Theoretical Perspectives
A way to view society, groups, and individuals
Symbolic Interaction
Herbert Blumer (1969), who coined the term "symbolic interactionism," set out three basic premises of the perspective: "Human beings act toward things on the basis of the
meanings they ascribe to those things." -meaning "The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises
out of, the social interaction that one has with others and the society." -language
"These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he/she encounters." -thought
An Example
Apply symbolic interaction to two friends having a conversation. Our actions are being determined by the other
person’s actions Apply symbolic interaction to marriage and
divorce Our interpretation of symbols changes over
time. Symbolic interaction helps us determine our
relationships
Who do you interact with?
Who do you interact with?
Apply Symbolic Interactionism
Meaning, language, and thought
Apply Symbolic Interactionism
In the classroom.
In the hallway.
In the cafeteria.
Meaning, language, and thought
With a partner discuss…
Definition Meaning Interpretation Interaction
Symbolic Interaction and You
Remember our speech bubbles? – How did you define you?
What symbols did you use?
How are those symbols interpreted by those who you interact with?
How do you interpret those symbols?
Functional Analysis
Society as a whole unit is made up of interrelated parts that work together.
Society As a Living Organism
When all parts fulfill their function, society is normal.
When all parts do not, society is abnormal.
Applying Functional Analysis
Structure? Function?
Applying Functional Analysis
Structure?
Function?
Apply Functional Analysis
In the classroom.
In the hallway.
In the cafeteria.
Conflict Theory
Society is comprised of groups who are engaged in fierce competition for scarce resources
A struggle between the bourgeoisie (the haves) and the proletariat (the have nots)
(1818-1883)
Class Conflict
The Haves Small group of
capitalists who own the means of production and wealth.
The top 20% of wage earners in America hold 93% of the financial wealth.
The top 5% hold 72%.
Graphic: How Class Works - New York Times
Class Conflict
The Have Nots: The bottom 80% of wage earners hold 7% of the financial wealth in America
Ilya Repin’s Barge Haulers on the Volga
Impact of Marx’s Conflict Theory
Industrialized nations granted workers the right to strike Minimum wage Eight-hour days Five-day work weeks Paid vacations and holidays Medical benefits Sick leave Unemployment benefits
But is this enough to appease the have nots?
Conflict Theory Today
The constant struggle for power Who holds it? Why? Why must those in
power enforce conformity?
Apply Conflict Theory
In the classroom.
In the hallway.
In the cafeteria.
Macro / Micro
Macro – Examine large scale patters of society
Micro – social interaction and what people do when they are in one another’s presence.
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