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Introduction
Top Science 6 Teacher’s Resource Book provides a range of materials
designed to complement the Student’s Book and the Teacher’s Book.
These materials contribute to the flexible nature of Top Science: studentsin the same class can be given worksheets at different levels, or weaker
students can complete the tasks with stronger peers. Teachers with more
contact hours can make use of these photocopiable materials
as and when they need them.
There are three categories of worksheets: reinforcement, extension,
and assessment. Use them for revision purposes, for extension
practice, as progress tests, assessment, or for homework.
The worksheets can be photocopied and filed in a folder.
Reinforcement and extension worksheets
There are forty-eight reinforcement worksheets. These materials
constitute a flexible tool: they can be worked on after the relevant
section in the Student’s Book, before the Activities sections, or as extra
preparation for the unit assessment. The answer keys are provided.
There are fifteen double-page extension worksheets, one for each unit
of the Student’s Book. These worksheets can be used for fast
finishers or to extend class work. Depending on their level, students
can complete the worksheets with or without consulting their Student’s
Book or other sources. The answer keys are provided.
34 Top Science 6 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S.L.
Name Date
REINFORCEMENT
Complete the sentences.
A is . B is .
We use them to
The difference between A and B is
C is . D is .
We use them to
The difference between C and D is
E is . F is .
We use them to
The difference between E and F is
1
Remember
Technical advances have shaped society in areas such as work, transport, health,
communication and leisure.
Technical advances and society26
A
B
C
D
E
F
84 Top Science 6 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S.L.
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EXTENSION
Read the text and answer the questions.
Mayan society
Where did the Mayans live?
Where did the rulers live?
How was their society organised?
What kind of work did most people do?
What did they build?
Who was their most important god?
What was their favourite sport?
1
The Mayan civilisation appeared about two
thousand years ago in the Yucatan peninsula
and the lowlands of present-day Mexico,
Guatemala and Honduras.
The Mayans lived in city-states governed
by a supreme chief who lived in Mayapan.
Their society was organised into four groups:
nobles, priests, peasants and slaves.
Most of the people worked in the fields.
They grew corn, cacao, beans, tomatoes,
pumpkins, spices and other plants.
The Mayans had an amazing knowledge
of astronomy and mathematics. For example,
they knew about the concept of zero, and used
two calendars: lunar and solar. They were
also great architects and sculptors.
Their pyramid temples, altars and stelae
(sculpted monuments) are especially famous.
The Mayans believed in many gods, but
the most important was the god of rain, as crop fertility depended on it.
Their favourite game was played with a ball. The object of the game was to pass the ball
through a stone hoop. There were two teams and the players were not allowed to touch
the ball with their hands.
The Mayan civilisation14
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Diagnostic tests
There are five double-page diagnostic tests. They are to be completed
at the start of the school year to give an indication of the student’s
basic level of Science and English. The answer keys are provided.
Individual results chart
The individual results chart indicates areas in which a student hasachieved acceptable competence and highlights areas which require
additional practice.
106 Top Science 6 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011Richmond Publishing/Santillana Educación,S.L.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Name Date
107Top Science 6 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011Richmond Publishing /Santillana Educación,S.L.
3
Write the name of the two archipelagos that are part of Spain.
Label the main Spanish rivers on the map.
◾ Colour the rivers: red – Atlantic watershed, blue – Mediterranean watershed, green – Cantabrian
watershed.
Look at the map and answer the questions.
What climate is found in the shaded
area?
What are the temperatures like?
What is precipitation like?
What is the vegetation like?
3
4
5
Label the most important relief features on the map.
◾ Now, write the names of the oceans and seas in the correct place.
Complete the word map on Spanish coasts.
1
2
The relief of Spain3
SPANISH COASTS
Ceuta and Melilla
Andalusia
C
areasareas
Ceuta
Melilla
ATLAN TIC OCEA N
AT L A N T I C
O C E A N
0 140
Kilometres
Scale
M e d i t e r r a n e a n
S e a
C a n t a b r i a n S e a
S
E
N
W
E
N
W
S
i i
0 111
Kilometres
Scale
S
E
N
W
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ O C E A N
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
O C E A N
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
S e a
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ S e a
112 Top Science 6 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011Richmond Publishing /Santillana Educación,S.L. 113Top Science 6 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011Richmond Publishing/Santillana Educación,S.L.
INDIVIDUAL RESULTS CHART
Yes NR* Comments
Living things and the environment
Identify the parts of a cell.
Identify some of the characteristics
of living things.
Recognise the five levels of organisation.
Identify two types of plant reproduction.
Describe what an ecosystem is.
Identify environmental problems and
solutions.
Forces and movement
Recognise the effects of forces on
movement.
Identify the forces involved in various
types of movement.
Identify different types of simple
machines.
The relief of Spain
Identify the main relief features
of Spain.
Identify Spanish coasts.
Recognise the climates of Spain.
Name and locate the main rivers and
watersheds in Spain.
Interpret maps using conventional
symbols.
Yes NR* Comments
Population and the economy of Spain
Use some concepts related to
population and the economy.
Understand how population is
distributed in Spain.
Identify some of the main activities in
the three economic sectors in Spain
Describe the distribution of the Spanish
population by economic sector.
Analyse and interpret pie charts
Changes across time
Know the three ages of Prehistory and
their characteristics.
Name the people who inhabited the
Iberian Peninsula in antiquity.
Describe the Roman conquest of the
Iberian Peninsula and describe the
territorial organisation of Roman Spain.
Identify some of the main
characteristics of the Visigoth kingdom.
Identify essential facts of the Moorish
occupation of the peninsula during the
Middle Ages.
Identify the Christian kingdoms up to
1492.
Describe the differences between
Romanesque and Gothic buildings.
NP: Needs Needs reinforcement.
Name Date
Individual results chart
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Other resources
Top Science 6 Activity Book
The Activity Book is designed to provide further practice for both the
content and language objectives of the course and to encourage learner
autonomy. Each unit contains full-colour illustrations and diagrams, and
six to eight pages of graded activities.
A c t i v i t y
B o o k Top Science 6 PRIMARY
I I
I
I
_ .indd 1 11 11 1 :
At the end of the Activity Book,
there are two Let’s do it! and two
Read and do! pages per term.
In addition, there are instructions
for students to create and play a
board game, Ticket to travel, which
enables them to revise contentinteractively.
Unit test worksheets
All the unit tests have ten multiple-choice questions. These worksheets
test the basic concepts of the unit. These can be completed after the
unit assesment worksheets, or used as quick revision activities.
148 Top Science 6 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011Richmond Publishing /Santillana Educación,S.L.
Name Date
Circle the correct option.
TEST 1Nutrition I
1. The systems involve d in nutrition are...
a. the digestive, respiratory, excretory
and circulatory systems.
b. the mouth, the stomach, the large
intestine and the small intestine.
c. blood and oxygen.
2. The nutrie nts necessary to grow and repair
our bodies are…
a. vitamins.
b. lipids.
c. proteins.
3. Helper glands produce…
a. food.
b. digestive juices.
c. gastric juices.
4. The proc ess in which nutrients pass from
the digestive tube to the blood is called…
a. digestion.
b. absorption.
c. eli mination of waste.
5. Fibre is a…
a. nutri ent from animal sources.
b. component of food from vegetable
sources.
c. component of proteins.
6. The first stage of the digestive process
is…
a. digestion.
b. nutrition.
c. absorption.
7. The elimination of waste is carried out
by the…
a. excretory system.
b. respiratory system.
c. digestive system.
8. Gastric juices are produced in the…
a. stomach.
b. oesophagus.
c. small intestine.
9. Fruit is rich in…
a. carbohydrates, proteins and fibre.
b. fibre , vitamins, minerals and
carbohydrates.
c. fats, proteins and vitamins.
10. The liver produces…
a. saliva.
b. pancreatic juice.
c. bile.
Top Science 6 Teacher's Resource
Book: Annex
Two worksheets, Nutrition
and Map of Europe, enable
students to apply basic science
and geography concepts.
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Digital resources
i-solutions
Top Science 6 offers 4 CDs designed to bring digital
resources to the classroom. These CDs provide materials
for interactive whiteboard presentations and practice,
hands-on experiments and computer work for students.
CD 1
Digital Flashcards, Posters and Web bank
• The flashcard bank has over 200 images which can be
projected onto an interactive whiteboard or printed and
used as conventional flashcards. Each image offers the
option of listening to the audio and viewing the written
word.
• The digital posters can be printed when required.
• The Web bank includes some of the best, free web
links for teaching Science, Geography and History.
These links provide access to valuable resources
to help with lesson planning as well as ways to
personalise classes and cater to students’ need.
CD 2
Teacher’s Resource Book and Maps
This CD contains the digital version of the Teacher’s
Resource Book in PDF format. The worksheets can be
printed for individual use, or projected onto an interactive
whiteboard for group activities. In addition, this CD
provides blank and completed physical and political maps
of the world, Europe and Spain.
CD 3
i-book
The i-book provides the core course material of the
Teacher’s Book and the Student’s Book in interactive
format. It can be used in the classroom or for classplanning.
CD 4
Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) Activities
There are five interactive activities per unit on this CD.
These can be used to help reinforce the main concepts
of each unit in a different and fun way.
Top Science 6PRIMARY
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:· .
7 C .in 1 1 / 1/11 1 :
C D 2
• Digital Flashcards• Digital Posters• Web Bank
© 2 0 1 1 R i c h m o n d P ub li shing -San tillana
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Top Science 6PRIMARY C D 1
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• Teacher’s Resources and Maps
© 2 0 1 1 R i c h m
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Top Science 6PRIMARY C D
2
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4 3 1 3 0
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1 2 0 6
3 1
C .in 1 1 / 1/11 1 : 7
C D 2
© 2 0 1 1 R i c h m o n d P ub li shing - San tillana E
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S. L.
Top Science 6PRIMARY C D 3
• i-book
8
4 3 1 3 0 0
1 2 0 6 4 8
7 C .in 1 1 / 1/11 1 :
© 2 0 1 0 R i c h m
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.
C D
2
• IWB Activities
Top Science 6PRIMARY C D
4
© 2 0 1 1 R i c h m
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Contents
Worksheets
REINFORCEMENT WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
EXTENSION WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
ASSESSMENT WORKSHEETS
Diagnostic tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Individual results chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Unit assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Unit tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Term assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Term tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Final assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Final test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
ANNEX
Nutrition worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Map of Europe worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Answer keys
REINFORCEMENT WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
EXTENSION WORKSHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
ASSESSMENT WORKSHEETS
Diagnostic tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Unit assessments and tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Term assessments and tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Final assessment and test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
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1 Nutrition and health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 The digestive process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 The circulatory system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5 Blood circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6 Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7 The nervous system and movement . . . . . . . . 15
8 Internal co-ordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9 Sexual characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10 Sex cells and fertilisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11 Pregnancy and birth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
12 Health and illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
13 Health risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
14 Infectious diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
15 Treatment of illness and disease . . . . . . . . . . 23
16 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
17 Magnets and magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
18 Electrical circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
19 The proper ties of energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
20 Heat and temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
21 Producing electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
22 Energy in our society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
23 Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
24 Inside a machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
25 Operating parts and mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . 33
26 Technical advances and society . . . . . . . . . . . 34
27 The Earth and maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
28 Relief map of the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
29 Political map of the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
30 European coasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
31 European climates and vegetation . . . . . . . . . 39
32 European rivers and lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
33 The population of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
34 The European economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
35 The European Union today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
36 The institutions of the European Union . . . . . . 44
37 The achievements of the European Union . . . . 45
38 Prehistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
39 The Age of Antiquity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
40 The Middle Ages on the Iberian Peninsula. . . . 48
41 The discovery of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
42 The Spanish Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
43 The fragmentation of the Spanish Empire . . . 51
44 Society and culture in the Modern Age . . . . . . 52
45 The 19th century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
46 L ife in the 19th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
47 From Primo de Rivera to Franco . . . . . . . . . . . 55
48 Transition and democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Reinforcement worksheets
ANSWER KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
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Name Date
REINFORCEMENNutrition and health1
Remember Food contains the nutrients that our bodies need.
The main nutrients are:
– carbohydrates, which supply energy;
– fats or lipids, which also supply energy;
– proteins, which are necessary to grow and repair our bodies;
– vitamins and minerals, which are necessary for a healthy body.
The process of obtaining nutrients from food is called digestion.
Write one sentence with each group of words.
digestion – nutrients
energy – fats
Complete the text.
We need for all the activities we do. We obtain
it from and from .
are necessary to grow and repair our bodies. Fruits and vegetable
are good sources of and . This proces
of obtaining from food for our bodies to use is called
Match the foods to the nutrients.
1
2
3
A
C
B
D
Proteins Carbohydrates
Vitamins Fats
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REINFORCEMENT 2 The digestive process
RememberThe digestive process takes place in the digestive system. There are three stages:
Digestion. It begins in the mouth. The food is crushed, mixed with saliva and swallowed. Now,
it is called bolus. The bolus passes through the pharynx and the oesophagus into the
stomach. There, it is mixed with gastric juices to form chyme.
Absorption. This occurs in the small intestine. The nutrients pass into the blood.
Elimination of waste. The waste moves into the large intestine and is transformed into faeces.
Then the faeces are excreted through the anus.
Complete the word map.1
Answer the questions.
Where does absorption occur?
What are faeces? Where is waste transformed into faeces?
Complete the text.
The digestive process takes place in the . There are three stages
in the digestive process: , , and of waste.
2
3
The digestive process
has three stages:
In this stage,
In this stage,
In this stage,
Digestion
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REINFORCEMENRespiration3
Write the names of the organs. Explain their function during respiration.
Look at the illustrations and circle the correct words.
1
2
Remember Respiration is the process by which our body obtains oxygen from the air and expels carbon
dioxide. This process is carried out by the respiratory system.
The respiratory system consists of the air passageways and the lungs.
There are two breathing movements: inhalation and exhalation.
The boy is inhaling / exhaling .
The lungs expand / contract.
The boy is inhaling / exhaling .
The lungs expand / contract.
A B
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REINFORCEMENT
Complete the sentences.
is a red liquid that transports , ,
and in our body.
The pumps blood around the body using the circulatory system.
carry blood from the heart to other .
connect to , which carry blood to the heart.
Label the illustration with these words.
heart
artery
capillaries
vein
Look at the illustration and answer.
◾ If you prick your finger, what would bleed more, an artery or a vein? Why?
1
2
3
RememberThe circulatory system is made up of:
Blood, which is a red liquid that reaches all the cells in our body and transports nutrients,
oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste.
Blood vessels, which circulate the blood. There are three types:
– arteries, which carry blood away from the heart to other organs;
– veins, which carry blood back to the heart;
– capillaries, which connect arteries to veins.
The heart, which pumps blood around the body.
The circulatory system4
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REINFORCEMEN
Match.
◾ Now, look at the illustration. What circuit is shown? Explain.
Cross out the errors. Then write the sentences correctly.
In systemic circulation, oxygenated blood returns to the lungs through the vena cava.
In pulmonary circulation, blood returns to the heart through the aorta.
1
2
RememberBlood moves through the circulatory system in a closed circuit. There are two circuits:
Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs. Blood
leaves the heart through the pulmonary arteries. The oxygenated blood returns to the heart
through the pulmonary veins.
Systemic circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
Blood leaves the heart through the aorta and returns to the heart through the vena cava.
Blood circulation5
Pulmonary circulation
between the heartand the rest of the body
Systemic circulation
between the heartand the lungs
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REINFORCEMENT
Draw the sense organ that we use to…
see
smell
hear
taste
Look at the illustrations. Explain the function of sensitivity in each case.
1
2
Remember Through sensitivity we respond to changes in the external environment.
The sense organs capture information. The brain receives the information through the nerves
and decides how to respond. Then, the muscles receive orders from the brain and make the
body move.
Sensitivity6
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember The nervous system is formed by the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous
system. The central nervous system has two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. The
peripheral nervous system is formed by the nerves.
Voluntary movements are those that we choose to make consciously.
Reflex movements happen automatically, without a conscious order from the brain.
The nervous system and movement 7
Look at the illustrations of voluntary movement and complete the sentences.
1. The boy captures the information with his .
2. The carry the information to the .
3. The decides to kick the ball, and orders
the in the leg to contract.
4. The carry the information to the in the leg
5. The in the leg contract, and the
boy .
Look at the illustrations of a reflex movement and complete.
1. The girl captures the information through her sense of .
2. The carry the information.
3. The orders an immediate response.
4. The carry the information to the
in her arm.
5. The muscles contract and the girl .
Match.
Spinal cord Reflex movements
Brain
Voluntary movements
1
2
3
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REINFORCEMENT
Small muscles in our skin cause goose bumps when they contract. Are these muscles voluntary
or involuntary? Explain.
Name the glands in the endocrine system. What substance do endocrine glands produce?
Tick the processes which involve internal co-ordination.
Our temperature is kept constant. We run to get to class on time.
Saliva is produced when we look at food we like.
Complete the sentences.
The nervous system uses the muscles and the system
to carry out internal co-ordination.
The endocrine system controls the functions of and .
If our muscles stopped working, the would stop beating,
our lungs would not be able to absorb and we would die.
1
2
3
4
Remember Internal co-ordination involves the nervous system, the involuntary muscles and the endocrine
system.
Many functions of our body are carried out by the involuntary muscles. They function
independently of our will, and we are not conscious of them and cannot control them.
The endocrine system is formed by the endocrine glands (pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
pancreas, ovaries and testicles). These glands produce hormones, which help control growth
and reproduction.
Internal co-ordination8
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember The male and female reproductive systems are the primary sexual characteristic.
They are formed by the genitals, which are the organs that carry out reproduction.
The female sex organs include the ovaries and uterus.
The male sex organs include the testicles and the penis.
Sexual characteristics9
Label the diagrams.
The reproductive system
Fallopian tube
vagina
vulva
uterus
ovary
The reproductive system
vas deferens
urethra
testicle
seminal vesicle
prostate
penis
scrotum
1
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REINFORCEMENT
Look at the illustration and answer.
Which part of the illustration represents the female sex cell?
What is the name of the female sex cell?
Which part represents the male sex cell?
What is the name of the male sex cell?
Match.
sperm
menstruation
ovule
semen
Order the stages in which an embryo develops. Write a number from 1 to 6.
a. Every 28 days, an ovule is released by an ovary.
b. The zygote divides many times to form an embryo.
c. Fertilisation results in a zygote.
d. The embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus.
e. Fertilisation happens in the Fallopian tube.
f. The ovule travels down the Fallopian tube.
1
2
3
Remember The ovaries produce female sex cells called ovules.
The testicles produce male sex cells called spermatozoa or sperm cells.
Fertilisation occurs in the Fallopian tubes. Fertilisation is the union of an ovule and a sperm to
form a zygote. The zygote is the first cell of a new being. It divides many times to form an embryo.
Sex cells and fertilisation10
A B
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember Pregnancy is the period between fertilisation and the birth of the baby.
Birth is the moment when the baby exits the mother’s body through the vagina.
Look at the illustration. Read the definition and write the correct word.
An elastic, hollow organ where a baby grows during pregnancy.
A type of tube that joins the embryo to the placenta.
It transports nutrients and oxygen.
A liquid that protects the embryo.
The name the embryo receives after about three months.
An organ formed in the uterus during pregnancy through which
the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen.
Match.
Dilation stage
The opening to the uterus gradually gets wider.
Afterbirth
The expulsion of the placenta takes place.
Expulsion stage The baby exits the mother’s body through the vagina.
1
2
Pregnancy and birth11
placentauterus
umbilical
cord
amniotic
fluid
fetus
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REINFORCEMENT
Define the words.
health
illness
"Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being." Explain what this sentence means
and give examples.
Complete the word map.
1
2
3
Remember Health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being. When a person does not feel well
in one of these aspects, it can lead to illness.
Diseases can be classified as infectious or non-infectious according to their origin.
Health and illness12
Types of diseases
are classified by their origin.
how many people are affected.
how quickly they appear,
and how long they last.
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember Alcohol, tobacco, drugs and traffic accidents are factors that present risks to our health.
Look at the illustration. Explain the possible effects of tobacco use.
Name two ways to avoid traffic accidents. Describe some of their consequences.
What is alcoholism? Explain the effects of alcohol abuse on a person’s health.
1
2
3
Health risks13
mouth, pharynxand larynx cancer
dental problem
oesophaguscancer
heartproblems
gastritisand ulcers
stroke
wrinklesand blotcheson the skin
respiratorydisease
lung cancer
prematurebabies
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REINFORCEMENT
Remember Infectious diseases can be caused by bacteria, fungi, protozoans or viruses.
Good levels of hygiene can prevent many infectious diseases.
What is an infectious disease? Describe four causes and explain ways to stop transmission.
Match the infectious agent to the disease it causes.
bacteria
athlete’s foot
fungi
malaria
virus
measles
protozoans
pneumonia
What is a contagious disease? Explain and give an example.
Should you drink water from a river or stream even if it looks clean? Think and answer.
1
2
3
4
Infectious diseases14
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember Sometimes illness and disease can be treated with medicines such as vaccines and antibiotics.
Some cases require surgery or an organ transplant.
Name four ways to cure or prevent illness and disease.
Complete the sentences.
are medicines that protect people from developing an infectious disease.
are medicines that are very effective in fighting bacterial infections.
Some illnesses or bone fractures cannot be cured with medicines. They require
or an .
Explain why people do not get measles if they have been vaccinated.
Name three organs that can be transplanted.
1
2
3
4
Treatment of illness and disease15
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REINFORCEMENT
Complete the sentences.
There are electrical charges and electrical charges.
If two objects have the same charge, they . If one object is negatively charged
and the other is positively charged, they .
is produced when electrical charges move through material.
Electrical energy can be transformed into ,
and .
Look at the diagrams. Explain what force each shows.
Order the illustrations. Write 1 and 2. Then, explain why the pen attracts
the pieces of paper.
1
2
3
Remember Objects can have positive and negative electrical charges. Objects with the same charge
repel. Objects with a different charge attract.
Electrical current is the organised movement of electrical charge through material.
Electrical energy can be transformed into other forms of energy such as light, heat and
movement.
Electricity16
1 1
A
1 2
B
A
B
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REINFORCEMENMagnets and magnetism17
Remember Magnets attract objects made of iron, steel and other metals.
Magnetism is the property that causes magnets to attract metallic objects.
All magnets have two magnetic poles: north pole and south pole. Poles of the same type
repel. Opposite poles attract.
Electromagnets behave like magnets when they are connected to electricity.
Read and write the correct word.
An object which can attract other objects made of metal.
The two zones of a magnet.
The property of magnets to attract metal objects.
A device that works like a magnet when it is connected to electricity.
Write attract or repel. Then explain why.
The magnets will each other because
The magnets will each other because
Look and write electromagnet or magnetic band.
1
2
3
N S S N
N S N S
A B
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REINFORCEMENT
Answer the questions.
What happens in an electrical circuit?
What are the main elements in an electrical circuit?
What is the difference between a disposable battery and a rechargeable battery?
Label the componentsof this electrical circuit.
Look at these circuits. Tick the closed circuit.
◾ Explain what a closed circuit is. Refer to the diagram you ticked.
1
2
3
Remember An electrical circuit is formed by a generator, cables, light bulbs or electric motors, a switch
and other elements. It is a closed path through which electrical current can flow.
A generator is the part of the electrical circuit that produces electrical current. There are various
types: disposable batteries, rechargeable batteries, photovoltaic cells, alternators and dynamos.
Electrical circuits18
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember Energy causes changes to occur around us. There are different types of energy: mechanical,
sound, light, thermal or heat, electrical, chemical and nuclear.
Properties of energy: Energy can be transferred, stored, transported and transformed.
Complete the word map.
Read the sentences. Write the type of energy each one describes.
It is transported through the electrical current of a circuit.
It is stored in substances such as combustibles, food or inside batteries.
It is possessed by objects due to their movement.
It is found in substances such as uranium.
It is transmitted in the form of heat.
It is transported by sound.
It uses light.
1
2
The properties of energy19
ENERGY
Types Properties
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REINFORCEMENT
Order the sentences. Write 1, 2 or 3. Then copy them in the correct order.
a. ...and which raises the temperature of objects.
b. Heat is a form of energy which...
c. ...can be transmitted through certain materials...
Why is mercury used in thermometers? Tick the correct answer.
Because when mercury is cooled, its volume expands and it rises up into the tube.
Because when mercury is warmed, its volume expands and it rises up into the tube.
◾ Explain the meaning of the words.
contraction
expansion
Will it be easier to remove a metal ring from your finger whenthe weather is cold or when it is hot? Think and answer.
1
2
3
Remember Heat is a form of energy which causes the temperature of objects to rise.
Heat causes objects to expand. Cold causes objects to contract.
When energy is transformed from one form to another, some energy is transformed into heat.
20 Heat and temperature
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember Power plants produce electricity.
The different types of power plants are: hydroelectric, wind, thermal, nuclear, solar thermal
and solar photovoltaic.
Complete the sentences. Use the words.
turbines
electricity
generator
energy sources
The we use is produced in power plants.
Most power plants produce electrical current with a .
are used to turn generators or dynamos.
Power plants use different .
Look at the flow charts. Write the type of power plant.
Match.
1
2
3
21 Producing electricity
Mechanical energyfrom water
turnsa turbine
electricalcurrent
Chemical energy from
combustible fuel
turns
a turbine
electrical
current
Mechanical energy
from the wind
turns
a turbine
electrical
current
The Sun shines on photovoltaic
cells
electrical
current
produce electricity
Televisions
transport electricity
Power plants
use electricity
Power lines
Power plant
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REINFORCEMENT
Circle six energy sources. Then classify them as renewable or non-renewable.
H C O U B S P D M B
P C W F R Y D Y J H
E O O J O A E V L X
T A H D R K N R P V
R L Z Z O D W I N D
O C E R T N U S U O
L C H G W W N E Y M
E T S U N L I G H T
U D V N H N O Y K GM W O O D G D K K R
◾ Which of these energy sources are fossil fuels?
Complete the table.
Problem Description Solution
Depletion of fossil fuels
Radioactive waste
Global warming
Acid rain
1
2
Remember Most of the energy we use today comes from fossil fuels.
Using fossil fuels causes problems like depletion of resources, global warming and acid rain.
Nuclear energy creates radioactive waste which is dangerous for living things.
Energy in our society22
Renewable
Non-renewable
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember Machines save us time and energy; they enable us to do work with precision; they make
it possible to do dangerous tasks; they can convert one type of energy into another.
There are mechanical machines, thermal machines, and machines for communication
and information management.
Look at the illustrations. Circle the machine that is not mechanical.
◾ Describe the machine you circled. What type is it? Why isn’t it mechanical?
Match.
thermal
a hammer
information management
a cooker
mechanical
a computer
Complete the word map.
1
2
3
Machines23
They are used to… They are used to…
Mechanical
They are used to…
Types of machines
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REINFORCEMENT
Read and write the name of each component.
It is the skeleton of the machine on which the other
components are built.
They transmit the movement of the motor to other partsof the machine.
They give us information about how the machine is functioning.
They enable a machine to receive information from the outside.
It directs the energy to the motor and other parts.
It produces the movement of the machine.
It protects the machine.
Label the parts of this machine.
1
2
Remember The basic parts of a machine are: the structure, the housing or cover, the motor, operating
parts and mechanisms, an electrical or electronic circuit, sensors and indicators or screens.
Inside a machine24
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REINFORCEMENOperating parts and mechanisms25
Remember Operating parts and mechanisms transmit movement or force from one part of a machine to
another.
Mechanisms are two or more operating parts that work together in a machine.
Gears are mechanisms that transmit movement. They fit together with teeth or cogs.
Circle seven types of operating parts. Then write the names.
Look at the gears. Circle the correct word.
The wheels will turn in the same / opposite direction.
The wheels will turn in the same / opposite direction.
The small wheel will turn faster / slower than the big wheel.
1
2
S A T U C R A N K J
N R W I B N Z A O V
E W R O U B A I L E
T A A X L E J W U S
E B C A H L I C X P
M L K E L T W R U R
A S I R O T I A L I
O C W H E E L O W N
L E V E R I K U G G
A
B
C
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REINFORCEMENT
Complete the sentences.
A is . B is .
We use them to
The difference between A and B is
C is . D is .
We use them to
The difference between C and D is
E is . F is .
We use them to
The difference between E and F is
1
Remember Technical advances have shaped society in areas such as work, transport, health,
communication and leisure.
Technical advances and society26
A
B
C
D
E
F
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REINFORCEMEN27 The Earth and maps
Remember The Earth can be represented on a globe or a map. A world map represents the entire Earth.
The scale on a map shows the relationship between the distance on the map and the actual
distance on the Earth.
Geographic co-ordinates are a system of lines called parallels and meridians which enable us
to locate points on a map.
Measure and calculate the distances in kilometres.
From A Coruna to Zaragoza. From Seville to Valencia.
From Madrid to Badajoz. From Murcia to Malaga.
Look at points A, B and C on the globe. Complete the table.
Write North, South, East or West .
Latitude Longitude Hemisphere
A
B
C
1
2
P
O
R
T
U
G
A
L
F R A N C EC an t a b r i a n S e a
AT LANTI C
OCEAN
AT LA NT IC OC EA N
M e d i t
e r r a
n e a n
S e a
i i
A Coruña
Malaga
Badajoz
Seville
Madrid
Zaragoza
Murcia
Valencia
0 170
Kilometres
Scale
B
C
A
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REINFORCEMENT
Use the key and colour the map.1
Remember Relief maps show the oceans and continents on the Earth.
There are five oceans: the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific
Ocean and the Antarctic Ocean.
There are seven continents: Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania
and Antarctica.
Relief map of the world28
◾ Write the names of the oceans in the correct place.
green North America pink Africa yellow Europe orange Oceania
light green South America brown Asia lavender Antarctica
0 1,800
Kilometres
Scale
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember Political world maps show the size, location and borders of the countries on Earth.
Look at the map and use the key to colour the countries.
Red = A landlocked country in Europe that borders with Italy.
Green = The southernmost country in Africa.
Orange = A small island country in Oceania.
Purple = The biggest country in Asia.
Pink = The two largest countries in North America.
Yellow = A landlocked country in South America.
Dark blue = An island country in Europe.
◾ Write the names of the countries you have coloured. Use arrows if necessary.
1
Political map of the world29
0 2,100
Kilometres
Scale
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REINFORCEMENT
Look at the map. Write the number next to the landform.1
Remember Europe is a small continent in the northern hemisphere.
Europe borders on Asia to the east, and is surrounded by two oceans, the Atlantic to the west
and the Arctic to the north.
The coasts are very irregular, with many capes, gulfs and peninsulas.
European coasts30
Capes
North
Finisterre
St. Vincent
Matapan
1
2
10
20
11
17
18
19
12
13
21
24
25
2216
23
14
15
3
4
5
27
6
7
8
9
A R C T I C O C E A N
North
Sea
Black Sea
C a s p i a n S e a
M e d i t e r r a n e a
n
S e a
A
T
L
A
N
T I C
O
C E
A
N
Scale
0 392
Kilometres
Islands
Iceland
Ireland
Great Britain
Balearic Islands
Canary Islands
Corsica
Sicily
Sardinia
Cyprus
Malta
Crete
Peninsulas
Kola
Scandinavian
Jutland
Iberian
Italian
Balkan
Crimean
Gulfs
Bothnia
Bay of Biscay
Lion
Genoa
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember The three temperate climates are: oceanic, Mediterranean and continental.
The two cold climates are: polar and alpine or mountain.
The vegetation is different in each climate.
Write the name of the climate.
Temperatures are mild in summer. Precipitation is abundant and regular.
Temperatures are cool in summer and very low in winter. Precipitation
is abundant.
Temperatures are high in summer and mild in winter. In summer there
is very little rain.
Temperatures are high in summer and very low in winter. In summer
precipitation is higher.
It is extremely cold. Precipitation is scarce.
Look at the map. Write the letter that corresponds to the type of vegetation.
Steppes
Oceanic fores
Taiga
Mediterranean
vegetation
Tundra
1
2
European climates and vegetation31
M a r C a s p i o
ARCT IC OCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
North
Sea
Black Sea
Medit erranean Sea
C a s p
i a n S e a
A
E
C
B
D
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REINFORCEMENT
Complete the map with the names of the oceans and seas.
◾ Name the rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean.
◾ Name the rivers that flow into the Mediterranean Sea.
Which watershed has the largest lakes?
1
2
Remember There are five watersheds: the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Arctic, the Black Sea and the
Caspian Sea.
The largest European lakes are located in the north.
European rivers and lakes32
AF R I C A
A S I A
0 450
Kilometres
Scale
R . P
e c h o r a
R. N o r t h e
r n
D v i n a
R . W e s t e r n D v i n a
R . V i s t u
l a
R . O d e r
R . U
r a l
R. V o l g a
R .
V o l g
a
R . D n i e p e r
R . D an u b
e
R.
D n i e s t e r
R . D o n
R . P o R .
R h ô n e
R . E l b e
R . R h i n e R . S
e i n e
R . E
b r o R. Duer o
R . Gu
adal q u i v i r R .
G u a
diana
R. T a g u s
R. Loi r e
R . G
a r o n n e
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember Europe is highly populated.
The population is ageing because of a low birth rate and increasing life expectancy.
The active population and birth rate are growing because of immigration.
Correct the sentences and make them true.
In Europe the birth rate is very high: this means that few babies are born.
In Europe life expectancy is 74 years. Therefore, there are few elderly people.
Look at the map and do the activities.
Three countries with a population density of less than 10 inhabitants/km2.
Three countries with a population density from 10 to 100 inhabitants/km2.
1
2
The population of Europe33
POPULATION
DENSITY
Less than 10inhabitants/km2
From 10 to 100inhabitants/km2
From 101 to 500inhabitants/km2
More than 500inhabitants/km2
Scale
0 530
Kilometres
M e d i t e r r a n e a n
S e a
Baltic Sea
North
Sea
Black Sea
Caspian Sea
Norwegian
Sea
A R C T I C
OC E AN
A
T L
A N T
I C
O C
E A N
PORTUGALSPAIN
FRANCE
ITALY
SWITZERLAND
BOSNIA &
HERZEGOVINA
CROATIA
ALBANIA
GREECE
MACEDONIA
BULGARIA
T U R K E Y
ROMANIA
HUNGARY
SLOVENIA
AUSTRIA
CZECHREPUBLIC
GERMANY
LUXEMBOURG
BELGIUM
NETHERLANDS
DENMARK
POLAND
RUSSIA
LITHUANIA
LATVIA
BELARUS
U K R A I N E
ESTONIA
R U S S I A
MOLDOVA
SERBIA
SLOVAKIA
KAZAKHSTAN
GEORGIA AZERBAIJAN
ARMENIA
FINLAND
SWEDEN
NORWAY
MONTENEGRO KOSOVO
UNITED
KINGDOMIRELAND
Canary Islands Ceuta
Melilla
ANDORRA
ICELAND
N
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REINFORCEMENT
Look at the pie chart and answer.
What economic sector employs the fewest people in Europe?
What economic sector employs the most people?
Write the economic activities in the correct column.
agriculture
capital goods industry
commerce
consumer goods industry
fishing
forestry
livestock farming
basic industry
tourism
transport
Primary Secondary Tertiary
1
2
Remember The primary sector employs 4 % of the active population of Europe. The main activities are
agriculture and livestock farming.
The secondary sector employs 30 %. The main industries are basic industry, capital goods
industry and consumer goods industry.
The tertiary sector employs 66 %. Activities include commerce, transport and tourism.
The European economy34
Secondarysector
30 % Primary sector4 %
Tertiary sector
66 %
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember The European Union (EU) is formed by twenty-seven democratic European states.
Write the names
of the member
countries of the
European Union.
1
The European Union today35
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
A R C T I C O C E A N
N o r t h
Sea
B lack Sea
Norweg i an
S ea
M ed i t e r r a n e a n S e a
Albania
Norway
Bosnia &Herzegovina
Croatia
Kosovo
Serbia
Switzerland
Belarus
Ukraine
Russia
Macedonia
Moldova
Montenegro
Iceland
A F R I C A
A S I A
Scale0 340
Kilometres
Countries of the EuropeanUnion
Other European countries
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REINFORCEMENT
Complete the word map.
Members:
Headquarters:
Functions:
Members:
Headquarters:
Functions:
Members:
Headquarters:
Functions:
Members:
Functions:
Functions:
1
Remember The main European Union institutions are: the European Parliament, the Council of the
European Union, the European Commission, the Court of Justice and the Court of Auditors.
36 The institutions ofthe European Union
EUROPEANPARLIAMENT
COUNCIL OF THE
EUROPEAN UNION
EUROPEAN
COMMISSION
COURT
OF JUSTICE
COURT
OF AUDITORS
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember The European Union has adopted measures that bring European citizens together.
The single market is one of the greatest achievements of the European Union.
The EU started with six member states. By 2011, there were twenty-seven.
Twelve member states have used the euro since 2002.
The achievementsof the European Union
37
Tick the true sentences. Correct the sentences that are false.
a. Merchandise can circulate freely within the EU, but not citizens.
b. No more countries can join the EU.
c. All EU states must agree for a new state to join.
Give two examples of measures that promote European citizenship.
Circle the names of the twelve countries that have adopted the euro. Write them on the lines.
1
2
3
G P F M R G R E E C E L
P E O I R Q A K F I T U
U A R R N G G K T R S X
R P F M T L U R G E P E
J B A T A U A Y N L A M
U K R I O N G N R A I B
F R A N C E Y A D N N O
P B E L G I U M L D K U
N E T H E R L A N D S R
A U S T R I A X F I Q G
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REINFORCEMENT Prehistory38
Match. Then write the complete sentences.
In the Palaeolithic Age, people hunted, fished and gathered fruits and vegetables.
In the Neolithic Age,
people made objects from copper, bronze and iron.
In the Metal Ages,
people looked after their crops and livestock.
Complete the crossword.
Down
1. The first artists appeared in this Age.
3. The invention that ended Prehistory.
5. A material used to make containers
for cooking and storing food
in the Neolithic Ages.
Across
2. People used looms to make textiles
in this age.
4. The first metal used to make metal
objects.
6. A megalithic monument made with
long stones.
7. A person who has no permanent
home and moves from place to place.
1
2
Remember In the Palaeolithic Age, people were nomads.
In the Neolithic Age, people became sedentary. They built villages and became farmers.
In the Metal Ages, people learned to make objects from metal. Villages grew into cities.
1▾
2 ▸
3▾
5▾
4 ▸
6 ▸
7 ▸
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REINFORCEMEN
47Top Science 6 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S.L.
RememberIn the Age of Antiquity:
The Celts and Iberians inhabited the Iberian Peninsula.
The Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians arrived from the Mediterranean and founded colonies.
The Romans began their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
Who am I? Write Celt, Iberian, Phoenician, Greek or Carthaginian.
Complete. Use the words.
free men
Christianity
19
provinces
law
218
Latin
slaves
Euskera
The Roman conquest of the peninsula began in the year B.C. and ended in the
year B.C. The Romans divided Hispania into .
Roman was enforced throughout the peninsula. The official language
was . The only pre-Roman language that has survived to the present
is . In 380 A.D., the official religion became . Roman society
was divided into two classes: and .
1
2
The Age of Antiquity39
I arrived from North Africa looking for new territories to conquer.
I live on the Mediterranean coast.I arrived here before the Greeks.
I live in a tribe on the Atlanticcoast. I don’t trade much.
I live in Andalusia, and I trade a lot.
I live on the Catalan coast. I sell ceramicsand buy esparto to make things.
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REINFORCEMENT
Write True or False. Then, correct the false sentences.
The capital of the Visigoth kingdom was Cordoba.
The Moors defeated the Romans in 711.
At first, Al-Andalus was a caliphate.
Tick the correct answer. Then, write the complete sentence.
The first Christian kingdoms were created...
in the north of Spain. in the south of Spain.
In 1031, Al-Andalus was divided into...
Taifa Kingdoms. provinces.
In 1212, the armies of the Christian kings defeated the Moorish armies at the Battle of...
Navas de Tolosa. Granada.
The last territory of Al-Andalus was...
the Nasrid kingdom of Granada. the Nasrid kingdom of Cordoba.
1
2
Remember In 711, the Moors conquered the Visigoth kingdom and created Al-Andalus.
The Christians opposed the Moorish conquest. They created Christian kingdoms in the north.
The Middle Ageson the Iberian Peninsula
40
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REINFORCEMEN
Remember In 1492, the Catholic Monarchs financed Columbus’ expedition, which led to the discovery
of the Americas.
The Incas, the Aztecs and the Mayans lived in North and South America before the arrival
of Columbus.
Write the name or date.
A sailor from Genoa who discovered the American continent.
The Monarchs who financed this expedition.
The year America was discovered.
The destination Columbus was trying to reach.
The Italian navigator who proved America was a new continent.
What territories did Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro conquer?
Complete the sentences. The photos may help you.
The Mayans were excellent and
Pre-Columbian peoples were farmers, but they also made
and from pre-Columbian mines were sent to Spain
1
2
3
The discovery of America41
49Top Science 6 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S.L.
A B C D
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REINFORCEMENT
50 Top Science 6 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S.L.
Read the text and look at the map.
The Spanish Empire had many
territories: Spain, the Netherlands,
part of Italy, territories in centralEurope, colonies in the Americas
and many possessions in
Africa and Asia. In 1580, the
kingdom of Portugal was added.
◾ Explain why this map
is not correct.
Write the events on the timeline.
1556 Felipe II became king.
1516 Carlos I became king.
1580 The Kingdom of Portugal
became a part of the
Spanish Empire.
1588 The Spanish Armada was defeated.
1571 The Battle of Lepanto.
1520 The revolt of the Communities.
1566 The Netherlands rose up against Spanish rule.
1
2
Remember In the 16th century, Carlos I and Felipe II ruled the largest empire that had ever existed.
It comprised territories in Europe, America, Africa and Asia.
The Spanish Empire42
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ATLANTIC
OCEANINDIAN
OCEAN
Spanish Empire
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REINFORCEMEN
51Top Science 6 PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL © 2011 Richmond Publishing / Santillana Educación, S.L.
Remember In the 17th century, the Spanish Empire became weak and began to break up.
In the 18th century, the Bourbons came to power and established an absolute monarchy.
Complete the crossword.1
The fragmentationof the Spanish Empire
43
1▾
3▾
4▾
2 ▸
5▾
6▾
7 ▸
8 ▸
9 ▸
Down
1. A battle in 1707 that was decisive in the
triumph of Felipe V.3. Friends and ministers that governed in the
king’s name.
4. A war between Castile and Aragon that was
an international war and a civil war.
5. Territory that gained independence from Spain
in 1648.
6. The first Bourbon king.
Across
2. Factories created by the Spanish kings in the
18
th
century.7. The city where a riot broke out in 1808.
It forced Carlos IV to abdicate.
8. A Spanish king who died without a successor
in 1700.
9. A type of monarchy in which the king controls
all the powers of state.
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REINFORCEMENT
Complete the illustration. Use the words.
clerics
nobility
farmers
middle class
◾ Describe the differences between the privileged and the underprivileged classes.
Match.
Saint Teresa de Jesus Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos
Francisco de Quevedo Lope de Vega
Garcilaso de la Vega Miguel de Cervantes
Write the style of architecture.
This style imitated Roman architecture.
This style had curved lines and rich ornamentation.
This style was austere with little decoration.
1
2
3
Remember Society in the Modern Age was divided into two groups. The privileged were the nobility and
the clergy. The unprivileged were the farmers and the middle class.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, literature, art and architecture developed rapidly.
In the 18th century, there were scientific advances.
Society and culturein the Modern Age
44
Unprivileged
Privileged
16th century
Spiritual works
Spain’s problems
17th century
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REINFORCEMENThe 19th century45
Remember Fernando VII established an absolute monarchy. During the reign of Isabel II, the
constitutional monarchy was consolidated. At the end of the century, different forms of
government were attempted.
Circle two errores in each sentence. Then write the sentences correctly.
In 1807, France and Spain signed a treaty that allowed Spanish troops to cross into France
to occupy Portugal.
Jose Bonaparte, Emperor of France, replaced King Fernando VII whith his brother Napoleon.
The population of Madrid did not accept the French king, and on 2nd May 1888, they rebelled
against the French. This was the beginning of the War of Succession.
Circle the correct word.
During the war of Independence...
the Liberals / Conservatives wanted to write a constitution and limit the power of the king.
the Nationalists / Francophiles wanted Fernando VII to return to the Spanish throne.
the Nationalists / Francophiles wanted a French king.
During the reign of Isabel II...
the Liberals / Conservatives wanted to increase the queen’s power and give less importance to the
Constitution.
the Liberals / Conservatives wanted to limit the queen’s power and give more importance to the
Constitution.
Write the year each event took place.
Constitution of Cadiz Independence of Argentina War of Independence
1
2
3
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REINFORCEMENT
Look at the diagram. Match each word with a social class. Draw a line.
Write three sentences. Use the words.
revolution changes industrial 19th century
revolutionised railways transport
metal industries developed 19th century textile
This house was built in Barcelona by Antonio Gaudi.
Explain why it is a Modernist structure.
1
2
3
Remember In the 19th century, society was organised into social classes: the upper class, the middle
class and the lower class.
The Industrial Revolution brought many economic changes.
Modernist architecture and Impressionist painting flourished in this century.
Life in the 19th century46
factory owners
peasants
bankers
factory workers
doctors
servants
lawyers
engineers
nobles
beggars
rich merchants
Upper class
Middle class
Lower class
A
B
C
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REINFORCEMEN47 From Primo de Rivera to Franco
Remember In 1923, Primo de Rivera led a coup and established a dictatorship.
In 1931, the Second Republic was proclaimed.
In 1936, the Spanish Civil War began. When the war ended, in 1939, General Franco
established a dictatorship.
Order de events. Write a number from 1 to 5.
The dictatorship of
Primo de Rivera began.
The dictatorship of
General Franco began.
The Spanish Civil
War began.
The Second Republic
was proclaimed.
The dictatorship of
General Franco ended.
Write Second Republic or Dictatorship of General Franco.
Women got the right to vote:
Political parties were illegal:
There was no constitution:
Land was divided up among the peasants:
The first Statutes of Autonomy were declared:
Spain became internationally isolated:
Circle the errors in each sentence. Then write the sentences correctly. During the Civil War, the Nationalists supported the Republic.
The war ended in 1936 after General Franco’s coup.
Before the war, there was a dictatorship under Primo de Rivera.
1
2
3
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REINFORCEMENT
Match.
Adolfo Suarez He became president in 2004.
Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo
He was president between 1996 and 2004.
Felipe Gonzalez
He was president between 1976 and 1981.
Jose Maria Aznar He was president between 1982 and 1996.
Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero He was president between 1981 and 1982.
Find the date of each event in the puzzle. Then write it to complete the sentence.
Juan Carlos I was crowned King of Spain:
The first democratic elections were held since the Second Republic:
The new Constitution was approved:
Spain joined the European Community:
The Statutes of Autonomy initiated in 1978 were approved:
Spain adopted the euro:
1
2
Remember The transition was the period in which policy changes moved Spain from the dictatorship
of General Franco towards democracy. This process began in 1975 and ended in 1982.
Since 1982, Spain has been governed by the Spanish Socialist Labour Party (PSOE)
and the Popular Party (PP).
Transition and democracy48
1 9 1 9 8 6
9 1 9 7 5 1
7 2 9 1 8 9
8 9 5 2 0 7
2 0 0 2 7 7
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Extension worksheets
1 Prepare a balanced diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2 The Rh factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3 Different ways of seeing the world . . . . . . . . . 62
4 Ultrasound imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5 Types of diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6 Sparks of invention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
7 Alternative energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
8 Watches are machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
9 Map projections .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
10 The most European river . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
11 Life expectancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
12 Europa, the Phoenician princess. . . . . . . . . . . 80
13 Roman gods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
14 The Mayan civilisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
15 The Enlightenment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
ANSWER KEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
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EXTENSIONPrepare a balanced diet 1
A healthy diet should be complete and balanced. This means we should eat
all types of food in appropriate quantities.
RECOMMENDED FOOD AND SERVINGS
Food
Girls BoysNumber
of servings13 to 15
years
13 to 15
years
Dairy ¼ L ¼ L 4 times a day
Meat, chicken 125 g 150 g 3 times a week
Fish 175 g 200 g 4 times a week
Eggs one one 3-4 times a week
Potatoes 200 g 250 g once a day
Legumes 70 g 80 g 3 times a week
Vegetables 100 g 120 g 2-4 times a day
Fruits 300 g 300 g 3-4 times a day
Bread 400 g 400 g once a day
Rice 70 g 80 g 2 times a week
Pasta 70 g 80 g 2 times a week
Sweets, pastries, soft drinks 60 g 60 g once a day
SOURCE: Healthy nutrition and prevention of eating disorders by Consuelo Lopez Nomdedeu.
SERVING SIZE EQUIVALENTS:
¼ L = one glass 125 g of bread = one portion
300 g of fruit = one large piece (orange, apple, peach…) 150 g of meat = one medium-sized portion
100 g of vegetables, rice, pasta = one medium-sized serving
Study the information above, and answer the questions.
What is this information for?
What type of food should you eat more of every day?
How many servings of milk and vegetables should you eat every day?
Why do you think you should not eat sweets more than once a day?
1
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Complete the table. Make a list of all the food that you ate yesterday.
Give approximate amounts. Then answer the question below.
Breakfast Lunch Snack Dinner
◾ Do you eat more fish or less fish than is recommended? And sweets?
Read the advice, and prepare your own balanced diet for one day.
Breakfast is the most important meal of the day because you do more
physical activity in the morning.
Lunch and dinner should complement each other. If you have meat for lunch,you should have fish for dinner.
If you eat fried food, don’t forget to include the oil.
Breakfast Lunch Snack Dinner
2
3
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EXTENSIONThe Rh factor2
All human blood contains the same components: plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. However, there aredifferent blood types. The four main blood types or blood groups
are: A, B, AB and O. Your blood type depends on the type of
protein on the surface of your red blood cells.
Most people can only receive or donate blood to people who have
the same blood type. People with type O, however, are called
universal donors. Their blood can be given to almost anybody
without danger of rejection. Similarly, people with type AB blood
are called universal recipients.
They can receive blood
of any type.
Some red blood cells have
a protein on the surface called the Rh factor. A person whose blood
has this protein is Rh positive: Rh+. A person whose blood does
not have this factor is Rh negative: Rh–. If you are Rh-, you can
only receive Rh negative blood.
We inherit blood type from our parents in the same way that we
inherit eye or hair colour. Blood type can also vary depending on
the place of origin of a specific population. For example, almost
all indigenous people in Peru have type O blood. In central Asia,
type B is the most common.
Read the text and answer the questions.
What are the main components of blood?
What are the main blood types?
What is a universal donor ?
What is a universal recipient?
1
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Answer the questions.
What is your blood type?
What is your Rh factor?
What blood types can you receive in a transfusion?
What blood groups can you give blood to?
Analyse the words. Match them to their definitions.
haematologist
haemopathy
haematoma
haemorrhage
haemoglobin
Any disease of the blood.
A doctor who specialises in the study of blood.
An escape of blood from blood vessels.
A swelling which contains blood
A protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen.
What do you think the prefixes haemo- and haema- mean?
Research about blood banks. Answer the questions.
What is a blood bank?
Why is it important to donate blood?
2
3
4
5
2
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EXTENSION
Define the words.
cone
rod
ommatidia
1
Almost all animals have organs that enable them to capture light and perceive images
of the world around them. However, there are interesting and important differences betweenthese organs. All of them have two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina:
Cones enable animals to see in colours and with high-quality images, but they need light
to function.
Rods enable animals to see in low light, but images are low-quality.
Daylight vision animals, like human beings, have many more cones than rods. As a result, they see
worse in the dark than other animals, but image quality is good. Nocturnal animals, on the other hand,
have more rods than cones and also larger eyes. As a result they see better at night.
Pupil shape also varies widely. For example, human beings have round
pupils, while cats have vertical slits. Goats have horizontal slits so their
eyelids do not obstruct their vision. The most unusual pupil shape in theanimal kingdom are the W-shaped pupils of the cuttlefish.
Birds of prey have the sharpest vision of all animals.
The part of their brain responsible for interpreting visual
stimuli is very large. They have big pupils with many
rods and cones in the central part of the retina. As
a result, they can see very clearly at great distances.
Insects and many other invertebrates have compound
eyes that consist of many small eyes or facets called
ommatidia. Each ommatidium is a complete and
independent eye made up of a group of cells. Together, the ommatidiareceive a single image made up of separate bits of information. All these
bits are received by the nervous system, which then produces a single image.
Different ways of seeing the world3
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Think and explain.
Owls are nocturnal creatures. Do they have more cones or rods in their retina? Why?
Eagles are one of the animals with the best vision in the animal kingdom.
What do they use their sharp vision for? What are their eyes like?
Match each type of eye to a living thing.
Use the key to decipher the secret message.
2
3
4
A 5 E 5 I 5 O 5 U 5
C RN DS SN
P
R
R
R
C
T
D
T L L
N N
P
T .
H
H
T R C S
A
1
C
3
B
2
D
4
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