Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Towards A Scintillator Towards A Scintillator (Semi)-Digital Hadron (Semi)-Digital Hadron
Calorimeter: Progress at Calorimeter: Progress at NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Jerry BlazeyJerry BlazeyNorthern Illinois UniversityNorthern Illinois University
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
LC Activities at NIU/NICADDLC Activities at NIU/NICADD Scintillator (Semi-)Digital Hadron Scintillator (Semi-)Digital Hadron
Calorimeter: Progress at NIU/NICADD Calorimeter: Progress at NIU/NICADD – This Talk– This Talk
Test Beam Plans for Scintillator Test Beam Plans for Scintillator Hadron Calorimeter & Tail-catcherHadron Calorimeter & Tail-catcher – – Vishnu Zutshi – This SessionVishnu Zutshi – This Session
G4-based Simulation Status & Plans – G4-based Simulation Status & Plans – Guilherme LimaGuilherme Lima – Session 7 Friday – Session 7 Friday 8:308:30
Muon Simulation Development & Muon Simulation Development & StatusStatus – Arthur Maciel – Muon/PID – Arthur Maciel – Muon/PID Session Wednesday 1:00Session Wednesday 1:00
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
““Generic” Calorimeter Simulations Generic” Calorimeter Simulations First Design & Prototype & Results First Design & Prototype & Results
on Sensitivity and Thresholdon Sensitivity and Threshold Optimization of Unit CellsOptimization of Unit Cells Light Sensor InvestigationsLight Sensor Investigations
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
A Generic Calorimeter:A Generic Calorimeter: Number of Cells vs. Pion Number of Cells vs. Pion
EnergyEnergy
For a 0.25 MIP threshold, # cells monotonicallyincreasing with energy for a wide range of cell sizes.
0.25mip threshold
# ofCells
E
100
20
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Digital vs. AnalogDigital vs. Analog
Very similar correlations exist for hits or energy Between the EMCAL and HCAL
Energy 10,50 GeV Hits 10,50 GeV
Hits HCAL E HCAL
Hits ECAL E ECAL
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Single Particle Energy Single Particle Energy ResolutionResolution
Minimize (EMinimize (Eoo--aaiiLLii))22
aaii calculated for 10 GeV & calculated for 10 GeV & applied to all E, conservativeapplied to all E, conservative
i=2 for EMCAL & HCAL, also i=2 for EMCAL & HCAL, also conservativeconservative
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Single Particle Energy Single Particle Energy Resolution Resolution
Non-projective geometry
For lower energy particles digital approach has superior resolution!
/E
E
0.1
20
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Resolution as a Function Resolution as a Function ofof
Multiple Thresholds or Multiple Thresholds or BitsBits
* As in the previous slide, below 20 GeV digital resolution superior to analog.*For E>10 GeV, more bits superior.
/E)dig
/E)analog
E
So it works for single particles how about jets?
1
2
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Toy Simulation: Toy Simulation: “Recipe” for a Jet“Recipe” for a Jet
Determine resolution independent of algorithmDetermine resolution independent of algorithm For ZZ events PFor ZZ events PTT order stable MC particles, order stable MC particles,
ignore ignore ’s’s For charged hadrons assume perfect energy For charged hadrons assume perfect energy
(from tracker)(from tracker) Smear the energy of other particlesSmear the energy of other particles
– For neutral hadrons use resolutions for charge pions (just discussed). For neutral hadrons use resolutions for charge pions (just discussed). – For photons use For photons use ~ 17%/sqrt(E) ~ 17%/sqrt(E)
Start with highest pStart with highest pTT particle and cluster in 0.7 particle and cluster in 0.7 conecone
Repeat for remaining particlesRepeat for remaining particles Add individual energies to get jet energyAdd individual energies to get jet energy
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
ZZ Events: Sanity ChecksZZ Events: Sanity Checks
Stable MC particles
Energy Fractions
Neutral hadron fraction
fraction
~10%
~25%
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Jet E ResolutionJet E Resolution
rms used
/E
Jet E(GeV)So the idea holds water: At all energies 3x3 single
threshold resolution comparable to analog!
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Using full DHC E-flow: Jet Using full DHC E-flow: Jet EErecrec/E/Egengen
~60% better
(Vishnu Zutshi, ECFA-DESY Workshop, 4/1/2003http://nicadd.niu.edu, presentation 0046)
= 0.25 = 0.16
Calorimeter only Eflow
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Full DHC Eflow: Jet EFull DHC Eflow: Jet Erecrec/E/Egengen
= 0.17 = 0.16
Eflow digital (2cm2 cells) Analog rather than hits
Digital approach not yet optimizedbut performance comparable to
analog!
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Hardware Prototypes:Hardware Prototypes:Stack, Layer, & Unit CellStack, Layer, & Unit Cell
WLS to Clear Fiber MPTM
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Cosmic Data with PMT Cosmic Data with PMT ReadoutReadout
~11 p.e. peak = 1MIP
ADCADCADCADC
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Efficiency and Noise Rejection
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Number of MIPs
Perc
ent
EfficiencyNoise Rejection
0.25 MIP threshold: efficient, quiet
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Cell Response Uniformity Cell Response Uniformity & Dispersion& Dispersion
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 10 20 30 40 50POSITION OF Sr-90, MM
NO
MA
LIZE
D R
ESPO
NSE
Column1Column1
MeanMean 1562.5061562.506
Standard ErrorStandard Error 24.5264724.52647
MedianMedian 1557.961557.96
ModeMode #N/A#N/A
Standard DeviationStandard Deviation 115.0394115.0394
Sample VarianceSample Variance 13234.0513234.05
KurtosisKurtosis -0.05291-0.05291
SkewnessSkewness 0.3349390.334939
RangeRange 444.52444.52
MinimumMinimum 1386.471386.47
MaximumMaximum 1830.991830.99
SumSum 34375.1434375.14
CountCount 2222
Cell-to-cell ~ 7%(dominated by fiber)Uniformity ~ 3%
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Other Uniformity Other Uniformity MeasurementsMeasurements
-0.200
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
0 10 20 30 40 50
POSITION OF THE Sr-90, MM
NORM
ALIZ
ED R
ESPO
NSE
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
POSITION OF THE Sr-90, MM
NORM
ALIZ
ED R
ESPO
NSE
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Absolute Response Absolute Response MeasurementsMeasurements
(Purple: Cast, Blue: Extruded)(Purple: Cast, Blue: Extruded)CellCell GrooveGroove AreaArea ResponseResponseHexagonHexagon SigmaSigma 9.49.4 1895.31895.3SquareSquare SigmaSigma 9.49.4 1665.81665.8SquareSquare SigmaSigma 66 1740.51740.5HexagonHexagon SigmaSigma 66 1743.81743.8HexagonHexagon SigmaSigma 9.49.4 2015.92015.9SquareSquare StraightStraight 9.49.4 1523.41523.4SquareSquare StraightStraight 44 1618.61618.6SquareSquare StraightStraight 9.49.4 861.5861.5HexagonHexagon StraightStraight 9.49.4 900.9900.9HexagonHexagon SigmaSigma 9.49.4 1089.41089.4
Since light ample, can optimize for ease of construction
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Surface Surface Treatment/WrappingTreatment/Wrapping
TyvekTyvek PaintPaint VM 2002VM 2002 MylarMylar CM590CM590 CM500CM500 Alum FoilAlum Foil
1.001.00 0.890.89 1.081.08 0.830.83 0.280.28 0.440.44 0.630.63
UNPOLISHED TOP ANDUNPOLISHED TOP ANDPOLISHED BOTTOMPOLISHED BOTTOM
POLISHED TOP ANDPOLISHED TOP ANDPOLISHED BOTTOMPOLISHED BOTTOM
UNPOLISHED TOP ANDUNPOLISHED TOP ANDUNPOLISHED BOTTOMUNPOLISHED BOTTOM
0.980.98 1.001.00 1.021.02
Paint easy, little light lossPaint easy, little light loss
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Measurements:Measurements:
source, glues, fiberssource, glues, fibers Extruded/CastExtruded/Cast
0.70.7
After/Before glueAfter/Before glue EJ500/BC600EJ500/BC600 (optical glues)(optical glues)
Y11/BCF92Y11/BCF92
1.151.15 1.01.0 3.13.1
Extruded scintillatorExtruded scintillator
1mm round Kuraray
0.8 mm square Bicron
Fiber has greatest affect on yield.Fiber has greatest affect on yield.
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
NICADD/Fermilab NICADD/Fermilab ExtruderExtruder
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Thickness Tolerance: 2-3%Thickness Tolerance: 2-3%Response Depends weakly on Response Depends weakly on
Thickness: ~20%/mmThickness: ~20%/mmNORMALIZED CELL RESPONSE OF Cs-137
y = 0.8426x + 0.1376R2 = 0.9852
0.75
0.95
1.15
1.35
1.55
1.75
0.75 0.95 1.15 1.35 1.55 1.75
CELL THICKNESS NORMALIZED TO 3 MM
RES
PON
SE N
OR
MA
LIZE
D T
O 3
MM
CEL
L
3mm
4mm
5 mmExtruded Tile
4.78
4.8
4.82
4.84
4.86
4.88
4.9
4.92
1 2 3 4 5 6
Position in 20 cm steps
Thickn
ess in m
m Side oneSide two
Thickness not an issue
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Optimum CellOptimum Cell Hexagonal or SquareHexagonal or Square 4 - 9 cm4 - 9 cm22
Straight GrooveStraight Groove High yield fiberHigh yield fiber Glued Fiber and Painted SurfaceGlued Fiber and Painted Surface Extruded (cut costs) @ 5mmExtruded (cut costs) @ 5mm
But a bigger question is the light sensor: But a bigger question is the light sensor: PMTs costly, bulkyPMTs costly, bulky
we have been investigating APDs, MRS, Si-PM…we have been investigating APDs, MRS, Si-PM…
My currentguess…
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Hamamatsu Avalanche Hamamatsu Avalanche Photo-DiodesPhoto-Diodes
Gain for Hamamatsu APD for different light wavelengths at 18 ºC
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Bias Voltage, V
Gai
n
486nm 565nm for 587nm 660nm
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Cosmic MIP with Cosmic MIP with Avalanche Avalanche
Photo-DiodePhoto-Diode
Hamamatsu S8550
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Metallic ResistiveMetallic ResistiveSemiconductor Semiconductor
(CPTA*) (CPTA*)
LED signal
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1
33 65 97
129
161
193
225
257
289
321
353
385
417
449
481
513
ADC counts
Even
ts
Representative Spectrum
*Center for Perspective Technologies and Apparatus
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Cosmics with MRSCosmics with MRS
Range of working points
y = 24.255x - 1180.5R2 = 0.9969
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
49.8 50 50.2 50.4 50.6 50.8 51
Bias Voltage (V)
Ave
rage
min
us
pede
stal
~5 PE
5050 515100
6060
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Si-PMs (PULSAR/MEPHI*) Si-PMs (PULSAR/MEPHI*) mounted on cell?mounted on cell?
Ru106, Si-PMT, 51 Volts, ~6 PE
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1 56 111 166 221 276 331 386 441 496 551 606 661 716 771 826 881 936A D C C HA N N EL
MEPHI sample, Courtesy of B.Dolgoshein
Representative Spectrum
*Moscow Engineering Physics Institute
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Cosmic Data with Si-PMCosmic Data with Si-PMN
umbe
r of P
.E.
Comparable to PMTComparable to PMT
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Tabulated Specs/StudiesTabulated Specs/StudiesDevice HAMAMATSU
APD VLPC SiPM or
MRS PMT
Photo Electrons/ MIP
>30 (by specs)
>30 >>1100 >>1100
Gain 400 ? 10E(5) 10E(6) 10E(6) APD output Charge (fC)
3
768
1152
1152
S/N(room T)
~ 5.5 Est. ~ 3 real ~ 8.1 (10oC)
>10 (9K) meas. *
~ 8meas.** > 10 meas.***
* A. Bross et al., Fermilab FN-0733, 2003* A. Bross et al., Fermilab FN-0733, 2003** B. Dolgoshein, “An Advanced Study of Silicon PM”, ICFA ** B. Dolgoshein, “An Advanced Study of Silicon PM”, ICFA IB, 2002IB, 2002*** V. Rykalin, NICADD presentation, *** V. Rykalin, NICADD presentation, http://nicadd.niu.eduhttp://nicadd.niu.edu , , 20022002
Estimate <$10 channel in bulk for Extruded/SiPMEstimate <$10 channel in bulk for Extruded/SiPM
Jerry Blazey Jerry Blazey NIU/NICADDNIU/NICADD
Scintillator DHC Scintillator DHC ConclusionsConclusions
Simulations indicate approach competitive Simulations indicate approach competitive with analog calorimetrywith analog calorimetry
Prototypes indicate there is sufficient Prototypes indicate there is sufficient sensitivity (light x efficiency) & uniformity.sensitivity (light x efficiency) & uniformity.
Now optimizing materials & construction to Now optimizing materials & construction to minimize cost with required sensitivityminimize cost with required sensitivity
SiPM and MRS look very promisingSiPM and MRS look very promising
All-in-all looks like a competitive option….All-in-all looks like a competitive option….We’ll be moving towards the next prototypeWe’ll be moving towards the next prototype
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