This is a license that gives an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention
for a set period of time
A patent
The invention of this in the late 1880s made oil even more valuable
The automobile
He developed affordable, in-home lighting
Thomas Edison
He developed a code of short and long electrical impulses that represented the letters of the
alphabet and perfected the telegraph
Samuel Morse
He invented the “talking telegraph” and set up the American Telephone & Telegraph Company
in 1885.
Alexander Graham Bell
This was finished after 7 years on May 10, 1869 in Promontory Summit (now Utah)
The transcontinental railroad
One new technology that improved the national railroad system
Steel rails, standardized tracks, standardized signals, air brakes, telegraph
system, national system of time zones
This term implies that business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public
Robber Barons
This term implies that business leaders serve their nation in a positive way—creating jobs,
establishing museums, etc.
Captains of Industry
He formed the Standard Oil Company in 1870
John D. Rockefeller
Andrew Carnegie’s belief that people should make as much money as they can and then after
they make it they should give it away
“gospel of wealth”
This theory held that those who were most “fit” would success and become rich
Social Darwinism
A market structure dominated by only a few large, profitable firms
oligopoly
Complete control of a product or service
monopoly
A loose association of businesses that make the same product
cartel
He established a steel company in 1889
Andrew Carnegie
Gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a
product’s development
Vertical consolidation
Congress passed this law in 1890 that limited the amount of control a business could have over an industry by outlawing
any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce
The Sherman Antitrust Act
The Sherman Antitrust Act ended up being applied against these groups
Labor unions
The economic and political philosophy that favors public instead of private control of
property and income
socialism
This national union organized all working men & women, skilled & unskilled, to pursue broad
social reforms
Knights of Labor
This national union was founded by Samuel Gompers as a craft union to pursue “bread and
butter” issues
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
The process by which workers negotiate as a group with employers
Collective bargaining
The nickname for the Industrial Workers of the World, a radical union of unskilled workers
Wobblies
At this 1886 strike in Chicago, anarchists joined the protest and thus many Americans came to associate
unions in general with violence and radicalism
Haymarket
This is a negative term for workers called in by employers to replace strikers
scabs
By June 1894 260,000 railway workers had joined this strike, which disrupted mail delivery, and was put down
by 2,500 federal troops sent by President Cleveland
Pullman Strike
This term was coined to describe the post-Reconstruction era and meant that a thin, glittering layer of prosperity covered the poverty & corruption of much of society
The Gilded Age
This French phrase means a hands-off approach to the economy
Laissez-Faire
This company gave cheap shares of valuable stock to Congress so that Congress would support more funding for railroad work
Credit Mobilier
Under this system individuals offer candidates votes & support and are then rewarded with
jobs & political favors
Spoils system
This president was assassinated by a disgruntled office seeker
James Garfield
President Chester Arthur passed this law which created a civil service commission to classify
government jobs and reform civil service
Pendleton Civil Service Act
The Interstate Commerce Commission was created to regulate this industry
Railroads
These were agreements among homeowners not to sell real estate to certain groups of
people
Restrictive Covenants
This group was totally banned from America after 1882 by nativist restrictions
Chinese
These were low cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as possible
tenements
This reporter published How the Other Half Lives to describe life in the slums and generate
public support for reform
Jacob Riis
She founded a settlement house in Chicago to help people find jobs, provide health care, child
care, and education, etc.
Jane Addams
This social science studies how people interact with one another in a society
sociology
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