Tobacco
Forms Cigarettes Smokeless tobacco Pipes and cigars
The drug contained in tobacco is nicotine Nicotine is highly addictive
Harmful Substances in Tobacco carcinogen- a cancer-causing substance
Selected Harmful Substances in Tobacco
Substance Hazard
Arsenic poisonous, carcinogen
Benzopyrene carcinogen
Carbon Monoxide reduces oxygen capacity of blood
Formaldehyde carcinogen
Hydrogen Cyanide reduces the cilia function in lungs
Nitrogen Dioxide irritates respiratory tract
Nitrous Oxide reduces number of WBC in lungs
Phenol Carcinogen
Vinyl Chloride Carcinogen
Harmful Substances in Tobacco
The three substances in tobacco smoke which are especially harmful:1. Nicotine2. Carbon monoxide3. Tar- thick liquid which coats the lungs
Smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternative to smoking Contains many of the same chemicals and at
least 28 different carcinogens
Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use
Respiratory
acute bronchitis
pneumonia
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
lung cancer
tracheal cancer
laryngeal cancer
asthma
Circulatory
coronary heart disease
stroke
hypertension
atherosclerosis
heart attack
Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use
Digestive
mouth cancer
throat cancer
gum disease
tooth loss
liver cancer
colon cancer
acid reflux
ulcers
Endocrine
pancreatic cancer
diabetes
Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use
Urinary
bladder cancer
kidney cancer
Skeletal
osteoporosis
Reproductive
infertility
cervical cancer
menstrual disorders
low birth weight
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
miscarriage
ectopic pregnancy
Diseases Associated with Tobacco Use
Other
macular degeneration (blindness)
cataracts
vocal cord polyps
chronic fatigue
Primary Diseases from Tobacco Use Heart Disease
damages walls of arteries raises cholesterol levels increases blood pressure
Emphysema destroys alveoli in the lungs
Lung Cancer
Mouth Cancer
Second-Hand/Sidestream Smoke
second-hand smoke- air that has been contaminated by tobacco smoke
sidestream smoke- smoke from the burning end of a cigarette
Contains twice as much tar and nicotine as what the smoker inhales because it is not filtered
Long-term exposure to second-hand smoke poses the same health risks as smoking
Tobacco Addiction
addiction- a physical and/or psychological need for a drug or other substance
Addiction involves two types of dependence: physical dependence- the body feels a need
for a drug because it is used to having it psychological dependence- the mind sends
the body the message that it needs more of a substance
Physical Dependence on Tobacco
Nicotine increases the levels of a neurotransmitter involved in feelings of pleasure and reward (dopamine), making it highly addictive
When tobacco users go a period of time without nicotine, they experience withdrawal withdrawal- unpleasant symptoms that occur
when someone stops using an addictive substance
anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue
Psychological Dependence on Tobacco
Tobacco use is often part of one’s habits, built into his or her daily routine
Psychological dependence also results from false perceived effects of tobacco use:
Provides energy Helps relax Controls weight
“Benefits” are false, but if one believes that they are true, they reinforce the tobacco use
Reasons Teens Begin Using Tobacco
1. Attempt to appear sophisticated and mature
2. Peer pressure
3. Behavior modeled by others around them
4. Glorified in movies, TV, and advertisements
5. Rebellion
Tobacco Advertising
Tobacco is intensely marketed. Only the automobile industry markets more heavily.
Kids and teens constitute the majority of new smokers—tobacco advertising is designed to appeal to them
Emphasis on youthful vigor, sexual attraction, and themes of independence
Why is tobacco still legal?
IT IS BIG BUSINESS!!!!!
The tobacco industry spent $20,680,315 to lobby Congress in 2002. That amounts to a whopping $138,794 spent on lobbying for every day Congress was in session. That is on top of the $9,424,612 Big Tobacco gave in political contributions during the 2002 election cycle.
KEY FACTS Percent of high school students who smoke:
28% Percent of 8th graders who smoke daily:
5.5% Approximately 90 percent of smokers begin
smoking before the age of 21. Most people who smoke would like to quit Most people who begin smoking do not think
that they will become addicted 1 in 5 U.S. deaths are attributable to smoking
The Bottom Line
Not that many people are smoking. If you don’t start when you are young, you probably will not start.
If you do start when you are young, you probably will become addicted.
Reasons Not to Smoke1. You will be healthier and live longer2. You won’t smell3. You will save a great deal of money4. You’ll keep your senses of smell and taste5. You will have fewer allergies6. You will not be confined to smoking areas7. You will have more energy and stamina8. You will have healthier skin9. You will not hurt the health of others who
have to breathe your smoke
Alcohol
How alcohol affects the body: Alcohol slows neurotransmitter function,
depressing the central nervous system (Slows down the CNS)Acts on:
Spinal cord- slows reactions Cerebellum- alters balance, posture, and
coordination Cerebrum- impairs senses and judgment
Alcohol
Short-Term Effects of Alcohol
Impaired judgment Become sleepy Trouble understanding & remembering things Poor reactions Uncoordinated movements Highly emotional Slurred speech
Long-Term Effects of Alcohol Abuse Depressed immune system Heart disease Cirrhosis- scarring of the liver, impairing liver
function Cancer (mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach,
& liver) Malnutrition Personality Disorders (aggression, anxiety,
depression) Alcoholism- disease marked by physical and
psychological dependence on alcohol
Alcoholism
1 in 10 drinkers will become an alcoholic
Youth who drink before the age of 15 are 4 times more likely to develop alcohol dependency than those who begin drinking at age 21.
Alcohol and Crime More than 1 in 3 convicted offenders were
drinking at the time of their offense. An estimated 50 to 75% of domestic violence
cases involve alcohol. in 2006, 17,941 people were killed in alcohol-
related crashes, representing 41% of all traffic fatalities.
Over a third of all deaths among 15-20 year-olds are alcohol related.
NOTE: Minimum 6 month loss of license (even if no car is involved) and $500 fine for underage drinking
Drug Classifications (By Effect) stimulants- speed up the body’s functions
amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine
depressants- slow down the body’s functions barbiturates, alcohol
hallucinogens- distort moods, thoughts, and senses LSD, PCP
narcotics- relieve pain and dull the senses morphine, codeine, oxyconton Highly addictive
Marijuana
Dried leaves of the hemp plant, usually smoked
Active ingredient is THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)
THC is able to bind to many receptors in the brain, resulting in a range of effects: Cerebellum- alters balance and coordination Cerebrum- weakens memory, alters sensory
perception, results in erratic emotional responses
Short-Term Effects of Marijuana Abuse
Impaired memory Distorted perception Difficulty thinking and problem solving Loss of coordination Anxiety
Marijuana is an addictive drug Withdrawal from THC has been shown to be
like that of cocaine, heroine, and alcohol
Long-Term Effects of Marijuana Abuse Lung disease
Marijuana contains the same irritants (tar, chemicals) as cigarettes Users develop coughing/wheezing and become more
susceptible to colds and pneumonia
Reduced immune function THC damages lymphocytes and lymphatic tissue,
weakening the body’s ability to fight infectious disease
Long-Term Effects of Marijuana Abuse Amotivational syndrome
Chronic lethargy, lack of focus, and inability to concentrate
Further drug use Marijuana is a “gateway drug”
Studies show that few young people use other illegal drugs without first using marijuana
Decreased testosterone levels in males THC is fat soluble, and it concentrates in tissues
with high fat content. One of such areas is the testes. This inhibits testosterone production, possibly to the
point where secondary female characteristics are observed
Why do young people abuse marijuana?
Misconceptions of dangers Misunderstanding of health consequences Ignorance of possibilities of addiction and social
disorders
Influence of popular culture Marijuana has been a popular image tool
Symbolizes an antisocial attitude
Inhalants
Inhalants are substances that are not drugs themselves, but have a drug effect when their vapors are inhaled Substances are common household products
(ex.- cleaning products, aerosols) The drug effect of inhalants is a result of
decreased oxygen to the brain Chemicals and/or gasses displace oxygen in the
blood, resulting in inadequate oxygen to the body, most notably to the brain
Short-Term Effects of Inhalant Abuse
Nausea Blurred vision Loss of coordination Headache Chest pain Runny or bloody nose Ringing in the ears
Long-Term Effects of Inhalant Abuse Brain damage
Toxins dissolve protective covering around neurons
Damage to peripheral nerves Numbness, tingling, paralysis
Lung damage Liver damage Kidney stones Leukemia Muscle weakness
Inhalant Abuse
Inhalants can be addictive
Inhalants can kill at any time, even on the first use Asphyxia or suffocation Choking on vomit Sudden Sniffing Death
Instant death from inhaling toxins. Toxins interfere with the heart’s pace-making mechanism, producing cardiac arrest
Steroids
Chemicals similar to the male sex hormone testosterone
Anabolic- builds tissue Anabolic steroids can grow muscle at an
increased rate Taken in pill form or injected
Consequences of Steroid Abuse
For adolescents: Halted growth due to premature skeletal maturation
For males: Shrinking of the testicles Development of breasts Baldness Infertility
For females: Growth of facial hair Deepening of the voice changes in or stopping of the menstrual cycle
Long-Term Effects of Steroid Abuse
Stroke Enlarged heart muscle & high blood pressure Liver cancer Kidney disease “Roid Rage”- uncontrollable aggressive
outbursts brought on by steroid use Psychological disorders (depression,
inappropriate anger)
Ecstasy (MDMA)
“Club drug” in tablet form
Causes the release of a neurotransmitter which affects mood, sleep, and heart rate Over-stimulation of these receptors can damage
them
Identified as a gateway drug Has a synergistic effect with alcohol
Dangerously boosts the effects of both substances when used together
Short-Term Effects of Ecstasy
Hallucinations Muscle tension Tremors Blurred vision Hyperthermia
Can lead to organ failure and death Can kill at any time, even the first use
Long-Term Effects of Ecstasy
Nerve cell damage Can lead to:
Mental problems Anxiety, panic attacks, depression, mood swings
Trouble thinking and concentrating Memory loss
Risks of Substance Abuse
Physical Risks Chronic disease and organ damage Decreased energy and endurance Weakened immune system Injury
Risks of Substance Abuse
Mental/Emotional Risks ADDICTION Depression Inability to concentrate Reduced ambition Unstable mood
Risks of Substance Abuse
Social Risks Social withdrawal Stress on family and friends Poor performance at work/school Trouble with the law
4 Stages of Addiction
1. Reinforcement- User has all desired results with few or no consequences. The belief is that use is fun and rewarding and cannot cause harm.
Feeling Normal
4 Stages of Addiction
2. Tolerance- The body becomes used to the drug and needs greater amounts to get the desired effect.
4 Stages of Addiction
3. Dependency- Signs of withdrawal begin to show.
4 Stages of Addiction
4. Addiction- Severe withdrawal becomes progressively worse.
Rule of 5 to 15 If someone begins using a substance after the
age of 18, he or she can develop an addiction within 5 to 15 years
If someone begins using a substance between the ages of 13 and 17, he or she can develop an addiction within 5 to 15 months
If someone begins using a substance before the age of 13, he or she can develop an addiction within 5 to 15 weeks
Influences
1. Boundary Makers vs. Boundary Breakers Boundaries guide our behavior—they are limits
which define what is acceptable behavior Two groups of people influence decisions with
regard to these boundaries Boundary makers- recognize the value of
having limits in place and influence you to stay within them
Boundary breakers- disregard the value of having limits
Once a boundary is crossed, it is much easier to cross it again and again
Boundaries
No Boundaries
What are the long-term results of having no boundaries and consequently no direction?
KEY POINT: Boundaries are critical to health and success in life—know the people around you who are boundary makers and boundary breakers
Influences2. Voids
Void- an unfulfilled part of one’s life Voids may center on love, acceptance,
occupation, and/or unfulfilled goals Voids are very powerful, and people
actively seek to fill them Voids may be filled by positive or negative
activities Examples?
KEY POINT: when a negative action fills a void, negative consequences are disregarded
Influences
3. Media Drug messages heavily center on youth and fun
creates associations with these images and disassociates the products with their negative effects
Themes are very appealing to young people: Attraction Fun Sophisticated/Cool image Humor
Refusal Skills Saying “no” effectively
ay no in a firm voice
ell why not
ffer another idea
romptly leave
Tips for Assertive Refusal Use humor to break tension Use “I” statements—don’t accuse or blame the
person Take your time—collect your thoughts Stand up straight and maintain eye contact Speak in a firm but polite voice Don’t apologize for saying no Walk away from the situation
Refusal Skills Scenarios group #1
A group of friends is trying to convince you to go into town to buy some pot.
group #2
One of your older sibling’s friends wants you to have a cigarette with him/her.
group #3
At a party, your friends are drinking beer. They have invited you to join them.
group #4
You and your friends are offered ecstasy at a party. It appears that your friends are going to accept it.
Refusal Skills Scenarios group #5You are hanging out at a friend’s house, and everybody
is bored. Somebody suggests that it would be fun to “huff” the vapors from a cleanser in the garage.
group #6You are working out at the gym. Somebody with great
muscle definition tells you that you could get stronger a lot easier if you just take the steroids that he/she offers you.
group #7While studying late for final exams, a friend of your older
sibling tells you that the pills he/she has will wake you up and keep you alert, and that he/she will give you some for free.
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