They are all connected
Related issues
> 62% of ESS are degraded
No fish by 2048
Lose ~€50Bn ESS => €14trn/yr by 2050
1/3 land degraded: impacts 1.2Bn people in 100 countries
1.8Bn people absolute water scarcity
Invasive species >$1.4trn – 5% global GDP
Disasters
• weather related disasters doubled in 10 years
• due to increased severe weather, floods, storms
• increase mainly & medium-scale ‘forgotten’ disasters
• geophysical disasters unchanged
Water stress - impact
• 700M in water scarcity
• 900M no safe drinking water
• many more in water stressed countries. The poor are most vulnerable
• there is enough water for domestic, agriculture & industry. Many excluded by poverty, legal rights or public policies
Water stress - projections
• 50% of countries in water stress by 2025
• 75% of people by 2050
• increased flooding & drought
• impacts on water supply, floods, health, agriculture, energy & aquatic ecosystems
Water stress - responses
• build institutional capacity • implementation of water laws and
policies• transparent governance• cooperation among government
agencies • involve stakeholders &
communities• decentralised approaches• community-based adaptation
Food insecurity – impact
• 1Bn undernourished; the number one health risk
• 275,000 people become chronically hungry every day
• 29 countries alarming/ extremely alarming levels of hunger
• 30% of people in Africa have chronic hunger & malnutrition
• 25% are children• 60% are women • 75% poor agricultural livelihoods
Food insecurity causes• not food shortage• global wheat prices rose 181% 2005-7• global food prices increased by 83%• 60-80% developing country hh spending on
food• development regressed 7 years• 100m more people in food insecurity• 30-50% further rises predicted• 75% attribution to biofuels• poor distribution, poverty, instability, poor
governance, poor market acces, no voice• single crops, rain dependence, HIV, conflict,
unemployment, under investment; poor social protection
• northern agricultural subsidies, trade liberalisation, rising energy prices and increasing consumption
Emergency or chronic?
• 51 food crises between 2004 and 2008
• 23 countries in 2007 or 2008; 23 countries in 2000 and 2001
• Treated as unexpected disasters = humanitarian relief
• Response too late to save assets & livelihoods
• Emergencies cause less than 8% of hunger's victims, but temporary shocks have higher visibility
• A child dies every 5 seconds
Climate change impacts on food
• undernourished people rising to 40-170m people
• staple crops not viable in S Asia, S & sub-saharan Africa
• >50% reduction yield across many African countries
• global food price rise• loss of fisheries• Increased floods, droughts, storms, pests
& diseases• $11-13bn adaptation by 2030
Food security - responses
• predictable cash or food transfers
• pre-position resources• food aid & longer-term social
protection • source food from local markets
to avoid market distortions • improve early warning systems• improve governance, access,
distribution• address biofuels
Environmental degradation
• virtually all Earth’s ecosystems significantly transformed
• 24% of land converted to agriculture• 3-6 times water held behind dams than
natural rivers• >35% of mangroves lost• >40% of coral reefs dead or dying• 70% of temperate forests and
grasslands lost• 60% of ecosystem services
unsustainably used: water, fisheries, air, climate, pests
• hitting the poor hardest
Climate change
• IPCC: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average
• sea level, increased storm and severe weather events.
• Impacts on health, food, water, disasters, livelihoods, infrastructure, economies, conflict
LinkagesExamples of hazards
LinkagesExamples of environmental & geophysical impacts
LinkagesExamples of environmental & geophysical responses
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