage.
2. Cow urine Cow urine that is locally available is used to prevent plant diseases, as growth promoter
as well as seed treatment.
Ingredients:
Cow urine, water, plastic drum / earthern pot / any container
Method of Preparation and Direction of Use:
Dilute 1 litre cow urine in 10 litres of water in as plastic drum or earthern pot. Add the seeds
into this solution and allow it to stand for 30 minutes. Dry these under shade and use them for
sowing.
10
1 litre cow urine is added to 10 litres of water and sprayed to the crops as foliar application to
controls pests, and simultaneously provide required nutrients especially nitrogen. Cow urine
treatment helps to increase the yield of crops.
3. Use of Neem seed, leaf and neem cake
Neem seeds are ground into a powder that is soaked overnight in water and sprayed onto the
crop. To be effective, it is necessary to spray it at least every ten days. Neem does not directly
kill insects on the crop. It acts as a repellent, protecting the crop from damage. The insects
starve and die within a few days. Neem also suppresses the hatching of pest insects from their
eggs. Neem has the advantage of not killing predatory insects that provide natural control
of pest insects.
Preparing of neem seed kernel extract/suspension (NSKE 5%):
Soak neem seed kernels (5 kg) in a minimum of water overnight
Grind the neem seed kernels and keep the paste in a bag and soak for 2 hr. Fill container
with water (10 litre) and place bag of neem seed kernel paste in the container for 30 min,
stirring periodically.
Squeeze the bag thoroughly, remove and filter the resulting white suspension and add
soap flakes (100 g) to the suspension.
Dilute the suspension for use in a sprayer to spray (10 times, e.g. 500 ml in 5 litres) the
crop
Notes :
Collect only ripe fruit and separate the seed from the fruit before storing in gunny bags
in a cool shaded, dry location. Do not store in airtight plastic bags; store the seeds in
gunny bags. Don’t store the seeds more than one year . Don’t dry under sun light. Large
quantities of neem kernels should be treated with either china clay or sulphur (1 : 10
ratio).
Neem extracts should be sprayed at the flowering stage of a crop to prevent egg laying
and disrupt young larvae feeding on foliage.
Neem oil:
Generally Neem oil is available in the market that can be used in pest control
5% solution of Neem oil is affective in pest control ( 5ml of Neem oil in 1lt water;
100lts of such solution can be used for one acre)
As Neem oil is insoluble in water, made 100gr surf solution and add to this solution.
This will act as spreading agent.
Depending on pest intensity spray 100-150lts of solution per acre
Sucking pests, fruit borers and leaf folders can be controlled with this solution.
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Neemastram (use against pests that suck the plant.)
Ingredients:
Dung- 2 kgs
Urine – 10 lits
Tender neem leaves- 10 kgs
Water- 200 lit
Method of preparation and application:
Grind 10 kgs of tender neem leaves and add in to 200 lits of water. Later add 10 lit of urine and
2 kgs of dung. Mix it thoroughly and keep for 48 hrs. Filter it and use for 20, 45, 60 days for all
crops.
Neem cake:
Neem cake kills pest insects in the soil while serving as an organic fertilizer high in
nitrogen.
Neem powder or Neem cake can be obtained after extracting Neem oil. 1-2qtls of Neem
cake can be applied in 1acre
It is affective against soil born pests
It can be applied at the time of ploughing
It can be applied before sowing the seeds in nurseries
Soil born nematodes and root grubs can be controlled by neem cake
Neem leaves can be used to protect stored grain from damage due to insect such as weevils
4. Bramhastram
(Use it to control aphid, white fly and other sucking pests, worms, caterpillars)
Required materials:
Urine- 10-15 lit
Neem and any four leafs out of Custard apple, Castor, Pongamia, Lantana, Papaya, Datura,
Guava, Bitter gourd, Parthenium.
Method of preparation:
In urine add grinded leaves. Heat it and and keep for 48 hrs cooling
Direction of Use:
Spray 150 ml. of this formulation per pump. About 6-8 pumps per acre are required to control
the infestation. Spray after 10-12 days if infestation is still there. For best result, use this
formulation within 6 months of preparation.
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5. Pesticide for Aphids and other sucking pests:
Ingredients: Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), Aloe(Aloe Vera), Buttermilk
Method of preparation :
Take 1 kg tobacco snuff (Nicotiana tabacum) and 2 kg. Aloe (Aloe Vera). Wash both plants
properly and chop it finely and boil with 6 litre water at moderate and constant heat till it
remains half. Mix 4 liter supernatant of buttermilk.
Direction of Use :
Spray 150 ml. of this formulation per pump. About 6-8 pumps per acre are required to control
the infestation. Spray after 10-12 days if infestation is still there. For best result, use this
formulation within 6 months of preparation.
6. Cow dung Urine solution
Large number of microbes present in the cow dung and urine which are useful for
controlling many fungal diseases
Nutrients present in the solution are useful for effective plant growth
This can be applied for two to three times in a cropping period
Required material:
Cow dung – 5Kgs
Cow urine – 5lts
Lime – 150grs
Method of Preparation and application:
Store 5Kg cow dung, 5lts of cow urine and 5lts of water in a tub
Cover the tub and allow the solution for fermentation for 4days
Stir the solution with a stick every day
After 4days filter the solution and add 150grs of lime to it
Add 100lts of water to the solution to spray it in 1 acre
Precautions:
As this solution is thick use a mesh or gunny bag to filter the solution(first time)
After that add water and filter through a thin cloth
Can store the solution for 1 or 2 days (farmers experience)
Note:
This solution will improve the resistance power of the crops
Spraying of this solution will improve the drought resistant capacity
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7. Biofertilizers
Biofertilizers like Trichoderma viridae and Pseudomonas fluorescence are soil borne Organisms
known to combat against diseases effectively. Application of these microorganism to seeds or
soil not only controls the disease but also acts as plant growth promoting substances.
Method of preparation :
Mix 1 kg Trichoderma and 1 kg. Pseudomonas to 100 kg. already prepared farm yard manure or
vermicompost on a cement floor 15 to 20 days before application to the soil by covering with
gunny bags. Every week sprinkle the material with water and turn the entire material upside
down to maintain moisture and aeration. Keep covering the entire material with gunny sacs.
Continue this process upto 3 weeks
Direction of Use :
1-2 quintals per acre of this manure can be applied to the soil. Controls plant diseases and
provides good nutrition to the seedlings for healthy growth of a plant.
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6. Seed selection, seed treatment and seed preservation :
Selection of seeds by the community : (crop wise details, ex. Rice, wheat and vegetables)
Crop name Decision of seed selection Popular varieties release by
Agriculture University
Cotton Previous year yield, irrigation , land
suitability and other farmer
experience
Only non BT (G cot-13 and G cot
21) Bt- private seed company include
Rashi , Ajeet and Navjeedu
Vegetable Yield and suitability in market Okra- GOH-1,Brinjal -ABH 1 and
Chili GVC-11
Gram Previous year yield GJ-2
Bajara Yield and other farmer yield
demonstration
GHB 15 , GHB -235
Wheat Land suitability and market price Lok -1
Castor Land suitability and market GCH -1
Preservation of seed by community
1. Store seed in gunny bag in dry and cool place
2. Use bamboo bin
3. In maize comb will be store
Availability of quality seed to the community on time
1. Community own seed bank
2. Community own agro service center
3. Advance procurement of quality seed through advance booking
Seed treatment (Same for all crop FIR ) :
Sl.
No
Crop
(name of
the crops)
Method of seed
treatment (physical/
biological/
microbial/ organic-
please choose one
option at a time)
When to be done
(how many days
before sowing?)
What are the
benefits of this
treatment
How to
prepare
the seed
treatment
mixture?
Bajara Any crop seed
treatment going on
FIR sequence (Bio
Fungicide include
pseudomonas
Bio pesticide include
:- Neemark
Biofertilizer :-
Rihozobium , PSB
After seed
treatment seed
should be store
cool and dry place
for one days
After dry the
treatment seed
then it became
used for sowing
1. It avoid
seed and
soil born
diseases
and pest
2. Increase
Efficiency
of fertilizer
3. Increase
Take the
seed used
for sowing
Mix the
seed with
Bio
fungicide
(25 kg seed
require 1
15
and Azatobactor production
of crop
gm Bio
fungicide )
Use jagary
as a
sticking
agent
Same done
with
biofertilizer
Last one
with bio
fertilizer
The mechanism of minimizing the seed requirement without compromising with the yield:
The strategy and the reason behind it.
1. Maintain standard plant spacing
2. Avoid broadcasting method of sowing
3. Use quality and high germination % seed
4. Use Dibbling seed sowing method except sesame
5. Follow seed treatment to avoid seed failure due to soil and seed borne diseases
16
Following the practices we have promoted to harness the solar energy and utilize the
natural resources rationally, the details of each practice are given below :
Sl. no Name of the
intervention
Details of the intervention What are the benefits of
the intervention?
1. Solar irrigation pumps Use solar battery to run
irrigation pupmset
Reduce cost of electric bill
and conserve ecosystem
2. Intercropping Maximize intercropping to
utilize space and light
Increase income of farmer
3. Vegetable dehydration
packing (Ready to eat)
Vegetable dehydration of
cauliflower and cabbage
Value addition in off season
or bulk produce
1. The cropping patterns in our area are as below :
Bajra – Groundnut *** please confirm
Cotton – Groundnut
Seasame – wheat
Castor – Gram
2. The methods of land preparation will be as below :
For deep soil two – three time plouging and one time harrowing
For medium soil one time ploughing and harrowing
3. The pre-sowing practice that improves the productivity or can be counted as crop
protection method :
Ploughing and harrowing destroy make soil loose as well as destroy egg od pest and
diseases
Clean cultivation include remove of weed which help to reduce crop competition
4. The spacing between row to row and plant to plant and practice promoted are as
below :
Sl.
No
Name of
crop
Method of
sowing?
Spacing (if
broadcasted, please
leave this column
vacant)
What is the innovation?
1 Cotton Dibbling 120 x 60 cm 1.Demonstration plot to show impact of
crop geometry on crop production .
2.Sesatise farmer on importance of plant
spacing on crop production
Show the 3.disadvantage of
broadcasting method
2 Bajara Drilling 45 x15 cm
3 Castor Dibbling 90c x 60 cm irrigated /
90 x30 cm rainfed
60
4 Wheat Drilling 30 x15 cm
5 Gram Drilling 45 x15cm
6 Seasame Drilling 30x15cm
7 Groundnut 45 x15cm
7. Cultivation :
17
5. The intercultural operations done by the community are :
Sl
no
Name of the
crop
Name and method of
intercultural operations
Time of intercultural
operations
What is the
benefit of this
practice?
1 Cotton 1. Gap filling
2. Thinning
3. Weed control and
hoeing
10 days after sowing
(DAS)
20 DAS
30 DAS
Maintain plant
population
Weed control
2 Castor Same Same Same
3 Wheat "------" "------" "------" 4 Gram "------" "------" "------" 5 Seasame "------" "------" "------" 6 Bajra "------" "------" "------" 7 Groundnut "------" "------" "------"
18
Sl.
No
Crop
(name of the
crops)
Method of fertilizer
Application
Apply FYM / neem
cake /
Vermicompost
through seed cum
fertilizer drill or
ring or circular
method
To increase
efficiency
Time of
application
Quantity of
application per
ha
Bio- fertilizer
seed treatment
1 Bajra Drilling
Ring method
FYM add in row
of Crop at the
time of last
harrowing
Vermicompost
and Amrut Mitti
at the time of
vegetative growth
stage
If Available add
NEEM Cake 100
kg per acre at the
time of sowing
1 tons of FYM +
100 kg
Vermicompost
+50 kg Amrut
Mitti
PSB and
Azatobactor 200
gm per 20 kg seed
2 Cotton Ring method FYM at the time
of harrowing
Vermicompost
and Amrut Mitti
at the time of
vegetative growth
stage
If Available add
NEEM Cake 100
kg per acre at the
time of sowing
4 tons of FYM
250 kg
Vermicompost
+ 100 kg Amrut
Mitti
Phosphate
solubalising
bacteria PSB
3 Groundnut Drilling Same for all crop 1/2Tons of FYM +
50 kg
Vermicompost +
50 Kg Amrut Mitti
Rhizobium
200gm per 20 kg
seed
4 Seasame Drilling 1/2Tons of FYM +
50 kg
Vermicompost +
50 kg Amrut Mitti
PSB
5 Jawar Drilling 1 tons of FYM +
100 kg
Vermicompost
+50 kg Amrut
Mitti
PSB and
Azatobactor
8. Crop and Soil Nutrient Management :
19
6 Wheat Drilling 4 tons of FYM
250 kg
Vermicompost
+ 100 kg Amrut
Mitti
PSB and
Azatobactor
7 Mustard Drilling 1 tons of FYM +
100 kg
Vermicompost
+50 kg Amrut
Mitti
PSB
8 Gram Drilling 1 tons of FYM +
50 kg
Vermicompost
+50 kg Amrut
Mitti
Rhizobium
Points that are consider in sustainable nutrient Management :
1. Use well decomposed FYM
2. Mix Neem cake in FYM to increase efficiency and avoid soil borne Fungal diseases
3. Apply nutrient as per soil health condition
4. Avoid use of any herbicide when use Vermicompost or Bio fertilizer
5. Follow legume – cereals crop rotation
Sl.
no
Name of the practices
which enhance the
biomass and the
nutrient in the soil?
What is the method to
enhance soil biomass
and soil nutrient and/or
health management
How this method is enhancing the
soil quality and nutrient
availability
1.
2.
3.
4
Green Manureing
Bio -fertilizer
treatment
Legume intercropping
Crop Rotation
Green manuring in two
year
Seed treatment with bio
fertilizer
Legume intercropping
with other family crop
Crop rotation for nutrient
recycling
1.Fix Nitrogen in soil and increase
organic matter
2.Increase efficiency of Nitrogenous
and phosphate fertilizer
3. recycling of nutrient in soil
1. The source of the input to the community in all the above practice.
1.Agro service center
2. KVK
2. Please mention the components of convergence, where ever applicable.
Possibility of convergence with other government agencies will be seen.
3. The role of PIA and community in the above mentioned interventions will be :
Sensitize farmer on fertilizer application as per soil test report
Demonstration plot
Training and capacity building
20
Food Security means that all people at all times have physical & economic access to
adequate amounts of nutritious, safe, and culturally appropriate foods, which are produced
in an environmentally sustainable and socially just manner, and that people are able to make
informed decisions about their food choices.
Under any balanced diet, it requires to have fruits and vegetables also along with food grains.
Therefore, the following model has been proposed.
Food Grains + Pulses Fruits Vegetables
Bajra
+
Green Gram (moong) /
Math
1-1 Acre each
Lime / custard apple /
pomegranate / ber
At least 15 fruit trees
Cluster bean / Brinjal / /Tomato
/ Okra / Bottle gourd / Guvar
etc.
As a kitchen garden
In this model, it is proposed to cultivate vegetables under kitchen garden where as fruits as a
border crops. Low cost input based farming practices like Integrated Nutrient Management,
Integrated Pest Management through composting, use of neem based bio-pesticides will be
promoted to sustain this model.
9. Promoting Kitchen Garden :
21
Control of insect and pest :
a) Cultural control (grow marigold and ladies finger as trap crops)
b) Biological control( use cow urine and neem based bio-pesticides)
c) Mechanical control (use pheromone trap, yellow plate, bird perches)
1. Cultural Control :
It includes crop production practices, that make crop environment less susceptible to pests, such as :
Deep summer plowing to destroy the pupae of cotton bollworms, army worms and other pests
whose pupae are in the soil.
Planting "trap crops" (e.g., sorghum, marigold, castor, and green gum) around the edge of the
field/ in between the rows of main crop to attract pest insects away from the crop. The trap
crops are checked daily. Parts of the plants with insect eggs are removed and burned.
Methods like destruction of the hiding places of pests, removal of weeds, destruction of old
crop debris, crop rotation, correct row and plant spacing, avoid water logging, timing out the
excess plant population are also include in this.
2. Biological Control :
Biofertilizers like Trichoderma viridae and Pseudomonas fluorescence are soil borne
Organisms known to combat against diseases effectively. Application of these microorganism
to seeds or soil not only controls the disease but also acts as plant growth promoting
substances.
Method of preparation :
Mix 1 kg Trichoderma and 1 kg. Pseudomonas to 100 kg. already prepared farm yard manure
or vermicompost on a cement floor 15 to 20 days before application to the soil by covering
with gunny bags. Every week sprinkle the material with water and turn the entire material
upside down to maintain moisture and aeration. Keep covering the entire material with gunny
sacs. Continue this process upto 3 weeks
Direction of Use :
1-2 quintals per acre of this manure can be applied to the soil. Controls plant diseases and
provides good nutrition to the seedlings for healthy growth of a plant.
10. Crop Protection Measures :
22
3. Mechanical control :
Mechanical control practices involve:
Manual removal of leaves that are heavily infested with pest insects.
Putting yellow and white wooden disks in the fields. The yellow disks, which attract sucking
insects (e.g., mites and thrips), and white disks which attracts white flies, are covered with
sticky grease to trap the insects. Lighting small bonfires on moonless nights to attract and
kill moths before they can lay eggs in the field.
Placing perches for insectivorous birds in the fields.
Bird Perches can be fabricated from simple sticks or more elaborate structures but all serve the
same purpose of providing insectivorous birds with a safe resting perch from which they can
operate in safety to catch insects on the wing. Some proponents suggest as many as 25 T-
shaped perches per ha and spreading cooked rice mixed with turmeric powder to attract and
retain the birds. Perches are not necessary for crops such as brinjal which have a substantial
structure on which birds can perch or tomato where farmers have created a support structure for
the crop. Bird perches to be removed from the field post following stage in case of gain and
pulse crops as barding could feed on the grains.
Crop Disease Management through sharing of some best practices :
1. Leaf curl in cotton :
Brief
Mudhubhai Gohil of Gujarat uses a decoction made out of custard apple (Annona
squamosa) leaves to cure leaf curl and "damping off" diseases in the brinjal (Solanum
melongena) and chili (Capsicum annuum) crops.
Details
Mudhubhai Gohil of Gujarat uses the commonly available custard-apple (Annona
squamosa) leaves to protect brinjal (Solanum melongena) and chili (Capsicum
annuum) crops from the seedlings stage. His practice is particularly aimed at leaf curl and
"damping off" diseases. He takes two to three kilograms leaves of custard-apple and
soaks these in 10 litres water. This mixture is then boiled and filtered. The boiled leaves
are removed and the solution is cooled. The roots of brinjal (Solanum melongena) and
chili(Capsicum annuum) seedlings are dipped in this solution and then planted. This
prevents leaf curl and "damping off" diseases that usually aflict the brinjal and chili
crops. This is a traditional practice.
Join Category
Name Crop Protection
Material Used
custard apple (Annona squamosa) leaves, decoction, water
Sources :
http://www.sristi.org/hbnew/hb_inno_detail.php?ID=DTP0010000001156&lang_name=en
&page=1&search_case=Leaf%20curl%20in%20cotton
23
2. Rust in Wheat :
Brief Kamlashankar Shingada of Rajasthan uses neem (Azadirachta indica) juice for the control of termites and rust disease in wheat (Triticum aestivum).
Details To prevent either termites or rust disease affecting wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop, care is taken even before sowing. This is done by coating the seeds of wheat with a solution of neem (Azadirachta indica). For this purpose, five kilogram of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves for each mound of wheat is taken. Then water is poured on the leaves and mashed properly. The mash is squeezed to extract one-and-a-half litre of juice. Then wheat seeds are coated with neem juice. The juice is applied with hand till satisfactory coating is ensured. After coating, the seeds are kept aside for 12 hours. This means that if wheat is to be sown in the morning, the neem coating is applied overnight. This is a traditional practice.
Join Category Name
Crop Protection
Material Used
juice of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves
3. Control of Caterpillar in Cotton :
Brief Fatasinh Gohil of Gujarat uses milk hedge (Euphorbia nivulia) milk and water to control caterpillar infestation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).
Details Caterpillar infestation occurs more frequently in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).The infestation inhibits cotton production and formation of new shoots in the plant. If untreated the plants begin to die. This is a big loss to the grower. To rid the cotton plants of caterpillar, Fatahsinh Gohil uses a mix of milk hedge (Euphorbia nivulia) and water. He draws milk from milk hedge and dilutes it in water. The solution is sprayed on the cotton plants. The effect is immediate: Caterpillars die and plants get a new life. The herbal insecticide is virtually free and can be prepared at home. Fatahsinh Gohil is considered an expert in the use of this herbal innovation which he tested this year successfully. He, however, cautions that the person using the spray should take care not to let the latex fall on the body because it may cause a burning sensation.
Join Category Name
Crop Protection
Material Used
milk hedge (Euphorbia nivulia), water
24
A. Crop and important pest and diseases :
Crop Important pest Preventive Curative sustainable
management
Cotton Jassids , sucking
complex
Clean cultivation
Use resistance
varieties.
Use seed treatment
Spray Chili Garlic extract
Install light trap and yellow stick
trap Spray Neemark
Bajra Brister bittle and
stem borer
Timely sowing Spray neem based bio pesticide
NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil
25 ml in 10 lit of water .
Install bird perches 50 per ha
Groundnut Leaf minor Clean cultivation
Use resistance
varieties
Spary NEEMARK 50 ml in 10
lit of water
Wheat Stem borer Clean cultivation
Use resistance
varieties
Spray neem based bio pesticide
NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil
25 ml in 10 lit of water .
Install bird perches 50 per ha
Castor Castor semilooper Clean cultivation
Use resistance
varieties
Spray neem based bio pesticide
NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil
25 ml in 10 lit of water .
Install bird perches 50 per ha
Spray Chili garlic extract
Seasame Leaf minor Clean cultivation
Use resistance
varieties
Spray neem based bio pesticide
NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil
25 ml in 10 lit of water .
Install bird perches 50 per ha
Gram Pod borer Spray chilli garlic extract
Spray neem based bio pesticide
NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil
25 ml in 10 lit of water .
Install bird perches 50 per ha
Foliar spray with Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) at
recommended dose (for example,
a product such as dipel can be
applied @ 4 ml/liter
Maize Comb borer Install bird perches 50 per ha
Spray neem based bio pesticide
NEEMARK 50 ml and Karaj oil
25 ml in 10 lit of water .
Install bird perches 50 per ha
25
Neem leaf extract
Method of preparation
Pound gently 1-2 kg of neem leaves. Place in a pot. Add 2-4 liters of water. Cover the mouth of the
pot securely with the cloth and leave it as such for 3 days. Strain to get clear extract. Dilute 1 liter of
neem leaf extract with 9 liters of water. Add 100 ml of soap. Stir well.
Ginger, garlic, and chilli extract
Method of preparation
Soak 50 g of peeled garlic overnight in 10 ml mineral oil(groundnut oil). Combine garlic, 25 g of
green chilies, and 25 g of ginger. Add 50 ml of water to the mixture. Grind them. Add 3 liters of
water.
Preventative control of Sucking complex (Aphid , Jassids and thrips )
An easy solution is to spray a very weak soap solution. This works well, although frequent
application may affect crop growth. Ladybird beetles and hover flies are natural predators of aphids.
Trying to attract them into these fields is the best way to naturally control the pests. Planting bright
flowers such as marigolds around the crop plots is a novel way to attract these natural enemies
Crop and diseases management
Crop Name of
important diseases
Preventive Curative
Cotton Angular leaf spot
Wilt
Use resistance
varieties and seed
treatment
Copper spray
Wheat Rust Seed treatment and
sun drying
Same
Gram Wilt Use resistance
varieties
Seed treatment with
pseudomonas
Remove water in
field
Copper spray
Bajara Ergot Brine solution seed
treatment
Copper spray
Groundnut Tikka Seed treatment with
Fungicide
Copper spray
Copper spray (Bordeaux mix) :
Method of preparation
Mix 3 ½ tbsp of copper sulphate, 10 spoon of hydrated lime and 4 liters of water in a plastic
bucket Stir using wooden stick
Diseases controlled
Anthracnose Bacterial blight Bacterial wilt Black spot Downy mildew Late blight Powdery
mildew Rust and many other disease causing pathogens
Cautions
Use only plastic or any non-corrosive containers Shake or stir to prevent extract from clogging
Spray only on dry and sunny day, preferably early morning Fie
26
Thing should be DO in sustainable management
a. Follow the crop based threshold
b. Monitor the crop at regular intervals for pests and diseases Follow recommended dosage
c. Always use protective clothing
d. Use appropriate equipment
e. Augment natural enemies
Sl.
No
Crop (name of the
crops in which this
intervention has been
done)
Name of weed Preventative
1 Cotton Hariyali , dudhani
and other grass
family
Deep ploughing and harrowing
Hand weeding after 15-25 DAS
2 Wheat Phaselous minor Deep ploughing and harrowing
Hand weeding after 15-25 DAS
3 Gram Hariyali and
Cyprus
Deep ploughing and harrowing
Hand weeding after 15-25 DAS
27
1. Water management :
Sl.
No
Crop (name of
the crops)
Method of irrigation
Generally most of the
farmer use flood irrigation
method which waste both
water and electricity
So focus should be to
sensitize farmer on Drip
and sprinkler irrigation
When to be done (time
of irrigation)
Critical growth stages
What are the
benefits of this
treatment
1. Cotton Flood and drip Vegetative stage
Flowering
Boll development stage
Increase yield
2. Bajara Same for all Vegetative stage and
grain filling stage
Same for all
3. Groundnut Same Vegetative , flowering
and peg formation stage
4. Castor Flowering and grain
filling stage
5. Wheat Use sprinkler irrigation
instead if drip
Tillering , flowering and
grain filling stage
6. Gram Flood and drip irrigation Flowering and pod
development stage
2. Water conservation :
Sl.
No
Water conservation
method
When to be done What are the
benefits of this
treatment
How it is done- the
method
1 Use drip and sprinkler
irrigation method
During crop season Save both water
and electricity
2 Use zero tillage After harvesting Water conservation
and add organic
matter
3 Farm pond In month of may Water conservation
4 Dead furrow In Kharif Water conservation
5 Mulching During crop season Water conservation
6 Border plantation In month of August Water conservation
11. Land and Water Conservation :
28
3. Land development :
Sl.
No
Method of land
development. How land is
developed?
When to be done What are the benefits of this
treatment
1 Bund plantation In month of august Avoid soil erosion and increase
biomass
2 Growing of green manuring
crop
Summer Increase biomass and fix nitrogen
3 Leveling Summer Uniform plant growth and increase
efficiency of fertilizer
4 Addition of gypsum and lime Summer Reclamation of acidic and alkaline
soil
4. Briefly elaborate the water conservation and land development method in your area.
1. Drip irrigation
2. Farm pond
3. Mulching
5. Land development
1. Reclamation of acidic and alkaline soil
2. Encouragement of agro – forestry
6. The convergence components for the above intervention will be as below :
1. Convergence with the government schemes related to land and water like drip.
2. Seeking support from NABARD.
3. Convergence with MNREGA, and other agencies.
7. The role of the PIA and the benefits to the community in all the above mentioned
practices :
1. Increase water table
2. Increase farmer income due to increase in cropping system and yield
3. Conserve water
4. Increase 3 F food , fiber and fuel
5. Save soil and water erosion
29
The post harvest interventions in detailed (for example marketing, value addition etc.), if any:
1. Grading: - Grading the produce as per slandered size to increase quality as well as price .
Crop cover:-Vegetables and castor
2. Increase Storage capacity :- use community or Government warehouse to store additional farm
produce
3. Direct consumer linkage :- organize kisan mela in urban city to sell farm produce directly to
urban consumer
4. Value addition :- making value added product on farm gate like Bajara Snacks , Groundnut
snacks etc
5. Packing and labeling:- sell farm produce with innovative way of packaging and labeling to
multi-state
Crop wise post-harvest intervention:
Crop Post-harvest intervention Value addition
Cotton Organic cotton
Wheat Grading, packaging and labeling Wheat flour (Atta)
Gram Grading and packing Organic dal with brand name
Castor Grading and market linkage Castor cake
Bajara Grading Nutritional Millet or snacks
Groundnut Grading and market linkage Fry Grundnut or organic
Groundnut / G.nut cake
12. Post harvesting measures :
30
TECHNICAL PROTOCOL UNDER MKSP
Name of the PIA: Cohesion Foundation Trust
Districts: Kutch and Patan
Block : Rapar, Bhachau and Santalpur
Mention Agro-climate, soil condition, Cropping pattern, major crops of the Intervened
area
Agro Climatic Zones GJ – 5, North West Zone :
Rapar & Bhachau Taluka of Kutch
GJ – 4, North Gujarat Zone :
Santalpur Taluka of Patan Districts of Gujarat.
Major Crops Kharif : Bazra, Cotton, Sesamum,
Castor, Guvar, Juvar (Fodder),
Groundnut
Rabi / Summer : Wheat (Moisture
based), Musturd, Jira (Cumin), Gram
(Chana), Sava.
Rainfall data
200 to 300
mm
Major Agricultural
Season
Kharif – If good rain may be in Rabi.
No Summer
Pattern of Agriculture Kharif – Hy. Bazra, Hy. Castor, Hy.
Cotton.
Rabi – Wheat, Musturd, Jira (Cumin),
Gram (Chana), Sava.
Major Agricultural
Activities
Practices
(Please mention the name of specific
practice/method/substance/equipment
used)
Training
module
developed
(write yes/
No)
1 Pre Cultivation
Crop selection
Bazra, Juvar, Castor, Sesamum, Cotton,
Guvar and Mustard.
If water is
enough and
ponds are
full.
Variety (
resistant variety /
Improved variety
etc)
There is no resistant variety in this area.
Improved variety : (Hybrid – Castor &
Bazra), Sesamum (Selected Variety),
Cotton (B.T and Kalyan), Guvar and
Mustard, Juvar
31
Source of Seed
(own
/purchased etc)
Seed Corporation, Private Agro Center,
Some own seeds.
Seed selection
Hy. Bazra - GHB-15, GHB-235, MH-
179
Cotton – Kalyan and BT.
Sesamum – Selected Variety. Gujarat-1,
Gujarat-2 (G1 & G2)
Hy. Castor - GCH-7, GCH – 1,4
Juvar – Local
Guvar – Local
Jira – Gujarat – 2.
Mustard – Aruna
Seed rate
Hy. Bazra - 5 to 6 Kg/hec.
Juvar – 6 to 8 Kg/hec
Cotton BT – 1.5 Kg/hec
Sesamum – 2.5 Kg/hec
Hy. Castor – 4.5 to 5.5 Kg/hec
Jira – 4 to 5 Kg/hec
Seed Treatment
Certified seeds are Treated with thyrum
and micro organism.
Local seeds are not Treated
No awareness in seed treatment
2 Cultivation
Spacing
Crops R to R P to P
Hy. Bajra 45 cm BT
Cotton 120 cm
Groundnut 45 cm 15 cm
Erect Variety
Hy. Bajra 45 cm 15 cm
Spread Variety
Sesamum 45 cm 15 cm
Hy. Castor 90 cm 30 cm
(Non Irrigated)
90 cm 60 cm
(Irrigated)
Cotton (Kalyan) 60 to 35 cm.
R to R
(Row to
Row)
P to P
(Plant to
Plant)
32
Sowing/
Transplanting
Kharif :
Sesamum, Bajra, Cotton, Castor, Jowar and
pulses are sown in June and july
Bazra, Hy-Cotton, Sesamum, Juvar.
Rabi : Jira (Cumin), Gram (Chana) and
Sava.
Intercultural
operations
(weeding,
thinning, etc)
Weedding – By manual/By labour/By
Bullock
Thinning – One or Two Times
3 Water conservation and water management
Methods of
water
conservation
1. Use drip and sprinkler irrigation method
2. Use zero tillage
3. Farm pond
4. Dead furrow
5. Mulching
6. Border plantation
Methods of
irrigation
1. Cotton, Bazra, Groundnut, Castor :
Flood and drip
2. Wheat : Use sprinkler irrigation instead
if drip
3. Gram : Flood and drip irrigation
Plan of
irrigation
(irrigation at
critical
periods etc)
1. Cotton : Vegetative stage, Flowering
and Boll development stage
2. Bajara : Vegetative stage and grain
filling stage
3. Groundnut : Vegetative , flowering and
peg formation stage
4. Castor : Flowering and grain filling
stage
5. Wheat : Tillering, flowering and grain
filling stage.
6. Gram : Flowering and pod development
stage
4 Soil fertility Mgmt. /Soil health enrichment and crop nutrient
management
Biofertilizer
/Organic
Manure/
Green manure
crops etc
Few farmers use Bio-Fertilizers in this
area.
No use of Green Manure.
Only use FYM (Farm Yard Manure)
33
Bazra – 3 to 4 Tractor Trolley / ha
Cotton – 6 Tractor Trolley / ha
Castor – 4 Tractor Trolley / ha
Juvar – 3 Tractor Trolley / ha
Methods of
application/Pr
actices
1. Beejamrutha : Mix 10 litres of cow
urine, 10 kgs. of cow dung and 1 kg.
powdered jaggery in a clean drum. Add
100 gms of lime solution and 50 gms. of
turmeric powder into the drum. Stir the
entire content in the drum properly until
a paste is formed.
2. Cow urine : Dilute 1 litre cow urine in
10 litres of water in as plastic drum or
earthern pot. Add the seeds into this
solution and allow it to stand for 30
minutes. Dry these under shade and use
them for sowing.
3. Neemastram : Grind 10 kgs of tender
neem leaves and add in to 200 lits of
water. Later add 10 lit of urine and 2
kgs of dung.
4. Bramhastram : Spray 150 ml. of this
formulation per pump. About 6-8
pumps per acre are required to control
the infestation. Spray after 10-12 days if
infestation is still there. For best result,
use this formulation within 6 months of
preparation.
34
Duration/
Scheduling of
application
1. Beejamrutha : This paste is applied to
the seeds 30 minutes before sowing and
dried under shade (400 grams of
beejamrutha is applied to seeds required
for one acre land). This helps to avoid
seed borne diseases and other diseases
that attack the crop during its growing
stage.
2. Cow urine : 1 litre cow urine is added to
10 litres of water and sprayed to the crops
as foliar application to controls pests, and
simultaneously provide required nutrients
especially nitrogen. Cow urine treatment
helps to increase the yield of crops.
3. Neemastram : Mix it thoroughly and
keep for 48 hrs. Filter it and use for 20,
45, 60 days for all crops.
4. Bramhastram : Spray 150 ml. of this
formulation per pump. About 6-8 pumps
per acre are required to control the
infestation. Spray after 10-12 days if
infestation is still there. For best result,
use this formulation within 6 months of
preparation.
Micro
nutrient
management :
1. Green Manureing
2. Bio -fertilizer treatment
3. Legume intercropping
4. Crop Rotation
Methods of
enhancement
of soil biomass
1. Green manuring in two year
2. Seed treatment with bio fertilizer
3. Legume intercropping with other
family crop
4. Crop rotation for nutrient recycling
35
5 Insect/Pest/ Management
Insect / Pest
Insect/ Pest
control
methods/
practices
(E.G. If NPM,
please specify
particular
method of
control under
NPM)
4. 1. Cultural Control
5. 2. Biological control
6. 3. Mechanical control
Insect/ Pest
control
substances
(biopesticide/
others etc)
1. Cultural Control :
It includes crop production practices,
that make crop environment less suscepti
ble to pests, such as :
Deep summer plowing to destroy the
pupae of cotton bollworms, army worms
and other pests whose pupae are in the
soil.
Planting "trap crops" (e.g., sorghum,
marigold, castor, and green gum) around
the edge of the field/ in between the rows
of main crop to attract pest insects away
from the crop. The trap crops are checked
daily. Parts of the plants with insect eggs
are removed and burned.
Methods like destruction of the
hiding places of pests, removal of weeds,
destruction of old crop debris, crop
rotation, correct row and plant spacing,
avoid water logging, timing out the
excess plant population are also include
in this.
2. Biological Control :
Biofertilizers like Trichoderma viridae
and Pseudomonas fluorescence are soil
borne Organisms known to combat against
diseases effectively. Application of these
microorganism to seeds or soil not only
controls the disease but also acts as plant
growth promoting substances.
36
3. Mechanical control practices involve:
Manual removal of leaves that are
heavily infested with pest insects.
Putting yellow and white wooden disks
in the fields. The yellow disks, which
attract sucking insects (e.g., mites and
thrips), and white disks which attracts
white flies, are covered with sticky
grease to trap the insects. Lighting small
bonfires on moonless nights to attract
and kill moths before they can lay eggs
in the field.
Placing perches for insectivorous
birds in the fields.
6 Disease Management
Disease
Bazra – Brister bittle and stem borer
Cotton – Jassids , sucking complex
Sesamum, Groundnut – Leaf minor
Wheat – Stem borer
Castor - Castor semilooper
Gram - Pod borer
Maize - Comb borer
Disease
control
methods/
Practices
Preventive :
1. Cotton : Use resistance varieties and
seed treatment
2. Wheat : Seed treatment and sun drying
3. Gram : Use resistance varieties and
Seed treatment with pseudomonas
4. Bajra : Brine solution seed treatment
5. Groundnut : Seed treatment with
Fungicide
Curative :
1. Cotton : Copper spray
2. Wheat : Copper spray
3. Gram : Remove water in field and
Copper spray
4. Bajra : Copper spray
5. Groundnut : Copper spray
37
Disease
control
substance (bio
fungicide/othe
rs )
From the field study and group discussion
among the community it has been found
that bio-pesticide is only used in Cumin.
7 Harvesting
Methods of
harvesting
Pre-Harvesting Practices :
Bazra – By Cutting
Cotton – Picking of Cotton Balls
Sesamum – By Cutting
Castor – By Cutting
Post-Harvesting Practices :
Bazra –
Cleaning, Storing, Packaging and selling at
APMC, Grading, Packaging and Labeling.
BT. Cotton –
Cleaning, Storing, Packaging and selling at
APMC.
Sesamum –
Cleaning, Storing, Packaging and selling at
APMC.
Castor –
Cleaning, Storing, Packaging and selling at
APMC.
8 Practices for improving Agro ecological services ( bringing tree
component / Bio diversity etc)
Promotion of Seed Bank Concept for preserving bio diversity.
Seed bank is a traditional concept practiced by farmers in ancient times. The
women had been involved a lot in this but slowly this practice has been
dying. This concept is very well applicable today also and needs to be
revived. Every year need for good quality seed for higher productivity is felt
by the farmers.
In the proposed intervention areas it has been observed that farmer procure
seeds from unauthorized merchants who sell poor quality seeds at higher
rates. Farmers have no guarantee of its authenticity and suffer low
productivity after using these poor quality seeds.
38
It has been proposed to procure good quality seeds from the farmers of the
same area and supply to the needy farmers who presently procure seeds from
unauthorized merchants. The seeds will be supplied in a reasonable rates in a
time bound manner. It is proposed to involve 100 women farmers in Balasar
cluster under this component and to develop a model.
9 If the PIA have any post harvest technology regarding storage of food
grains, Seeds, value addition, please specify.
We have knowledge about sustainable technologies and other practices
related to storage of food grains, seeds value addition. We can use this when
required.
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