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CHAPTER I
The Problem and its Background
INTRODUCTION
The population size of the Philippines, based on the 1995 Census of
Population, was 68.6 million persons. Of this number, 5.4 percent or 3.7 million persons
were senior citizens or individuals aged 60 years and over, of which 1.7 million (46.6
percent) were males and 2.0 million (53.4 percent) were females. These figures translate
into a sex ratio of 87 males age 60 years and over for every 100 females in the same age
group. The predominance of females among senior citizens reflects the fact that women,
in general, live longer than men. By comparison, the males in the national population in
1995 comprised 50.4 percent, which implies a sex ratio of 101.6 males for every 100
females
Old age is a time of life feared by many. However, the anticipation appears to be
worse than the event itself. In a recent survey, for every three people who found life over
65 better than expected, only one found its worse.
It is not unusual to find people who are their eighties and nineties doing the same
thing as well as a decade or two younger, though perhaps a bit more slowly. Too often
the sick and institutionalized are seen as the norm of old age. While it is true the risk of
disease and disability increase with age, it is not necessarily incapacitating too many.
As we grow older and become senior citizens we tend to slow down our
productivity and explore life as a retired person. It is during this time that we contemplate
our accomplishments and are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a
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successful life. If we see our life as unproductive, or feel that we did not accomplish our
life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to
depression and hopelessness.
Growing older is not a puzzle, nor does it take a detective to figure out that it
happens to all of us. You can grow older happily; aging will not cause the fragrance of
life to pass you by. Theories proffered by most analysts are that within reason you are
perfectly capable of functioning as you like if you have a good sense and enough
information to allow you to be your own best guide.
Lualhati ng Maynila is a home for the aged who are picked up from streets and
are placed in a government-run home either because their families cannot be located or
refuse to take them in. Administered by the Department of Social Welfare of the Manila
City government, it is located within the 23-hectare Boys Town compound in Parang,
Marikina. It consist of about 300 elderly, usually ages 60s and 80s of aged. The
institution provides the elderly services such health care, basic need, food and clothing,
counseling, and spiritual guide. Given that institution is a government own. Financial aid
for elderly is not fully enough for all 300 them. The institution mostly received helped
from non-government organization such as schools, churches, hospitals, and companies
Our goal in conducting this research study is to learn the process of aging and
assist them looking forward to the process with a certain amount of pleasure. We think
seeing their self might be fun again if they dont think of life as something which has
unfolded in a rearview mirror.
The researchers choose this topic because they wanted to be aware for carrying
elderly patients not just physically but also in the emotional level by understanding the
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psychosocial crisis that they undergo is the key for applications of our responsibility as a
nurses. Social support is a major factor that affects their developmental stage being aware
of this social support would help us plan and implement our care.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theories related to social support are both divergent and overlapping. The convoy
theory of social support describes three layers of support protection: the innermost layer
or most intimate and important social support providers, the second layer that includes
important, but less intimate, social support providers, and the outer layer that is close
only in respect to the function of an individuals role, as in the case of a co-worker
(Siebert & Mutran, 1999).
Activity theory proposes that social activity and involvement with others results
in an increased ability to cope with aging, improved self-concept, and enhanced
emotional adjustment to the aging process (Lee, 1985). Activity theory presumes that
changes in social involvement are imposed by society. For example, mandated retirement
ages often isolate elders from work related social contacts. Additionally, fixed incomes
imposed by retirement often limit the ability to engage in certain social activities.
In contrast, disengagement theory assumes that social involvement decreases with
aging, and is a normal part of the aging process that is independent of other aging
phenomena (such as debility), and is mutually beneficial for both the individual and
society (Lee, 1985). Elders often disengage as a means of cushioning themselves from
the inevitable grief due to loss of peers from illness and death (Lee). Additionally, elder
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disengagement makes room for younger individuals entering the work force or seeking
leadership positions.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
The study was conducted to find out the developmental stage in terms of integrity vs.
despair of elderly aged 60-85 years old and the correlation of level of satisfaction of their
social support in Lualhati ng Maynila, Parang Marikina. Specifically, the study will seek
answers to the following questions:
1. What is the level of satisfaction of elderly to their social support?
2. What is the psychosocial task Integrity vs. Despair of elderly?
3 Is there a relationship between Level of Social support and the psychosocial task of
elderly?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will demonstrate the complete utilization of the researchers to interact
with elderly, to identify and react what is being observed on the social behaviors showed
by an elderly when interviewed and to
Elderly will be assisted in looking forward in this process with a certain amount
of pleasure by encouraging them to socialize instead of staying in one place and isolating
themselves.
Student nurses will be able to benefit from this study because they will be able to
understand the psychosocial crisis of the elderly. This research would guide in handling
geriatrics patients. Student nurses can use this study as references for their research.
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Clinical Instructors will give importance of this research not just for information
purposes but it will also serve as their reference for their teaching module to their
students.
Institution would benefit from this research in improving their care for their
clients. They will be able to understanding emotional state of the elderly and their social
issues. they can provide more activities that can improve the social function of the old
age.
Adults next developmental stage is old age, they are expected to prepare for this
stage. To help them acquire integrity and prevent state of despair that will give them
healthy social function when they arrived at that moment of life.
This is much relevant since aging cannot be avoided and everybody has to
experience it. This study is pertinent to the young adult for them to have a background
about elderly and also for the caregivers to have an extra knowledge on how to render
care depending on the specific need of their client. And also the researcher itself may
benefit on this study through knowing proper ways and action to render care for the
client in relation to their social function.
Although this study will be focusing more on the social function of elderly, the
end result can also be largely applied to all ages regardless of their condition.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The main focus of the researcher was on identification of the specific dynamic of
elderly for particular cohort of the sample which looked also into their lifestyle, their
outlook in life; their compliance behavior in getting older the survey was able to come up
with 100 samples of respondents age 60-85 in Lualhati ng Maynila Parang Marikina.
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This study is not discussing in a most intensive manner; the contents are limited
in the sense that it deals only on the developmental stage in terms of psychosocial aspect
of their life. What is written here will satisfy the requirements of the research course of
course the subjects will directly mention the most important things that is helpful and
relevant to the life of elderly.
The delimitation of the study is not to include identification of the respondents to
protect privacy the data that will be collected in this study will only be use once in this
research only.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:
The following hypotheses are formulated to give direction to the study:
1. Ha. There is significance between the level of satisfaction of elderly and the
psychosocial developmental stage: Integrity and despair.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Developmental Theory - The doctrine that animals and plants possess the
power of passing by slow and successive stages from a lower to a
higher state of organization, and that all the higher forms of life
now in existence were thus developed by uniform laws
from lower forms, and are not the result of special creative acts
Institution - An established organization or foundation, especially one dedicated
to education, public service, or culture
Integrity - Steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code., The quality or
condition of being whole or undivided; completeness.
Despair - To be overcome by a sense of futility or defeat.Complete loss of hope.
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Psychosocial - Involving aspects of social and psychological behavior:
Elderly - Being past middle age and approaching old age; rather old. Relating
to, or characteristic of older persons or life in later years.
Social Support- Is the physical and emotional comfort given to us by our family,
friends, co-workers and others. It is knowing that we are part of a community of people
who love and care for us, and value and think well of us. Social support is a way of
categorizing the rewards of communication in a particular circumstance.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE
The researchers compiled related literature that would provide general picture of
the topic. It includes facts, idea and views regarding the pertinent variables gleaned from
books, research journals, and scholarly publication perused by the researcher. The related
studies are derived from masters thesis, dissertation and abstracts in reference sources.
RELATED LITERATURE
FOREIGN STUDIES
Definition of Social Support
Social support is usually defined as the existence or availability of people on
whom we can rely, people who let us know that they care about, value, and love us,
Bowlbys theory of attachment(1969, 1973, 1980) relies heavily on this interpretation of
social support. When social support, in the form of an attachment figure, is available
early in life, Bowlby believes children become self-reliant, learn to function as support
for others, and have decreased likelihood of psychopathology in later life. Bowlby has
also concluded that the availability of social support bolsters the capacity to withstand
overcome frustrations and problem-solving challenges.
Atchleys (2000) aforementioned definition of social support is a broad definition
of social support. Other academic theoretic definitions add that the recipient should have
a perception of someone caring for them and a resultant sense of well-being (Hupcey,
1998). Hupcey enumerated the factors required for social support as follows: (a) the act
of providing a resource, (b) the recipient having a sense of being cared for or a sense of
well-being, (c) the act having an implied positive outcome, (d) the existence of a
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relationship between the provider and the recipient, (e) support not given from or to an
organization, the community, or a professional, and (f) support that does not have a
negative intent or is given grudgingly.
Given these constraints, it is unclear as to whether social support is present in
cases of critically ill, incoherent recipients, in cases of negative outcomes in which either
the recipient or provider perceive the support actions as positive, in support given from or
to an organization, the community, or a professional, and in support that has a negative
intent or is given grudgingly.
In order for social support to yield maximum life satisfaction benefits, it must
include the ingredient of reciprocity (Lee, 1985). Reciprocity involves mutual sharing or
giving and helps to sustain self-worth. In fact, Hess and Soldo (1985) reported that
impairment actually increases as reciprocity decreases.
Social Support Questionnaire
The instrument presented in this article is the product of a series of studies,
involving several hundred subjects, that was concerned with the assessment of social
support. These pilot investigations dealt with such issues as item development, reliability,
and psychometric characteristics. Sixty-one items were written to sample the great variety
of situations in which social support might be important to people. These items were
administered to college students who were asked to list for each item all of the
individuals who provided them with support in the situation described. The subjects also
rated their level of satisfaction with the support received. Items that showed low
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correlations with the other items were eliminated. In addition to preliminary item
analyses, pilot investigations were conducted to explore possible scoring methods for
availability of support. Among the methods investigated were computing the number of
supportive people listed within each category of relationship (e.g . immediate family,
friends, relatives), assessing frequency of contact and length of relationship with
supportive persons, and counting the total number of different individuals listed
throughout the questionnaire. The intercorrelations among the various indexes of
availability or amount of support were generally high (most had correlations greater than
70). Because the simplest procedure was a count of supportive persons, the availability
index selected was the number of persons listed divided by the number of items.
In addition to evidence that the availability of childhood social support is related
to personality development and adult behavior patterns, there is also evidence of the
detrimental effects of lack of support in adults. De Araujoan and associates (De Araujo,
Dudley, & Van Arsedel,1972; De Araujo, Van Ardel, Holmes, & Dudley,1973) reported
that asthmatic patients with good social supports required lower levels of medication to
produce clinical improvement than did asthmatics with poor social supports. There is
much evidence that medical and surgical patients benefit from attention and expressions
of friendliness by physicians and nurses (Auerbach & Kilmann, 1977). Nuckolls, Cassel,
and Kaplan (1972) studied lower-middle-class pregnant women living in an overseas
military community. These authors studied two factors of special interest: recent stressful
life events and psychosocial assets, a major component of which was defined as the
availability of social supports. Neither life changes nor psychosocial assets alone
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correlated significantly with complications of pregnancy. However, women high in life
changes and low in psychosocial assets had many more birth complications than any
other group. Sosa, Kennell, Klaus, Robertson, and Urrutia (1980) found that the presence
of a supportive person had a favorable effect on length of labor and on mother-infant
interaction after delivery.
Eaton (1978) reported that the occurrence of stressful life events is associated
with more psychiatric disorder among those living alone or unmarried than those living
with others or married. Andrews, Tennant, Hewson, and Schonell (1978) found that the
combination of recent stressful life events, low level of social support, and adverse
childhood experiences successfully predicted the occurrence of maladjustment in adults.
There is evidence that depressives tend to report the lack of availability of supportive
others (Winefield, 1979). Henderson (1980) concluded that a deficiency in social bonds
may, independent of other factors, be a cause of some forms of behavioral dysfunction.
The diversity of measures of social support is matched by the diversity of
conceptualizations concerning its ingredients. Weiss (1974) discussed six dimension of
social support: intimacy, social integration, nurturance, worth, alliance, and guidance.
Convenient operationalization of these dimensions has not yet occurred. Kelly, Muoz,
and Snowden (1979) delineated three types of social support: personal,
intraorganizational, and extraorganizational. According to Caplans theory (1974), social
support implies an enduring pattern of continuous or intermittent ties that play a
significant part in maintaining the psychological and physical integrity of the individual
over time. For Caplan, a social network provides a person with psychosocial supplies
for the maintenance of mental and emotional health.
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Theories of Social Support
Theories related to social support are both divergent and overlapping. The convoy
theory of social support describes three layers of support protection: the innermost layer
or most intimate and important social support providers, the second layer that includes
important, but less intimate, social support providers, and the outer layer that is close
only in respect to the function of an individuals role, as in the case of a co-worker
(Siebert & Mutran, 1999).
Activity theory proposes that social activity and involvement with others results
in an increased ability to cope with aging, improved self-concept, and enhanced
emotional adjustment to the aging process (Lee, 1985). Activity theory presumes that
changes in social involvement are imposed by society. For example, mandated retirement
ages often isolate elders from work related social contacts. Additionally, fixed incomes
imposed by retirement often limit the ability to engage in certain social activities.
In contrast, disengagement theory assumes that social involvement decreases with
aging, and is a normal part of the aging process that is independent of other aging
phenomena (such as debility), and is mutually beneficial for both the individual and
society (Lee, 1985). Elders often disengage as a means of cushioning themselves from
the inevitable grief due to loss of peers from illness and death (Lee). Additionally, eldery
disengagement makes room for younger individuals entering the work force or seeking
leadership positions.
Exchange theory postulates that there is a dependence of those with fewer
resources upon those with greater resources resulting in a social power disparity (Lee,
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1985). This dynamic may offer an explanation as to why elders frequently prefer peer
relationships that are more likely to offer equality rather than cross-generational
relationships.
For the purposes of this study, Hupceys (1998) delimited definition of social
support was used. Additionally, all of the aforementioned social support theories were
considered when observing the phenomenon of social support in a nursing home
environment. Due to the limitations of the study, resident perceptions of relationships and
of the impact of those relationships on residents sense of well-being had to be surmised
from observations. Therefore, it is difficult to truly know whether observed isolation was
a negative attribute as described in the Activity theory or a normal aging process as
described by the Disengagement theory. Additionally, the Exchange theory can be used
to explain the limited benefits that might be gained through resident-staff interactions.
Psychosocial Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair
Erikson (1959) believed that people face eight major crises, which he labeled
psychosocial stages, during the course of their life. Each crisis emerge at a distinct time
dictated by biological maturation and the social demands that people experience at
particular points in life. Each crisis must be resolved successfully to prepare for a
satisfactory resolution of the next life crisis. Erikson believed people experience a
conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Eriksons view, these conflicts
are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that
quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the
potential for failure.
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This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life.
Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted
and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness
and despair.
Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity.
Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general
feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting
death.
(Harlak 2001) Despair has its roots in separation from those who provide needed
and desired interpersonal intimacy, and then etiologic factor must be related either to the
failure to generate these relationship or loss of established relationship. Person over 70
have experienced past losses, and the livelihood of the future losses high compensatory
behavior in finding new sources of caring and contact maybe limited. One of the most
potent factor in producing profound loneliness and despair, particularly among the elderly
is the death of the mate, sibling child, housemate, or dear friend. Each loss deprives the
person of a source of caring and of a support system. Being unable to turn the person who
is genuinely caring and interested in time of need has been found to be a definite factor in
producing despair. Loss of siblings tends to produce greater despair than the loss of a
child. However, it is difficult to generalize because it is the nature of the relationship and
the needs meet to determine the resultant despair with loneliness.
(Salkinel 2004) If the quality of the relationship was good, it often meets
the major portion of the older persons needs to give and receive caring. Even
when a relationship with a mate or housemate left something to be desired, it set
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the pattern for activities and demands of daily living. Thus, the loss represents a
major gap into survivors pattern of daily living as well as loss of source of
human intimacy. Despair tends to occur or increases at particular times of the day,
or week, or years. Of elderly subjects viewed about their experiences with despair
and loneliness. 45% were most lonely at a certain time of the year. Evenings,
Sundays, and Christmas were most consistently mentioned the elderly offered
several reasons for being desperate and lonely. Most reasons involved changing
relationships.
Additional etiologic factors have been found to be associated with despair.
Women are found to be more socially isolated and lonely than men. Other persons who
live alone were reported in one study to be four times more likely to be desperate than
those who live with others. Moving from an adequate to an inadequate income brings
greater risk of despair and loneliness and does a pattern of being easily bored. Chronic
alcoholism also produces intense despair
Integrity is a concept that characterizes human relationships. The
dictionary suggests many synonyms as familiar, close, very dear, confidential, home
like, deep deepseated, confident, and special, a relationship is to adequately fulfill a
humans need for intimacy must meet the following criteria:
A sense of belonging I to you, you to me we belong to each other. There
is a sense of fit and harmony.
Familiarity Nothing new is intimate
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Repetition I t is a repetition of a previous experiences and a
desire for ongoing or future repetition not a brief
encounter.
Sameness A sense of flowing and change through time, binding
pat to present and future. It has no look or calendar.
Sharing of material, time space and each other.
All of these, suggests a quality of constancy and integrity. Continued replacement
of sources of interaction, even caring interaction, does not constitute an intimate
relationship, even though it can be the best one can do. This concept gives a rationale for
maintaining as much stability continuity, and predictability as possible to relationships
even those of health care providers.
Despair, the experience of deprivation of desired and needed human intimacy, can affect
elderly in at least two major directions. It causes personal suffering in the loss or absence
of someone it care for and from who caring can be received. Second, failure to have the
foundation of love means that energy must be directed to meeting thins more basic need
or coping with the deficit rather than in accomplishing the development task of the later
years.
Despair involves both qualitative and quantitative elements. If available
relationships fail to satisfy to recipient, there is a qualitative deficit. Thus an older person
may be acutely lonely and desperate in the midst of a family gathering or with others who
presumably could offer caring personal encounters.
Deprivation may also have a quantitative dimension. Contacts, when they occur,
may be lost satisfying, but may be so infrequent as to cause long periods of despair.
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When both elements of deprivation-quantitative and qualitative are present, the older
person is truly desperate.
There is an element of time in despair- the past, the present, and the future. The
discomfort of despair may be generated by a current situation, recent losses, frequent
unsatisfactory relationships, absence of sources of genuine intimacy. It also can be a
flashback phenomenon when recall of earlier despair at times causes anew the signs and
symptoms. Anniversaries of event-marriages, births, deaths, family celebrations,
retirement and holidays are times of high risk of despair generated by recall, particularly
for individuals who have been married and have had children or close relations with
family.
Fear of future despair and loneliness produces threat and anxiety. Illness in a
cherished person, attending funerals of friends mates and relatives, and reading the
obituaries can trigger anxiety over future losses and attendant despair and loneliness.
How many individuals attend a funeral and weep, not for the loss of the deceased person,
but for the thought of their own potential losses? The mere fact of aging brings all
realistically closer to death and threats of separation. With reduced sources and
opportunities of intimacy, any threat of loss is truly anxiety producing.
Since everyone needs some degree of human intimacy, all are vulnerable. Thus,
the suffering of despair is contagious, it is a threat and it is threat of despair and
loneliness. Encounters with acutely lonely people, either directly or vicariously through
books, poetry, drama, music, movies, or television can create anxiety as the awareness of
personal vulnerability occurs. Widows can affect to the fact that they are not as genuinely
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welcome in social gatherings with their married friends as they were when they were
wives, even though these same people obviously still came for them
This contagious feature of despair and loneliness, produce by contacting lonely
persons or even knowing of their despair is an inhibiting force in bringing relief. Persons
who might be a source of comfort may engage in distancing maneuvers during
encounters in order to avoid being swept up themselves other persons despair. They may
keep busy with other things, behave in neutral or professional manner, maintain physical
distances (avoiding touch or eye contact), or carry on hearty superficial conversation that
only mimics caring and blocks deeper contact. Beyond this superficial charade, people
may decrease or avoid all together personal contact. Even phone calls may be fewer. It is
easy to deny or rationalize distancing behavior for professionals particularly. But it
does not help much to the desperate person deal with these problems.
Because of its threatening and alienating feature, despair and loneliness may
evoke to talk about it during the episode or even afterwards. Sullivan (1953) indicated
that despair is so dreaded and painful that is avoided, distinguish, or goes unnoticed.
Therefore, are might predict that the direct complains of despair and loneliness are in
inverse relationship to the suffering being experience- the greater the suffering, the more
obscure and distinguished the complains. It takes astute observation of subtle cues to the
problem. The same relationship holds a true for the family on a desperate persons and
health professionals all may deny a person a persons despair in order to protect
themselves from the pain of the victim or to avoid appearing to be calloused toward a
need they may feel unable or unwilling to meet.
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Psychosocial Task Development Inventory Questionnaire
Psychosocial Task Development Inventory is based on the work of Don
Hamachek, Ph.D., Michigan State University. These inventory sheets are adaptation of
Ericsons Psychosocial Developmental Tasks. He made a questionnaire on every stages
of psychosocial task. The Psychosocial Task Development Inventory Questionnaire:
Integrity versus Despair is used for Elderly. It is used to assess an elderly psychosocial
task between Integrity and Despair. Its also provides information that will help you find
strengths and weaknesses of elderly that will help them in their personal, emotional
development. Psychosocial Task Development Inventory Questionnaire was first used by
Dr. Don Hamachek in Michigan, USA to assess Elderly in Nursing homes and even those
are living in their own home.
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
Thompson MG, Heller K(1990) discussed in his book Psychology Vol 5 about
Faces of support related to well-being: Quantitative social isolation and perceived family
support in a sample of elderly women. The purpose of his study was to examine the
independent and interactive relationships of measures of network embeddedness and
perceived social support with mental and physical health measures from responses of a
sample of 271 community-dwelling elderly women. Quantitative social isolation was
measured as the co-occurrence of low network embeddedness with family and with
friends. There was a threshold effect such that quantitatively isolated participants had
poorer psychological well-being and functional health than did no isolated participants.
This effect was independent of perceived support levels. The pattern was different for
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perceived social support. Elderly women with low perceived family support had poorer
psychological well-being regardless of perceived support from friends or network
embeddedness.
In the research of Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale
University School of Medicine, U.S.A. by Teresa E. Seeman and Lisa F. Berkman
(1988) entitled Structural characteristics of social networks and their relationship with
social support in the elderly: Who provides support? The analyses presented here
examine relationships between structural characteristics of social networks and two types
of support (instrumental and emotional support) in a sample of community- dwelling
individuals aged 65 and older. For each type of support, two dimensions are examined (1)
the availability of such support and (2) the perceived adequacy of that support.
Regression models, adjusting for age, sex, race and income show that structural
characteristic such as total network size, number of face-to-face contacts and number of
proximal ties are associated with greater availability of both instrumental and emotional
support. The perceived adequacy of both types of support is most strongly related to the
number of monthly face-to-face contacts. Comparisons of specific types of ties show that
neither ones' spouse nor ones' children are primary sources of support. Rather the
presence of a confidant is strongly associated with both dimensions of instrumental and
emotional support; the presence of a spouse is not. And, while ties with children are most
strongly related to aspects of instrumental support, ties with close friends and relatives
are more strongly related to aspects of emotional support. Analyses of possible
interactions show that for those without a spouse, confidants assume greater importance
in providing emotional support. For those without children, ties with close friends and
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relatives assume a larger role relative to the perceived adequacy of both emotional and
instrumental support.
According to the study of Potts, MK (1987) entitled Social support and
depression among older adults living alone: the importance of friends within and outside
of a retirement community published by Department of social work, California State
University, Long Beach The study examined the extent to which social support from
friends both within and outside of a retirement community was associated with
depression. Although levels of social support from friends within the retirement
community were quantitatively high, they failed to have a significant effect on
depression. In contrast, social support from friends living elsewhere consistently
predicted low levels of depression. Practice implications include the importance of
maintaining friendship ties with people living elsewhere and of strengthening friendship
ties within the retirement community.
According to the study conducted by Department of Nursing Science,University
of Turku, Finland about Social contacts and their relationship to loneliness among aged
people - a population-based study by Routasalo PE, Savikko N, Tilvis RS, Strandberg
TE, Pitkl (2006) KH: Emotional loneliness and social isolation are major problems in
old age. These concepts are interrelated and often used interchangeably, but few studies
have investigated them simultaneously thus trying to clarify their relationships. data were
collected with a postal questionnaire. Background information, feelings of loneliness,
number of friends, frequency of contacts with children, grandchildren and friends, the
expectations of frequency of contacts as well as satisfaction of the contacts were inquired.
The main results shows more than one third of the respondents (39.4%) suffered from
21
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Routasalo%20PE%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Savikko%20N%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Tilvis%20RS%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Strandberg%20TE%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Strandberg%20TE%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Pitk%C3%A4l%C3%A4%20KH%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Routasalo%20PE%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Savikko%20N%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Tilvis%20RS%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Strandberg%20TE%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Strandberg%20TE%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Pitk%C3%A4l%C3%A4%20KH%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVAbstract8/8/2019 Thesis Final Final Final
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loneliness. Feeling of loneliness was not associated with the frequency of contacts with
children and friends but rather with expectations and satisfaction of these contacts. The
most powerful predictors of loneliness were living alone, depression, experienced poor
understanding by the nearest and unfulfilled expectations of contacts with friends.
Findings support the view that emotional loneliness is a separate concept from social
isolation. This has implications for practice. Interventions aiming at relieving loneliness
should be focused on enabling an individual to reflect her own expectations and inner
feelings of loneliness.
According to Cutrona, Carolyn; Russell, Dan; Rose, Jayne, (1986) Mar 1986, 47-
54 entitled Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly by they examined the
prospective effects of stress and social support on the physical and mental health of 50
6088 yr olds, who were assessed twice over a 6-mo period. Instruments included the
UCLA Loneliness Scale; Self-Rating Depression Scale; and measures of physical health,
social support, and stressful life events. Social support was a significant predictor of
physical health status, whereas mental health was related to the stress by social support
interaction. Results are consistent with the buffering hypothesis, in that high levels of
social support reduced the negative impact of stress on mental health. Ss who were in
better mental health at the initial assessment experienced fewer stressful events and
higher levels of social support over the subsequent 6-mo period, whereas physical health
was directly influenced by social provisions that were related to feeling valued by others.
According to Sarason, I.G. entitled Interrelationships among individual difference
variables; the subject of this study is a sample of 602 University of Washington
undergraduate was administered the social support Questionnaire. It is a process of
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getting the Man Number (N) and satisfaction (S) and was computed for each of the
SSQs 20 items and for the entire scale. Interitem correlations and reliability indexes
were also computed. The SSQ seems to have a number of desirable psychometric
properties. It was found to have (a) stability over a 4-week period of time and (b) high
internal consistency among items. The modest correlation of .34 between SSQ-N and
SSQ-S provides a strong basis for analyzing social support into its components.
Certainly, if social support were a unitary concept, the SSQ-N/SSQ-S correlation should
have been higher. The perceived availability of support, reflected by the SSQ-N score,
and the satisfaction with the support that is available, reflected by the SSQ-S score, each
appear to be worthy of study and analysis.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF CITED STUDY
WITH THE PRESENT STUDY
Some of the cited studies have a similarity on the use of the respondents which
are the elderly people. It also used the same research design cited above and used the
same sampling. Data gathering procedures includes distribution of questionnaires, and
tabulation of data gathered.
The correlational variable used in the cited studies is different in proving the
social support manifested by the elderly. Some studies correlate social support to other
variable. While this research correlational variable, is developmental stage: Integrity vs.
Despair.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods of research, respondents of the study, data
gathering instrument, data gathering procedure, statistical treatment of data. This will
guide the researchers for collecting the data in an organize way.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
This study is a co relational study. It is an a quantitative method of research in
which you have 2 or more quantitative variables from the same group of subjects, and
you are trying to determine if there is a relationship (or co variation) between the 2
variables (a similarity between them, not a difference between their means).
Theoretically, any 2 quantitative variables can be correlated as long as you have scores
on these variables from the same participants; however, it is probably a waste of time to
collect & analyze data when there is little reason to think these two variables would be
related to each other.
30 or more participants; is important to increase the validity of the research.
Your hypothesis might be that there is a positive correlation or a negative correlation. A
perfect correlation would be an r = +1.0 & -1.0, while no correlation would be r = 0.
Perfect correlations would almost never occur; expect to see correlations much less than
+ or - 1.0. Although correlation can't prove a causal relationship, it can be used for
prediction, to support a theory, to measure test-retest reliability, etc.
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
To measure the correlation of developmental stage: Integrity versus despair to the
social function of elderly. This survey target population is 100 random male and female
elderly age 60-85 years old in the institution of Lualhati ng Maynila, Parang Marikina.
The sampling technique used is questionnaires. It is the best way to collect data of
the research.
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DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
The instrument presented in this research is the product of a series of studies, the
researcher will use to questionnaires. The Psychosocial Task Development Inventory and
Social Support Questionnaire
Psychosocial Task Development Inventory is based on the work of Don
Hamachek, Ph.D., Michigan State University. These inventory sheets are adaptation of
Ericsons Psychosocial Developmental Tasks. They should be used to give you
information that will help you find your strengths and weaknesses that help in your
personal, emotional development. Each category has 10 statements. Researchers used
scale options specifically Agreement Scale which consists of 5 options such as Strongly
Agree, Agree, Moderate Agree, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree. The rating scale of
Psychosocial Task Development Inventory: rating of 4.6 5 is interpreted as Strongly
Agree, 3.6 4.5 is Agree, 2.6 3.5 is moderately Agree, 1.6 2.5 is Disagree and 1.0
-1.5 is Strongly Disagree. Rating of integrity is within 2.6 5 while Despair is within 1.0
- 2.6.
Level of Satisfaction of Social Support Questionnaire Is concerned with the
assessment of social support. The subjects rated their level of satisfaction with the
support they received. The level of satisfaction of Social Support Questionnaire that
the researchers modified is consisting of 10 items. It is also an agreement scale which
consists of 5 options such as Strongly Satisfied, Satisfied, Moderate Satisfied,
Dissatisfied, and Strongly Dissatisfied. The rating scale of Level of Satisfaction of
Social Support Questionnaire: rating of 4.6 5 is interpreted as Strongly Agree, 3.6
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4.5 is Agree, 2.6 3.5 is moderately Agree, 1.6 2.5 is Disagree and 1.0 -1.5 is
Strongly Disagree.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The researchers will ask permission to conduct the study by a request letter to
Administration of Lualhati ng Maynila, Parang, Marikina carry out a survey regarding
psychosocial development and social function. Upon approval the researchers will
schedule the date of the survey which is conducted in Lualhati ng Maynila. Before letting
the respondents answer the survey. We would orient them the purpose of our visit and the
contents of the questionnaire. We would also assure to them that all the answers will be
confidential for their own privacy. The 100 random respondents aged 60-85 yrs. Old will
be given 2 questionnaires. Psychosocial Task Development Inventory 10 items and The
level of satisfaction of Social Support Questionnaire 10 items. Administering the research
instrument will be conducted for 3 days. After all questionnaires has been fill up by our
100 respondents. We would tabulate the results of gathered data for statistical
computation and analysis.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
Analysis of Variance
1. The variance of elderly integrity and elderly in despair are independent samples
that differ, the appropriate statistic to determine the significance of such
difference is the T-Test. Let d be the mean value of the difference d, between x
andy, wherex andy are paired observations from samples taken from two normal
dependent populations with means 1 and 2 and standard deviations 1 and 2,
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respectively. Forn pairs of observations, the values ofdwill have a tdistribution
of all dvalues for paired observations. The test statistics is:
t=
Where:
= Mean data of group 1
= Mean Data of group 2
= Standard deviation of group 1
= Standard deviation of group 2
= Number of Observation
The critical values have
The level of Confidence on is 1%
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