Theories of Signs and LanguageTheories of Signs and Language
Tiga struktur elemen pesan:Tiga struktur elemen pesan:1.1. Signs dan SymbolsSigns dan Symbols2.2. LanguageLanguage3.3. DiscourseDiscourse
Tiga Cabang kajian tentang Signs dan SymbolsTiga Cabang kajian tentang Signs dan Symbols
Semantics: Study of how signs relate to Semantics: Study of how signs relate to things; relationship between the world of things; relationship between the world of signs and the world of thingssigns and the world of things
Syntactics: study of how signs relate other Syntactics: study of how signs relate other signs; pointing to the ways signs are signs; pointing to the ways signs are organized into larger sign systemorganized into larger sign system
Pragmatics: The actual use of codes in Pragmatics: The actual use of codes in everyday lifeeveryday life
Summary: Pragmatics dan Syntactis CodesSummary: Pragmatics dan Syntactis CodesDonald G Ellis,” Syntactic and Pragmatic Codes In Communication” – Donald G Ellis,” Syntactic and Pragmatic Codes In Communication” –
Communication Theory 2 (1992, p.1-23)Communication Theory 2 (1992, p.1-23)
FeatureFeature Pragmatics Pragmatics CodeCode
Syntactic Syntactic CodeCode
MeaningMeaning
ComprehensionComprehension
ReasoningReasoning
StructureStructure
ContentContent
Fragmentation- IntegrationFragmentation- Integration
Involved-detachedInvolved-detached
Level of PlanningLevel of Planning
Oral – LiterateOral – Literate
In person, assumedIn person, assumed
CoherenceCoherence
Subjective, organicSubjective, organic
ImplicitImplicit
High ContextHigh Context
FragmentedFragmented
InvolvedInvolved
UnplannedUnplanned
Oral-likeOral-like
In text In text
CohesionCohesion
LogicLogic
ExplicitExplicit
Low ContextLow Context
IntegratedIntegrated
DetachedDetached
PlannedPlanned
Literate-likeLiterate-like
Classical Semantic TheoryClassical Semantic Theory
Pemikiran Charles Saunders PeircePemikiran Charles Saunders Peirce
Pemikiran Charles MorrisPemikiran Charles Morris
Susanne Langer Susanne Langer
Peirce’s Basic Notion of SignPeirce’s Basic Notion of Sign
Semiosis: a relationship among a sign, an Semiosis: a relationship among a sign, an object, and a meaningobject, and a meaning
Sign represent the object or referent in the Sign represent the object or referent in the mind of interpretermind of interpreter
Interpretant: Representation of an object Interpretant: Representation of an object by a sign/ association that interpreter by a sign/ association that interpreter makes makes
Ogden and Richard Meaning TriangleOgden and Richard Meaning Triangle
Thought or ReferenceThought or Reference
a causala causal other other
relationrelation causal relation causal relation
SymbolSymbol Stand forStand for ReferentReferent
Relasi antara Symbol, Thought dan Referent – Relasi antara Symbol, Thought dan Referent – Ogden and RichardOgden and Richard
Between a thought and a symbol causal Between a thought and a symbol causal relations holdrelations hold
Between the Thought and the Referent Between the Thought and the Referent there is a relation, more or less direct or there is a relation, more or less direct or indirectindirect
Between the symbol and the Referent is Between the symbol and the Referent is no relevant relation other than the indirect no relevant relation other than the indirect oneone
Charles Morris on SignsCharles Morris on Signs
A sign is a stimulus that elicits a readiness A sign is a stimulus that elicits a readiness to respondto respondInterpreter as organism that takes a Interpreter as organism that takes a stimulus as a signstimulus as a signInterpretant as a disposition to respond in Interpretant as a disposition to respond in a certain way because of signa certain way because of signDenotatum as anything designated by the Denotatum as anything designated by the sign that enables the organism to respond sign that enables the organism to respond appropriatelyappropriatelySignificatum as conditions making Significatum as conditions making response possibleresponse possible
Three values of a signThree values of a sign
The designative aspect: directs (point, The designative aspect: directs (point, refer, show) the interpreter to specific refer, show) the interpreter to specific object or particular of denotata - object or particular of denotata - perception stageperception stageThe prescirptive aspect: tend to prescribe, The prescirptive aspect: tend to prescribe, advise, or tell us what to do- manipulation advise, or tell us what to do- manipulation stagestageThe appraisive aspect: orients the The appraisive aspect: orients the interpreter to particular qualities of interpreter to particular qualities of denoted object, which enables one to denoted object, which enables one to appraise or evaluate the object- appraise or evaluate the object- Consummated stageConsummated stage
Susanne Langer on SymbolsSusanne Langer on Symbols
She uses the term sign in more restricted She uses the term sign in more restricted sense than Morris to mean a stimulus that sense than Morris to mean a stimulus that signals the presence of something elsesignals the presence of something else
A sign corresponds closely to the actual A sign corresponds closely to the actual signified objectsignified object
A Symbol is vehicle for the conception of A Symbol is vehicle for the conception of objects- an instrument of thought objects- an instrument of thought
Meaning dalam Pemikiran LangerMeaning dalam Pemikiran Langer
Terdiri dari dua segi: 1) Logis- hubungan antara Terdiri dari dua segi: 1) Logis- hubungan antara symbol dan referent; 2) psikologis- hubungan symbol dan referent; 2) psikologis- hubungan antara symbol dan personantara symbol dan person
Makna terdiri dari konsepsi privat individu dan Makna terdiri dari konsepsi privat individu dan konsep umum yang dipahami/dihayati bersamakonsep umum yang dipahami/dihayati bersama
Mengapa? Symbol mengkomunikasikan konsep- Mengapa? Symbol mengkomunikasikan konsep- gagasan/pemikiran umum, pola atau bentuk-gagasan/pemikiran umum, pola atau bentuk-bentuk tertentu- konsep ini sebagai: a meaning bentuk tertentu- konsep ini sebagai: a meaning shared among communicators. Tetapi setiap shared among communicators. Tetapi setiap komunikator mempunyai “private image” sebagai komunikator mempunyai “private image” sebagai person,s conceptionperson,s conception
Signification: is the meaning of a sign- a Signification: is the meaning of a sign- a simple stimulus announcing the presence simple stimulus announcing the presence of some objectof some object
Denotation: is the relation of symbol to its Denotation: is the relation of symbol to its objectobject
Connotation: is the direct relation between Connotation: is the direct relation between the symbol and the conceptionthe symbol and the conception
Language and The Study of SyntacticsLanguage and The Study of Syntactics
Ferdinand de SaussureFerdinand de Saussure
Noam ChomskyNoam Chomsky
Ferdinand de Saussure and LanguageFerdinand de Saussure and Language
Sign, language-arbitrarySign, language-arbitrarySigns are conventions governed by the Signs are conventions governed by the rulesrulesLanguage is a structureLanguage is a structureLanguage and reality are separateLanguage and reality are separateLanguage as a structured system Language as a structured system representing realityrepresenting realityThe key understand the structure of The key understand the structure of system is differencesystem is differenceLangue-synchrony-formal system and Langue-synchrony-formal system and parole-diachrony-actual use of languageparole-diachrony-actual use of language
Noam Chomsky and Generative GrammarNoam Chomsky and Generative Grammar
Generative grammar rests on the Generative grammar rests on the assumption that sentence generation is assumption that sentence generation is central to sentence structurecentral to sentence structure
The objective of generative grammar is to The objective of generative grammar is to isolate a set of rules that explains how any isolate a set of rules that explains how any sentence could be generatedsentence could be generated
Transformational grammarTransformational grammar
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