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ACKiIOWLEDGEMEI'ITS
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c4 j;.l'-..: J,
,ffi ". .
Cullan - agreed to take part in a
seance, nd rverejoined b1'
McCallum's friend, rvhom rveshall
cal l 'Dennis ' .
SPEAK OF THE DEVIL
As the bo1,s at around the
makeshif t l tar at ternpt ing o
contact the dead, McCallum asked
the Oulja board: 'I f you are Satan,
what is it you want me to do?' With
growing uneaser he two 15-1'ear-
olds decided o end lhe session.
Br-rt efore they could make their
escape,McCallum received the
answerto his question.\A,rhateveresponse he got,
McCallum, suddenly brandishins a
knife, pinned Earridse to the bed.
Lytt!r"rs"lms"tf.gf$i Ioctwifi-Dililhortly before Christmas
1995, no l5-year-old
schoolboyswere lured to
rn the home of Londoner
DaviclMcCallum, a hear'y-metal
music fan, to 'rvatch ideos'.Th e
nr'o bol's were led to McCallum's
bedroom, rvhich lvas ittered with
Iron N{aidenand Metall ica records
ar.rcl ooks abor-rt he mass
mnrderer CharlesManson, and
were told by the 20-year-old
\'IcCalh,rm hat he and his friend
u'orshippecl the devil.
hr the centre of th e room stood
a candleli t altar draped in a blackclotl 'r ,and a Ouija board. Despite
f'eelingLlneasl',he hvo boys -
\'Iichael Earriclge and Stephen
I The Ouiio boord is often people's first E l..;t
honds-on experience of rhe occult. But =a
for mony, rhis is rhe first siep on o;
slippery slope lo depression, modness fi
ond even deorh (inser).
F,tn=
'You are not goins anpvhere unti l I- ,.,+:..t;
,
have done rn1,master's rvi l l . ' cr ied,, . . . . 'i ; , . ,. ' .1
hi s fr iend Dennis. McCallum then '---'
bc{arr r t 'pc:r tcdl l stahbing Earr idge
rvi th the 3,0cm combat krr i fe.
The frenzied attack, in which' 'i\ti
Earridge was stabbed eleven times..,...
endcd onlr uhcrr Derrr r iswhispered Stop norv.Dal id. You
can be calm. He's deacl.' Luckily,
Clullan escapedwith his life. The
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t
i
wa swrapped in bedclothes
at a block of flats
-east London.
um was arrested and
{ Michael Eorridge wos the victim of mock-
riruol killing by Dovid McGollum (below),
who of?en used o Ouiio boord ond
cloimed to communicqte with ,the Devil,.
involving satanic rituals, and
scrawled on his television in marker
pen were the words 'Devil Man
killer. 666 Slayer. ron Maiden'. But
was his obsessionwith the Ouija
board responsible for turning theZ0-year-old nto a killer?
The Ouija - which takes t name
from the French 'oui ' an d
German ja', both meaning 'yes'-
usually consistsof a flat polished
OuijsA The Ouiio boord hos
olwoys been morkeled os o
gome ond, despite pnessure
fiom Christiqn gnoups, con
srill be bought in toyshops.
Mqnufoclurers, such qs Porker .
Gomes, cloim their boords can
be used by people fiom the
oge of eighr upwords (insetl.
wooden board with the letters
of the alphabet arranged along
the edge in a semi-circle. On to
this is placed a small, heart-
shaped board on castersor felt.
'Players' place a finger on this
pointer, which moves apparently
of its own accord - or on the
direction of the dead - and spells
out the answers o questions askedof the Ouiia.
Interestingly, the Ouija board
was never officially intended as a
tool to contact the dead. Although
the ancient Egyptianswere known
2tt t . lQ-
The words speh ouf byrhe Ouiio qre often
concerned with deoth
ond blood. There'sqmorbid curiosity... deoth
hqs some kind of lureGordonWright,Counselloror OccultVict ims
-
tB\,,
to have used a similar device to
contacl their ancestors a r ing
suspended on a piece of thread
was held over a board etched with
symbols,and the dead supposedlyspelled out their messages the
board aswe know it today was
invented as a 'parlour game'. It
ff#tffrmE
=:A
;;zp
lor the killing. Bur he was nol
charged with murder; claiming
qi that voices n his head made him
do it, he receiveda charge of
manslaughter,and wa ssenl to
j"Broadmoor. a high-securiry acil iry
the criminally insane.
wasobviously
by the macabre and the
- much of tlre music he
to contained lyrics
.q
o
I
Too
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For
was the brainchild of William and
IsaacFuld of Baltimore, Maryland,
who went into production of the
boards n 1898.
With the advent of the rr,vo
world wars, the demand for Ouija
boards increased - owing to the
need for widows to contact their
husbands killed in combat - and
the Fuld brothers could barely
keep up with demand. Then, in
1966, the US games manufacturer
Parker Brothers bought the rights
to the board, and it has been
estimated that 25 million have
since been sold acrossAmerica
and Europe.
MIND OVER MATTER?
Significantly, the Ouija falls under
the category of paranormal
phenomena that can be easily
simulated. And even when not
faked, there may be other
explanations.James Randi, the
stage magician who is sceptical of
all claims of the paranormal, has
suggested hat natural and
involuntary muscle twitches knownas deomotor actions are
responsible for the movements of
the oointer across he board.
Ages
8 to Adult
However, to many researchers
and to those dabblers who have
experimented themselveswith the
Ouija - it seems doubtful that these
slight spasmswould cause a hand to
move over the Oulja board and spell
coherent sentences. lso, this
theory presupposes hat any
messageseceived through the
Ouija would come from the user's
srrhconscious. el there are
caseswhere the Ou'1ja as
possessionof whoever is tr
contact them.' .:
Farrant's casebook s
newspaper ut t ingsand ourn
reportsdetai l ing he misuseof
Ouija. 'These orces actually
\Ahen I've been involved in the
useof rhe Oui ia, t 's been done
properly, under controlled
conditions. You need to be
Hw drr rhe OUIJA* Smrd wrki\Jgherher,,u .rl l ' \0*c i l 'r Wr"'1
'hc( )l ll A h" r',i' rcl l ' -f i lrr
lu\ i a\k rt a {uc{i i ,n rn. l u' . rrt t . ' se< wh.rt rrN$cl l l )( v \ ' l i l \ i r lc ( )r ' , t l r-
*ill reveal ri lou,
Y,,u an. l t . ,ur Fni lnr' r \t r lr t , t -f , Nrrr ' . rJr- ,l rl n l r ' . rrJ . u rrl r r ' 'u r I r,c tn
l l , rrcJ l ' r l , r l t , ' r, r l tnn-' rgert rJrrl t ' r ' (\ rt ' l ), rr 'N l ' / , IR\rri {r ' ' rt . r{
iun. . t , r, , , .'. n
h rrl , 'n rlx ' rnrl r(r . rr h rrrl ' ' . rrr. l u arr t . th" rn, l t rr ' r
to movc and l*girr to rereal the rnrtrr llrroilgh its frre*atga sindr)w Will
i t c l l vou Y85.. . or NOl Wil i it { iv t vou a NUIlBER . or $f l l l " , tn
reoortedlv revealed i
known to any of the pa
brouglt rheir qucrticls to tlre l)UIJA hranl Andjudging from the nr r re\ ;e, r l ' s .cru&n rou- . rnJ rh. :
caseswhere the use of the
lnJn rn,r
lelt players raumatized nd
kr remove J!$l [nJ mdiihrr. l\ not mentally disturbed, there isthe 'game' than just muscle
GATEWAY TO HELL?
It may be only a game, but to
the Ouija is considered a
dangerous ool when used n
wrong hands. David Farrant,
of the British Psvchic and
Society. iews he Ouija as a
gateway to powerful]
forces. lf you tap into these .,ientities using the Ouija wi
knowing what you are doing,
can l i teral ly come to l i fe anr
s3:E
.Y
(J
:
I
q
o
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l ,u^r .o intorheoccul ( . ud
" Farranl 'sobserrat ions eem o
I be borne out bv over hall a
. .
with supernolurol lhemes such
Friday rhe l3thand, more recently,
Play 3, hove been blomed for
deoth ond the occult, ond
disturbed ond unstoble
over the edge.
century of [ata] cases.One oF rhe
reportedclaimsof possession
the Ouija comes fiom
15-year-oldMattie
shot and ki l led her larher.
rme' of Ouija with her
€R the 'spirits' spelled out to
Mattie that she should kill her
father to allow her mother to
marry'a cowboy'.
SPELTING DISASTER
In a more recent case, et another
15-year-old,Colin Roberts, was
found hanged from a tree in thegrounds of a Belfast church after
the Devil allegedly spoke to him
. through the Ouija. The last thing
"t
he told his friends before killing
i himself was hat he had made a
! pu., with the Devil and 'had a partyj to go to'. This episodecame ust=33
*-I fe l t os rhough
I 'dchonged ond begon toheqr voices te l l ing me fo
ki l l my porents. l ' l lnever dobble in the
occult qgqin.
AnonymouseenogerfterOuijoSession
*\
, ,
one month after goatswere found
slain in a nearby Catholic church
on rhe night of a full moon.
But are these casesevidence that
the Ouija opens the floodgates for
marauding entities to access he
living world, as some claim? In the
caseof Mattie Tr.rrley, more
obvious explanation for her
actions is that her mother moved
the pointer herself and spelled the
instructions to Mattie to kill her
father. With her husband dead, the
mother was ree to marry her'cowboy'lover.
Howeveq in the caseof Colin
Roberts. l l reportspaint a picrure
of an intelligent, pragmaticteenagerwho was n no way
schi , , phrenic or suFfer ingrom
any other mental illness. So could
Roberts have really used the Ouija
board to contact the Devil?
Father Dominic Walker, a
psychologistand former advisor on
exorcism to the Bishop of
Southwark, claims to have dealt
with over a thousand people whose
liveshave beenaffected by theparanormal. I don't believe ha t
Ouija boards contact spirits,'
Father Dominic told TheX Fnctor,
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'br.rt do believe that they contact
material in our minds, which is
why they're so dangerous.'
Many other psychologistsand
psychiatristsagree that dabbling in
the occul t can be damaging o
anyone who is potentially unstable
mentalll'. 'I'r'e spoken to many
adults and children who have
attempted suicide or have
mutilated themselves,'states
Cordon Wright, a counsellor for
occult victims. 'They have
clescribednot an impulsive act but
something they feel almost drawn
to like a masnet. It becomes
obsessional: omething they almost
have to do. And this has been
linked to the occult. '
L'r his sround-breakins book,DartgerousObsession.s,riter and
researcherAndrew Boyd also
qnestions he paranormal power of
the Ouija. By conducting one of the
largest survevs on the role of the
occult in socief,', Bovd has
concluded that'sorne individtrals
who step into the occult, l'ith its ill-
defined, confirsing and often
contradictorv concepts of realitl,',
mav lose themselves rvithin a
sllperlratural shaclon'lancl of mvth,
magic arrd morbiclinl Thev mav r,r,ell
be u,orking to activelv undermine
their or,n psvcholoeical well-beins.'
INSANITY CTAUSE
On the whole, it can be arguecl
that the lessstablemembers of the
community are those affected
most bv their clabblins in the
occult. Dr (leoffrey Scobie, a
psvchologist fiom the University ofGlasgorv, ums up the debate:
'highly suggestible eople, about
ten per cent of the population, are
putt ins thenrseives t r isk from .
their psvcholosicalpowers.' Bu t
does he lu lc orr l rhe possibi l i ry
that a 'spir i t rvor ld ' could be
responsible for the dangers?
'I don't preclude that as a
possibiligv,' e claimed. 'Peoplewho
are already srchological lyn the
border are those r'r,ho end to
become r,'ictims. or such people,
dabbling rvith Ouija boards can
become an acldiction.'
For marr l people. he obsession
with the occult h:rs gone beyond
playing r,r,ith Ouija. Incleed, t has
become a rvayof life or a profession
- a religion every bit asvalid as .
Christianity or Islam -
for the particip:rnts.:
Itr lhr ttctt issirr. IHE PARANORI4-ALt'tttminn uhrtl hrtppens t,hcn nbhlersn
lh r , tt ' r r l l l r r r t t n .\ntnnistn,blnrh magzc
atrd tl tc sctiotts lQrh ttr ls'
s*rur*r
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prCHEMICATS EING
iD TO OUR DRINKING
SINISTER
Evrosncr
STSTHATWE AREMEDICATEDECRETTY
DRUGSTHATMODIFY
OUR BEHAVIOUR
f it was suggested o you that, with-
out your knowledge, you were being
regularly medicated with a sub-
I stance more poisonous than lead.
could lead to brittle bones, cancer
rd a catalogue f other i l lnesses.nd is a
tral ingredient in mind-al ter ingdrugs.
would probabl l be more than a l i l le
armed. Yet th is is what some qual i f ied
tors and heal th advisors re al leging s
happening o mi l l ions ol people n the U K
and around the wor ld. The of fending sub-
stance?Fluoride in our drinking water.
.Most of us know fluoride as the 1950s
i:.discovery hat was to save eeth from decay.
wasadded to most UK toothpastes n970s, upposedlyo reduceunpleasanr
Idhood visits o the dentist. Yet there is a
sinisterside to fluoride's history.
TH DECAY
have shown that hal fthe amounr offluoride currenrlv added to UK drink-
Er'idence suggests that fluoride ca n
., . haiden the surface enamel of teeth, but
-the chemical is also highly toxic, and has
-been l inked to a large number of physical
and mental ai lmenrs. Publ ished studies
ing water (hexaf luorosi l ic ic acid) can
.u.lr. g.,-r"t icdamage.
:
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| | | l f d | |udGMoolenbursh, one of the most
UUg vocal anti-fluoride campaigners
Since World War II , no thorough
research has gone into the potential ly
lethal effects of fluoride. However, a num-
ber of scient ists, includins Dr Hans
gence.They corrsidered luor idatedwater
the ideal meansof control l inS{t i1a.non
ulat ions once their corrnl r ies had been
invaded by Germarr forces. Ant ic ipar
victory in the war. the German chem
ma n ufacturers I . G. Farben, based
Franklur t , became responsible or m
producing f luor ide for the death car
and other possible uture uses.
GtOBAt MIND CONTROT
At the end of \Aor ld \Aar l [ , the US sent
Charles Eliot Perkins, a research worker in:.
chemistry, pathology and physiology, to...
study the mind-control technology of I. G.
Farberr . Perkins drew several shocking
n, ffi$##
in the Netherlarrds, are deeply
concerned that marry countr . ies
in the West are in effect enforc-
O4 ing a clangerous and sinister
$ mass-medication scheme first
developed in Nazi Germany.
During the darkest days of
World \A/ar II, hundreds of thou-
sands of innocent people were
exterminated in German and
Russian concentrat ion camDS.
Death from disease,starvation and
extreme brutality was an everydayocclrrrence, and this was regularly
compounded by the use of drugs
and chemicals.Nazi scientists, ee n
to maintain a climate of fear, had
found an easy method of controlling
the behar our of camp inmates.
BRAIN DRAIN
Repeated doses of very small amounts of
fluoride were discovered to affect the
brain, slorvly poisoning and narcotizins
people, making them submissive.Eager to
exploit the effects <-rf he drug, both
Cerman and Russian camp commanders
added fluoride to water supplies.
The effects of fluoridated rvater greatly
imoressed German and Russian intel l i-
331$
The reol purpose behindwoter f luor idot ion is to
reduce the resistqnce of fhe
mqsses to dominqtion qnd
control qnd loss of liberfyChqrles l iotPerkins, hemicol ngineer
a\, ,
conclusions from his investigations in
Ge manl, ' . He reporteci that'when
the.'*Nazis, under Hitler, decided to go
Poland... the Cerman Ceneral Staff
the RussianGeneral Staf f exchangedsci-
entific and military ideas, plans
sonnel and the scheme of mass cor
through water
I
-oaioo.E
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a-***i* " * *'
;;&:fl* '
medication was seized upon by Russran
Communists because it fitted ideally into
their plans to communize the world...'
.. ..., Perkins did not clirectly mplicate Nlied
inteltigence in his investigation of Russian
goUat mind control, but a closer investiga-
t ion of I . G. Farben and iheir i r rdustr ia l
relat ions hrowsup some srrspiciousrr ter-
national conr)ecrt-lns.. ..
.WESTERN BACKING
) Young survivors
of the Auschwitz
concentrolion comp
owoif their releose os
Allied forces liberote
lhe Nozi's prisoners.
The Germons ond the
Russions doctored'
rheir deorh comps'
woter supplies with
fluoride, which ocfed
qs q sedolive ond kept
the prisoners possive.
Despite rhis l egocy,
fluoridoted woter is still
promoled in counlries
oround the world todoy
(below). Fluoride is olso
used os on qcfive
ingredient in some of
lhe most powerful
tronquillizers (inser).
kuown that a number of influen-tial figures in US commerce and
industry inr,ested a sr-rbstantial
amount of t ime and monev in L G.
Farben projects before and after
the rvar. Among them was the
Nlellon fanrilv
The \"Iellon family, fbunders of
the \ ' Ie11on nstitute, established
i tsel f i r r l9 l3 as an organizat ion
independent lv sponsor ing ad-
\rancesn scienceancl ndustry.Th e
institute \\'as also to 'discover' that
fluoricle was an 'amazing tooth-
decavpreventative'.
FINANCIAT GAIN
Coincidentally., the Mellon family also
founded the Aluminum Company of
American (ALCOA). Fluoride is the highl,v
toxic byproduct of aluminium manufac-
ture (as well as of manv other industrial
processes),and ALCOA were frequentl,v-
and successfullv sued {br poisoning cat-tle, crops and rvaterr'va;,s. af'e disposal
proved expensive, so r,r'hat ould be done
to eliminate these costsand, perhaps, even
Rockefeller amil l .
: Millions of US dollars \,vere nvestecl n
theseconcerns n the 1930s,and this rela-
r":::'"I. G. Farben expanded massively n the
1920sas i t mersed rvi th the \A 'al lStreet
concerns ol the l ikes ol Henry Ford's
motor company, f. P. Morgan's General
Motors and Stanclard Oil, o'u,ned bv the
claimed bv researcher rrd arr thor Ian E.
Stephens that speci f ic instr t rc l ions rere
given to bombing mission commanders,
possibly from the higher levels of the US
government, to avoid these buildings. But
for what reason?; :Since the US economic depression of
the late 1920s, organizations sr.rchas the
Rockefel ler Foundatiorr and the Forcl fam-
i ly were publ ic l l encorrraging orrg- terrn
in population control. I t is also
o
_.9
o
o
o
' tionship continued throughout \{orld \1rar
II . Coincidentallv, t is interestins to note
. that no I. G. Farben factories or plants
rwerebombed, sabotagecl r even damagecl
by the Allies during the war. It has been
nrornrnttf? wat
rfil(of,frD:tcr
krNr *y&(or
mi|or|r
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-"!...#@*a*"
dental saviour.
To the alarm of' many scientists who
stronglv disputed the allesed health bene-
fits, the American Dental Association
launched a campaign to promote fluoride.
Errdorscrncrr t r t l re I r r i rcd Srares ubl ic
Health Serr,ice (USPHS) strengthened
public confi<lencc in the new 'rvonder
drug', and b,v he mid 1940sa handftrl of
rnajor I S si ter I rad hcgrrn f luor idat ing
their ' \ \ 'a leI suppl i t ,s. Propagandists
obtained errdols( n( r r Is ' rom ir rst i tut ions
n'ho acceptcd th e health claims without
question, rnd th e sreenlisht wa sgiven for
r nal ion\r ide lr ror i r l l t iorr anrpai€rr .
MEDICAT DOUBTS
Frorn thc late 1950s, thc USPHS chan-
nelled mil l ions of'US taxpavers'dollars to
other corlntr ics to promote f luoridation,
and manr. n:rt ions - including th e UK -
leapt orr t . rhe lr l rndrvagorr . r r t most
European conntries rejectecl fluoridation
out of hand, and others that tr ied it soon
stopped because clf adverse health effects
at t r lgcrrcral r rel ect r t 'nt 'ss.
The cornmon ltcl icf is that treatment
r'r,ith luoricle is cf'fcctive or a lifetime, yet
d"
t,';';,';,,;
:.:::.,1
o
p
=o
p
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op
ooo
tunr in a profit lrom the $,astematerial?
ALCOA and other fluoricle-producins
industr ies funded research rvhicl ' t
appeared to inclicate hat small quantir ies
of the chemical \{ere no t harmful to
humans. Eventuall l ' , research suggested
that f luoride reduced tooth cavit ies.
Promoters concentrated on rvhat thev sar,v
as health benefits,completelf ienoriug; he
knolr-r adverse cumulative efl'ects of this
highl,v oxic substance.
SETECTIVE RESEARCH
Scientists orking for the American Dental
Association ADA) on behalf of Alcoa con-
tirrued promoting f luoride, despite its
abr-rsebv the Germans aud Russians.
Although dozensof scientists nd pressureorganizationsdisputed the claims of the
pro-fluoride lobbl', public opinion quickl_v
embracecl the alleged qualities of the nen,
BNIAbac
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payout
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research shows that any protect ion disap-
pears before the person enters their 20s.
In lact, a number ol medical ancl dental
say here is no evidence hat f luo-
trenefits teeth at all
lhe acule embarrassment of the US
al Institr .r te of Dental Research
R), independent analysisof a 1988
report on dental data of 39.107US
n showed that there wasvirtually no'
difference in the number of tooth cavities
: in children from fluoriclated and non-fluo-
ridated areas., , : .i. . Sowhat purposedoes luoridatedwater
.I
se.ve? ts high toxicity is widely recognized,
..". a recent declassif ied documents
-,: ireleased n the US confirm that the mil i-
uru kn.* of f luor ide's adlerse ef fectson
re brain asear lyas 1944.
Diazepam (Valium)
produces a new,
stronger tranquillizeqRohypnol. Both are
manufactured by
Roche Products,
another subsidiary of
I . G. Farben, along
with other similar drugs. The porverful flu-
oridated tranquillizer Stelazine is rtidelv
used n retirement homes and mer-rtalnsti-
tutions around the world.
As more information about later fluori-
dation is revealed, he more the public'sanxiety appears to increase. Proponents
quote hundreds of studies proving fluo-
r ide's effectiveness in negating tooth
decay,but the union of professional scien-
t ists at the US Environmental Protection
Agency point to deliberate cover-ups of
grave risks to human populations and the
denigration - and even sacking ofethical
scientists ho dare to speakup.
TROUBTED WATERS
To most dentists. f lr-roridation s a 'won-
der drug' , counter-act ing poor oral
hygiene arrd dietary problems. To others,
it is an insicl ious and cynical method of
modif i ing our behaviour and a means of
allon' ing industry to profit from a dan-
gerous naste product. Many lay people
regard f luoridation as enforcecl mass-
medicat ion. The del iberate denial of
r isks by health off icials has led others to
regard f luoridation as a form of social
control. They point to the history of f luo-r idation and its clocumented l inks with
what is perhaps one of th e most evil
regimes of this centurlr.
!-9
dd
3
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o
. . .AI tABtE ON PRESCRIPTION
into other uses of fluoride is
ng. Since World \A 'ar I . t ranqui l l iz-
A According ro fluoride
reseorcher lon E.
Stephens,Prime
Minister Thotcher
(inser) ripled rhe
woter-fluoridqtion
budget in Northern
lrelond during the
mid-8Os. Stephens
speculoted fhor this
wos nol motivoted by
concern for dentol
heolth, buf on ottempt
fo pocify poliricoloctivisfs in the oreo.
ers, ranging from the mild sedativespre-
scr ibed or depressiono the potent mind-
al ter ing drugs, have become a mulr i -mi l -
-"lion dollar industry.
Over 60 tranqui l l izerson the market
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icture the scene: a giant UFO hovers
over the desert. Laser beams extend
from under the craft and manoeuvre
ro huge stone slabs into position as
astonished nomads look on. Later, when
the craft has left, three huge pyramidsremain in the sand. And for generations,
the confused and annazed tribes-people
recount the events in their legends and
their sacred texts describing the alien craft
as fiery messages rom the gods, and their
pilots as angels n golden chariots.
According to some, this scene could
reallv have been enacted some 5,000 years
ago at Giza, the site of the great ppamid in
Egypt, and at different times elsewhere in
the world - at Stonehenge in England, onEaster Island and in South America.
Preciselywhy an advanced civilization would
help the indigenous people to build these
vast structures is a mystery, but theo-
ries for their use range from cosmic
transmitters to gateways o the stars.
Some enthusiasts of the ancient astro-
naut theory even go so far as o suggest hat
the human race itself was seeded by alienvisitors. These visitors, t is claimed, arrived
on the planet hundreds of thousands of
years ago and gave evolution a nudge - as
depicted in the opening scenesof Arthur
C. Clarke's novel 2001:A SpaceOdyssq.
ALIEN ANCESTORS
These ideas are not new. The concept of
advanced civilizations from the stars nflu-
encing human progress has been around
since at least Victorian times when, mem-bers of the Theosophy Society, an occult
group, imagined an alternative history for
the human race. But the concept first made
A The imcAd
'flying'god
Aztec
qnd the
Columbion
represenlolionsl
oncient
nol - os we
led to believe -
].
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oc
global headlines in the 1970swith
the work of the Swissauthor, Erichvon Diniken. Von Diniken has writ-
ten a series of highly successful
books, beginning wi*t Chariotsof the
Gods?n 1969, n which he presented
evidence for alien visitations in
ancient times.
UNIFORM IMAGES
Although much of von Dd"niken's
work has since been discredited,
some UFOlogists believe that at the
core of his findings is a nugget of
truth - that advanced beings ndeed
visited earth and left their mark
here at the dawn of civiliza-
tion. But, what is the evidence?At the centre of von Diniken's
theory and the ideas of all enthusi-
astsof the ancient-astronauts heory
is the remarkable consistencyof the
images and icons of ancient peo-
ples. There is also a uniformity to
their legends and the characteristics
of their gods that - believers nsist -
could not be put down to chance.
They point to the similarity of
accounts from sourcesas diverse as
the ancient Eglptians, the Maya and
the ancient Chinese, all of whom
had no contact with each other.
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v * ;
One of the best descrip-
t ions o1'u,hat some enthusiasts
belier,e to be alien visitors is to be
found in the ancient Indian text,
the Maltahhara,tct.
ANCIENT TEXTS
At ser,eralpoints in the text, the
authors describe $'hat are calied
I'irnrunas, a rvord meaning 'fl,ving
machines'. n the text, the Virmanas
are sometimes described as flf ng
vehicles r"rsedor military pllrposeszrnd are often piloted b1' Indian
gods. One of these is called th e
.lqttetn reepon arrd i t appears n
on e particularh' strikirrepassage:
A blazing mi.ssile ossessedf the radi-
anceof smokelessfre utasdischarged.
thick gloom suddenly encomltassedhe
hosts. All poinLs of the compctss ere
stLdden\ enuelopedn darkness.Euil
bearing uinds began to blou. Cl,ouds
rearerl into the higlrcr ait; shozuering
blood, The uerl elements eemed :on-
fused. The sttn appeared o spin round.
The utorld,scorched 1 the heat of that
uteapon, eemedo be n afeuer.
At first glance, this could easil','be
interpreted as a nuclear \,\'eapon
explodine, r 'r . l .r ich, ecause ne har.e
onlv recentlr, knoivn about such
\\eapor)s. has lcr l err t l r t rs iastso c() l r -
clr.rde tlrat the Virmartr,tsmust be of
extraterreslrial origin.
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
Hower,er, this passaee - Iike so
much of the lore behind ancient-
astronaut heories is entirelv open
to interpretation. It is alsopossible
that this accoullt could have origi-
nallv describeda natural phenome-
non such as a rolcanic errrpt ion.
and the tale has been adulterated
br numel ous re irr terpreta l iorrs.
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But, claim the enthusiasts, there is
plenty of other evidence.
According to some supporters of
the ancient-astronaut theory, primi-
t ive ma n seems to have been
obsessed with space-suited figures.
Drawings of what look like astro-
nauts are to be found in cave
dwellings in the Americas, Europe,
Africa, the Far East and Australia.
To support this evidence,
claimants have researchedwhat they
believe to be ancient landing sitesfor UFOs. The best known example
is the Plain of Nazca n Peru, which
is only fully identifiable as an overall
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strllcture fiom aerial photographs.Orthoclox archaeologists insist
that the Nazca markings are Inca
roads,but this is harcl to reconcile
u,ith the fact thzrt these roads leacl
norvhe e. Thesc markings also
include some \rer)' odd configura-
tions - nothins like roads - lvhich
the more determined enthusi:rsts
have strguesteclcould be 'parking
ba1's' or aircraft or space ,ehicles.
Th e bissest problem rvith the
concepl of ' a l ierr s i l l r l iorr . rrr t crr l
or modern, is the conundrun-i of
horv aliens could tra",el vast inter-
stellar dist:rnces o ge t here. Er,en
aaa
supporters of the al ien visitationt i rcor l ' accept t i rat the lrcaresl
home for another c i r , i l izat ion rnrrst
be at least 4.2 l ight vears arv:r r ' the
l learest st l l r to otr r Srr r i ) .
SCIENTIFIC PUZZLE
Strch vzrst l istancesmean thi r t , even
if a cir - i l izatiort cl iscovelecl a na\, of
trar,elling :rt close to the speecl of
light, it r'r,or.rld take them or,er B
-vears
br a round trip - harclly prac-
ticai fcrr a casuzrl visit. One sllgges-
tion is that adr,ancecl bcinss have
developed wavs to bend the lalvs of
phvsics that pr-rt an upper speed
a"
l imi t on interrstel lal t rar-el .A rnor-eplobable theorv is that an
ach':incecl civilization - trar,elling rel-
:rtivell slon'lr' - passed this rvav thou-
si rncls o{ \ 'ears ago el l rol l te to
colonising other rvorlds. Perhaps if
aliens did r,isit the Pharaohs or the
N,Ia1,a,hev hopped off their mother
ship fo r a short time and left
:""ffi:i*:ll,-"'W&*
[n. th,enext lssue, UFO FILE irLuestigates
one of lhe most recen,t LIFO craslt
retrieuttls al \larghina, Brazil.
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XNKF€K
*F-
Dn Knnl Snur:R
EXAMINESTEGENDS F
WEREWOLVESND
TYCANTHROPY ND AsK!
ARE THEYMYTH, MAGIC
OR MEDICALCONDITIOII?
nly a ferv moie minutes and he
would be home. safe behind c lo;ed
doors. Only a few more *in.,t.t -
W but it was already too late. Above, a
layeroI c lotrds r i f ted apar l - exposing. r r
all its m4jesty, he silent silver-hued moon.
As he yelled.in terror, his voice began to
change, transforming into the spine-chill-
ing howl of some primitive beast. But that
was not all. His howling mouth was itself a
changing, effortlessly stretching into a
long muzzle, fiIled with sharp rvhite teeth,
and surmounted by a "broacl nose with
brist l ingwhiskers.
He was still runhing, but he wasnow on
all fours.and ashe ran his body grew more
powerful, bursting, hr&rgh his clothes. He
was now entirely iovered in dense brorvn
fur. from his f lattened head clorryno rhe tip
of the long, hairy tail. His transformation
into a wolf wascomplete. .
CHANGE FOR THE WORSE
Bodily transformation of a human inro a
wolf (or any other animal) is, of course,aphysical impossibit i ty.Yet belief in were-
wolvei was wid'bspread throughout
medieval Europe, with werewolf legends
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tuand lore emanating from Scandinavia,
France, Germany.,Sicily. central an d
eastern Europe, the Balkans and
Greece. .$nd long before',,flolumbus
reached the New \Aiorld, thJ-kqlive
American peoples feared their 'oivff-
rverewolf quivalents.
t The belief
in werewolves -
humqns possessing
the occult obility to
lronsform lhemselves
into wolves - slrelches
bock fhousonds of
yeors, ond still exerfs
o powerful hold over
our imoginotions, qs
lhe successof films
surh os An American
Werewolf in London
(inset)ottesfs.
It seemsmost likely that the werewolf
concept originated in the custom of pre-
histor ic human hunters wrapping them-
selves n wolf ski.4s-in he belief that they
n'ould be irnbued with the hunting
prowess f th is formidable predator.The
tradition persisted, albeit in an atrbphied
version, in later \{erel{olf legends, which
tel l oF horr ' hrrmanscould become rvere-
\volves f they wore a magic belt or cloak
made Iiom'wolf sk irr .
CRY FOR THE MOON
Another werewolfi tradition, its transfor-
mation at fu l l moon. probablyor ig inated
in prehistoric times too. \Arhen humans
began d6mesticatingwild wolf-like dogs to
hunt with them,"gheywould have undoubt-
edly observed heir dog! ' del ight in howl-
ing ar 1!remoon during hunt ing forays.
Thi8ughout mankind's socia ldevelop-
ment, the moon, hunting, and wolveshave
become entrvinedwithin increasinglycom-plex nrr thoiogies. n manr' lesends, he
moor-rgoddess ,r'as lso a huntress (as vith
o
j
o
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T
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'il'lit? l
:rd
##
V Severe ctrses of ckin
comploints. such os
impetigo, in oddition
ro hoiry feofures,
could hove been
behind some of the
mony cosesof
werewolves reportdd
in rhe Middle Aoes.] 'i
the Roman Diana, he GreekArtemis.andthe Babylonian Ishtar), whose. hunting
' dogs were often men who had been magi
cally changed by her into wolves, so lead-
ing to the birth of the werewolf concept.
WEREWOTF DETUSION#!4***
A major influence ifl the werewolf con-
cept's evolution and .often wrongly
ass'fimed to be synonymous with were-
wolfum is lycanthropy (translating as 'the
wolf-man con{ition'). Yet whereas 'gen-
uine' were*oFu., are confined to "the
realms of folklore; lycanthropy is a real,
abnormai psychological condition, and
was recognized as long ago as the 2nd
throats in anLnconffiollable frenzy.
Jhe histor ical chronicles bulge with
we*wolf reports. which reachJ their
peak in the Middle Ages. This is vividly
demonstrated by the wnazing fact that inFrance alone, between 1520 and 1630, an
ipcredible 30,000 toup-garyu werewolf) tri-
als occurred. In reality, however, lycan-
thropy and other mental illnesses result-
i"g in cannibalism and.serial murder were
the true villains, Sponsored bry gnorance
dnd superstit ion. : l
BTOODY HISTORY
century AD by the
scholar Marcellus
Sidetes.
A person so.
affli.cted (termed a
lycanthrope) suf-
fers from the delu-
sion that he ip a
wolf or that cari'
turn himself into
one. Depending
upon tne s-everrty
of the case, lycan-
thropes wil l r ip
Apart raw , {neatwith their teeth,
howl and shriek at
the'full moon, and
attack other, peo-ple with ravaging
bloodlust, tearing
at their vict ims'
Take, for example, the case of a teenage
shepherd calledJean Grenier, from south;
ern France's Bordeaux region. During hi$
tr ial in 1603. Grenier boasted that. after
assuming he guiseoFawolf, he had slaugh-
tered and devoured over 50 children,'and
claimed to=have acquired his shapesh'i{1ing
power froin a rnysterious dark stranger thaq
he had met deep in the forestsa few years
earlier. The ,stranger, identified in many
accountsof this caseas th e Devil, suppos-
edly gaveGrenier a salveand a woif skin -
and when. at dusk. Grenier rubbed his
body wi.th the salve and placed the skinover himself, he became a wolf.
Detailed questioning during his trial,
however, s,howed that Jean Grenier was
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A €hildren born with rhick fociol hoir, like
two-yeor-old Abyss de Jesus,were once soid
lo suffer from 'humon werewolf syndrome'.
than being burnt at the stake. the fate of
count less other lycan hropes.
One of the .n1ost tragic cases of lycan-
thropy occurred in'* ' th e vi l lage of
Eccfesfual l , taf fordshire. In Apr i l 1975. 17-.jft
year-ol t l apprent ice joiner. Andrew
Prinold, stabbed himself through the heart
lvith a knife, terrified that he was startingto transform ir-rtoa rverewolf.
MARK OF THE BEAST
The abundance of werewolf reoorts in
medieral"Europe no doubt stemmed from
the vast number of features by
which, according to folklore, a
person could be unmasked as a
werewolf. Tell-tale traits to look
out for when star ing nto the face
of a suspectedwerewolf in human
form included srnall pointed
ears. rotruding teeth.and broad
eyebrows that joined on- the
bridge of the nose.Shakinga sus-
pect'shand offered a good oppdrr
tunity to check for
more clues,such as
hairy palms, long
curved fingernails
tinged with red, and
an unusually long
third finger.But how did one
becLrme a werewolf
in the f irst place?
* .:
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,o
a
A Even in modern
times, belief in the
obility of humons lo
chonge themselves
into wolves persists,esperiolly in
srrongholds of
werewolf folklore.
evidently half-witted, givdn to inventing all
manner of wild stories and afterwards
bel ieving hem to be true. After consul t i r rg
with medical specialists, he judge decided
that Grenier was*not a werewolf but alycanthrope. Accordingly, he ordered that
Grenier should be given over to the care of
the monks at a Franciscan monastery in
Bordeaux for the rest of his days rather
o
o
3
A
s6:
'Ifuwolfstrikm fear
nfoMimtn* .qt*d
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'Ancientlegends provided f vu.*r, o, por-
sibi l i t ies. Quite apart from deliberate
activities such aswearing magical cloaks of
wolf skir ior part ic ipar ing n magical i ru-
als. there were many ways n which the
unwary could fal l v icr im to rhis mal ign
metamorphd'sis.
Anyone drinking water from puddles
formed in wolves' tracks, or from streams
frecirlented by wolves, would surely
become a werewolf;'So, too, might a per.
son hungry enough to eat the flesh or
brains o[ a wolf. or even the f lesh of a
sheepkil led by a wolf. t
No doubr medieval Europeans rook
heart f rom the claim thal werewolves
could be kept at bay by the presence of a
spr ig of wolfsbaneover or the door of a
house.Also, hesecreatureswere bel ievedto be-mortal, and could be ki l led if shot
with a blessed ul ler . '
) There.was o time
when Yu Zhenhuon
would hqve been
deemed on infont.
werewolf by the more
fonoticol members of
society- Even bobies
born feet first, or those
with pointed conine.*,'.
leelh, ron rhe risk of '
being stigmotized cs
werewolves.
rabiesJinked origin,,becausea
rabid wolf would certainlyfroth at the mouth, and any-
one bitten by.such a beast dur-
irg th e medically-backward
Middle Ages would most l ikely
contract this l iorr if ic i l lness
anq evenrual ly display the
samesymil toms.
f t ls aiso possible that, lr t
medieval times, peasantseating
ry e contaminated with ergot
fungus ma1'have suffered LSD-like hallucinations that thev rvere actually
changing into ryoh'es r other animals.
GTAMOROUS CREATURE
Once,'the n'ererr 'olfr-as hideous.diaboli-
cal creatnre of dread. Todar', thanks to
irnagescreareclbv Hol l r r r 'ooci , t has i ts
place in popri lar culture. Like th e movie
r-ampire.tire rr'ererrolfof the wide screen s
ir-rcreasinglr 'sl ick, suave and sexually-
charsed - bnr hou,,and tvhy?
,$h'r this technological age, the fears ancf
larrcies f the r r r rsophisr icatedasthaveno
place. Exposed as unrealist ic.and ofren
do\rr igh Iudicrous.werewol leger dshave
been rend.e*'edsafe - still a little scary,$gr-,
haps,but nothing more. We now recognil'e..
that the true, shapeshiftingwerewolf existed
only in folklore - we are nevergoing to be
assaultedby a licentiovs loup-gatou
Fiom ni$htmarish monster of the past
to errdur ing megastar f the present.and
probably the f lurure. he lore o[ rhe wolfhas undergone a transformat ionas dra-
r.
o
o.E
RABID WOTF
In modern times, a number of medical
explanat ions n addir ion to lycanthropy
have been offered for bel ieF in were-
wolves.Tw o supposedcharacterist icsof a
werewolf are i ts loaming moulh and i rs
abi l i ry o turn anyone t bi tes nro a were-
wolf. This scenario is indicative o{ a
,/
matic as any accompl ished bv the r**
r,rerewolfn bygone ras. Hf
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ffiffiffi
MANY UFOTOGISTS CRITICIZE
GOVERNMENTSFOR COVERING
UP THE .REALITY, oF ALIEN
LIFE. BUT THE REVEIATIONS oF
THE MOD'S NICK POPN HAVE
LED TO A REASSESSMENT F
THIS POSITION.
re for senior officers to involvement in the poliryinitiative enabling women to fly as pilots in the RoyalAir Force. But it was his work between lggl and 1994that made Pope such a controversial figure. Duringthat time, at the Ministry's Secretariat (Air Staff) 2aoffice, based in the MoD,s London headquarters inWhitehall, he was responsible for investigating UFOsightings. His task was to evaluate whether or notthere was any evidence of a threat to the UnitedKingdom, and his conclusions - that some UFOswere indeed extraterrestrial in origin - were startlingfrom one in an official capacity, and attracted a lot
of media attention.Pope still works for the MoD, where he holds the
rank of Higher Executive Officer, the equivalent of aMajor in the British Army. But he has kept his tieswith the UFO community, \ riting two books about his
ince joining the Ministry of Defence (MoD)at the age of lg, Nick Pope has filled a numberof positions, from preparing briefing material
MoD findings and appearingat dozens of UFOconferences worldwide.Some of his MoD colleaguescall him'Spooky', while
Nick Pope's esrselling
book, Open Skies,ClosedMinds,rellsthe story of
hisofficiol eseorchnto
rhe UFOs henomeno.
many UFO researchers see him as a brave individual.Along the way, Pope has picked up his fair share ofadmirers - who see him
as a real-life Fox Mulder.spilling the beans on Britain's X Files - and critics,who view him as a minor government stooge withlittle of real importance to say.
fn a rare quiet moment during a UFO conferencein tlre north of England, The X Factor caught up withPope and asked him how he got the job as the UFOinvestigator at the Ministry:
€,€= e I'd worked in some interesting obs sinceI joined the MoD in 1985,and I'm postecl o adifferent job every few years. wasdue to be movedin 1991 and was asked to be the Department,sresident expert on UFOs. I didn't even know therervassuch a post.
Whof wqs your opinion qbout UFOsbeforeyou stqrted investigoring sightings officiolly?\{hen I started the job, I didn't know much about theUFO phenomenon and had no strong views on thesubject.My first question waswhy the Ministryconcerned itself with this subject at all. It turned outto be wrapped up with issuesof national security.
Whor were fhe MoD concerned qbout?All UFO reports are looked at to seewhether there'sany evidence of threat to the defence of the United
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Kingdom. \Arhen started looking back through the
files, there seemed to be an absenceof investigation,
and a reliance on sending out standard letters when a
report of a UFO arose.To me, this seemed strange -
how could anyone say hat UFOs were not a threat if
they didn't know what the objectswere? I decided to
take a closer look.
Whqt struck you most obouf your new iob?The first thing that surprised me was how many
reports we received.On average,
there were between 200 and 300
everyyear.and this s in a si tuar ion
where most people won't report a
sighting at all, either through fear
of ridicule or simply because hey
don't know who to contact. The
reported sightings are undoubtedly
the tip of a huge iceberg. Thosewho did report a UFO would
## rs
Fylingdales n Yorkshire, who could tell me about
satelliteactivity and any spacedebris re-entering the
earth's atmosphere. I could also impound radar tapes,
check weather balloon launches and try to correlate
sightingswith airship flight plans.
How mqny UFO reporfs did you fhink couldbe sqfisfqcrorily exploined?\Arhen nvestigatedthoroughly, about 90 per cent of
sightingswere explained as misidentifications of
known objectsand phenomena.
But this left a hard core of cases
u,hich defied any conventional
explanation. The official position
is 'Object Unexplained, Case
Closed'. That is to say,we simply
don't know
But you werent confenl loleove it ot thot...
t-Inidentifiedflyin g objectsarepotentially he most
important issuecurrently
facing thehuman race
!r\FFnormally contact the police or a military
establishmentor a civil airport. These reports
eventuallymade their way to the MoD.
How did you investigofe o sighring?\Alhen a UFO sighting came to light, it was easy or me
to carry out detailed investigationsbecauseof my
official position. I would check with civil and military
air traffic controllers to seewhether there were
any aircraft in the area at the time. The Royal
Observatory at Greenwich would see f there wasany
astronomical explanation for sightings* meteors and
fireballs have explained a number of
reports. I liaised with the Ballistic
Missile Early Warning Centre at RAF
No. I was unhappv at ollr lack of successn these
cases, o I launched a rarlge of initiatives to improve
the chance of finding some al-lsrvers. he main task
was making the public a\\'are hat there rvassomeone
at the MoD who n-anred o hear about their sightings.
I also plotted sightings on a map and looked for
patterns. There were no real surprises here -
sightingswere concentrated around cities,where
there are more people to seeUFOs. I also forged
good working relationships with civilian UFO research
organizations,such as BUFORA fBritish UFO
ResearchAssociation] and Quest International, so we
could compare data.
How did your experiencesqffect your outlook on UFOs?I'd begun the ob with an open
mind, but by 1993 I believed that
some UFOs were extraterrestrial
craft. No single casechanged my
mind, but rather the cumulative
effect ofall the evidence Iencountered: he witnesses,he
photographs, the videos, the radar
evidence.There were some UFO
sightings that included structured
craft displaying a technolosv - in
terms of manoeuvrabiliq, and
speed- that went way beyond the
cutting edge of even our best
prototype aircraft. \Arhat was the
craft that Belgian Air Force tried to
intercept in 1990? A/hatwas hecraft that passedover an RAF base
one night in 1993, firing beams of
light? It all acldedup.
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.*Hf!*:.|JSt,,,i.:.lJ:.nCCD
vn{rp;ainedr igi ts ll Jd n 31
ls it unusuol for witnesses from the miliroryto come forword?Yes, he fear of professional ridicule seems o be amajor deterrent. But many RAF pilots have admittedto me that they've seen things in the sky that they'reat a loss o explain. And their qualities as trainedobserversmake them impressivewitnesseswhen theydo encounter something unexplained
Whtrr is the most convincing individuol cqseyou hove eyer dncounlered?This occurred in Rendlesham Forest - in the heartof the Suffolk countryside - in 1980,near the RAFbasesat Woodbridge and Benrwaters.When militarypolice from the US Air Force went to investigatelights in the forest, they sawpulsating lights movingthrough the trees.
On closer examination, the witnesses awatriangular, metallic object in a clearing in the forest.
It was about 3 metres wide and 2 metres tall, and,when they approached it , it took off into the sky.TheDeputy BaseCommander, Lieutenant Colonel CharlesHalt, filed a report entitled Llnexplained,ights in
January 1981,but the official investigation thatfollowed decided there was no threat to nationalsecurityand so the casewasclosed.
Were you inyolyed in reseqrch for this cqse?Not at the time, but I reopened the investigation.TheDefence Radiological Protection Service confirmed tome
that the levelsof background radiation measuredat the landing site by the team of soldierswere rentimes higher than normal. I now truly believe it tohave been an alien landing.
K7 'i, d,deref .
How did your superiors qt fhe Minisrry reqctto your widely-publicized views?My viewsweren't popular with them. I waspostedelsewhere n the summer of 1994,but I've continuedmy researchprivately.As for the Ministry, I'm toldthat many of my initiatives have been reversed,andthat the Department have, despite the overwhelming
evidence,effectivelyclosed the investigations.However, I still believe, like Fox Mulder, that the truthis out there.
Whor mokes you rhink you were top of theUFO qdder? Who's to sqy your superiorsdidn't know whqt wqs redlly going on?If anything was being covered up, ir was only theirignorance, their lack of knowledge.
Were they hoppy rhor you published q bookqbout your fime ct the Minisfry?Some of them were horrified, but most of nrycolleaguessupported me. I believe that if militaryfigures are allowed to write books about the Gulf Warthen I can write a book about my experiences.
Are you still involved in UFO reseqrch?Yes, 'm still asked for my viewson a wide range ofUFO-related questions.I'm often invited to speakatUFO conferences,and I'm working with a number ofpeople who claim to have been abducted by aliens.
Whqr is your conclusionqbouf qbductions?I think this is the mosr fascinating part of the UFOmystery. After years of official and private research,I've concluded that abductions are indeed real.
SS
ffiffiff
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SPACE,
n Februa ry 1996,Russia's
Proton rocket blasted apart
in the final stage of its
W jollrney into space. t wasadisaster or the Russianspace
programme, but it rvasnotjust th e
rocket scientistswho hung their
heads n dismay at this latest space
calamity. At least200 large metal
fragments from the exploded
Proton were no\'v n orbit around
earth - all increasing the danger of
rockets and satellitesbeing
destroyedby space.junk.
sPACE COTLTSTON
All spacecraft suffer impacts rvith
orbital debris. be it man-made
or natural. But the clire
consequences f such a coll ision
were forcefullv brought home
when the Space Shuttle Columbia
landed at the Kennedy Space
Centre n Florida in November
1995.Drrr ing ts l6-daymission rr
space, omething had collided
with the shuttle car.rsing crater2 cm acrossand 6 mm deep.
A l -ewmil l imetresdeepercould
have been fatal for the seven
Columbia crer,vmember-s.
Later analysis evealed that
) TheorbirerColumbio eturns o
eorth n 1995 oodedwifh reseorch
somples.A mognifiedphotogroph
(inset) hows he domogecousedby
tiny orbitol debris.The mpoctoflorger lemsof spoce unk poseso
ierrible risk ro hugelyexpensive nd
fime-consumingpoceproiects.
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:=
th e shutt le had been hit by a pieceof electronic circuit board from arocket or satellite that had
exploded in space.Travelling
through spaceat 5 kilometres persecond, t was extremely fortunatethat the projectile did not causean
ai r leak or an explosion bypuncturing the shuttle.
GROWING DANGER
Spacemissionshave become socommon that the world hardlynoticeswhen rockets aunch ortouch down these days.Every yeaqaround 100 new satellitesare sentinto spaceand NASA runs eiehtSpaceShutr lemissions. n rop of
rhis. here s a growing number ofprivate spaceventures to launch
satellites,such as the Iridium
project for mobile telephone
communications.
Even so, space light is far frornroul ine. Apart f rom hal ing tonegotiate their rockets andsatellitespast natural obstacles
such as meteorites and asteroids,scient ists avebeen awaresincethe early
1970sof an increasinglyunpredictable massof man-made
debris, oo.
Spaceunk comes' f romanumber of sources.Some of it hasbeen deliberately dumpecl inspace, ike special casing designed
LE
-'m qfroid rhot fufureqslronoufs wil l hove fo
fly through orbiringminefields
A*hur C Clorke, uthor nd spoce xoert
ffini;
account nobody really knows howmuch man-macleunk is hurt l ingabout n space. he actualnumberof objecrs s ikely o be in therJ rJ r r^ \ r/ ru uc l l l t l l c
mil l ions,and this can only increaseasspaceexplorarion and sat-ell i teIaunches ont inue.
Internat ionalconcern about
spaceunk is srrongenough forseveralhigh tevel nir iat ives o beunder way. Efforts are being madeto harmonize researchactivities ij
between the UK, France, Germany '
and Italy, and there was a second
Europeanconference n theproblem at Darmstadt in Germanvin March 1997. ',,,,,1'
In February 1g96, he WhiteHouse produced a report on space
, ;
, ,
to prevent damage to sensitive
instruments during take-off andbodily waste rom pasrspacemissions.Other.junk results romexplosions n space.Some of these
are accidental, such as the protonrocket. Other explosionsareinter-rtional,such aswhen rocketstages iom a satellite launch are
) This mini-croter
wos one of mony
found on fhe
surfoce of the Solor
Moximum Mission
Sorellire (SMMS),
which returned to
eorth in Apr i l 1984.
The holes were
coused by hyper-
velocity impocts
with loose flokes
of poinr.
jett isoneclor u'hen countr ies
deliberatelr.destroy their old spysatellites.as the Russianshave
been knorvn to. Like anything else,spacehardl'are alsowears awayand bleaksdorrr rover t ime.
Sor.ne pacedebris s so small_
dust. n fact - that it can usuallybetackledbv protectiveshielding.Bu tsuch rneasrires re no t enough ontheir oln, especiallv hen seriousdamage can be done bv a flake ofpaint travelling at six times thespeedof sound.
MAN.MADE JUNK
While large chunks of debris canbe spotted quite easily,once thesmaller particles are taken into
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debris, outlining options to cut
down on spacejunk. The report
suggests, mong other measures,
better rockel design to lessen he
creat ionof junk. and shi f t ingold
;,'-,, pacecraft nto 'graveyard' orbits
:t j ;t;f harm's way. But, although
33 rER.other thqn fhe cqscqde
reqcfion hoppening
wirhin lhe next 20 to 50I
Yedrst we could exPecfit perhops to occur in
lhe next I O to 2O yeors^.tl^,1 ^...rcnoro -rowrner. orrnshDefence
ReseorchAgency
ryauf il*om. redesigning will limit the
chances f spacecraf t eslrucl ion.
the experts ecognize hat the
possibility of disastercannot be
removed entirely. The report
concludes that 'the overall debris
populat lonwl l l lncrease.
PROJECT ORION
) Wolf CreekCroler,n Auslrolio,wos
formed housonds f yeorsogo wheno meteorile roshed.Shooting tors
(inset) re o sign hot spocedebrishos
enlered he eorth'solmosphere.
radar and laser beams.
Once a dangerouspiece of
debris has been located bv raclar,
ground based asers vould be fired
at the target, with the aim of
altering the junk's course, f not
destroying it altogether. The laser
is specially designed to take
account of the distortion to the
beam caused by passing hroush
earth's atmosphere nto space.
'We alreadyhaveequipment
that would allow us to clear al l
At NASA's Marshal Space Flight
Centre in Huntsville, Alabama,
DrJonathen Campel l s heading
ProjectOr ion. l ts aim is to r id the.
r TUJLLL Vl rvrl . ILD d
heavens l dangerorrs pacedebris
;li;rt:ttfe;*L the use of sophisticated
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:0o
s)
I
o
i!
UK. Griffiths also points out
Project Orion-rype lasersare also
potential an -satelliteweapons,
thus rais ing he quest ionof
internat ional secur i ty.
DOWN TO EARTH
Apart from worrying about
collisions with debris in space, ,.
scientistsare also mindful of the
consequences f such objects
lal l ing to earth.According o
NicholasJohnson, chief scientist of
the Kaman SciencesCorp, there
have been over 15,000 re-entries
into earth's atmosphere since the
start of the spaceage, all of which ,were sizeable,man-made objects.
In March 1996.a lai led Chinesespy satellite, the size of a small car: .
and weighing two tonnes, caused '. ,
worldwide panic as t headed back
to earth. Scientistscalculated thai,..:
the satellite would hit the ground' '
at 650 km/h, leaving a crater
V The Hoystock rodor ot Tyngsboro,
Mossochusetts,SA,hos been usedby
NASAsince 99O to trock spoce
debris.t
conpinpoinr
obiectss
smollos 5 mm ocross, OOO m owoy. ,i .
debris... below an altitude of 800
kilometres,' saysDr Campell. This
would help protect many satellites
and manned spacestations which
orbit at 500 km. The systemcould
also be adapted to destroy
hazardous meteorites. The only
problem is that it has yet to be
tested, so nobody knows for sure if
it rvill work as well in practice as on
paper. And it won't be able to cope
with large objects, such as an
asteroidor rogue space lat ion.
'In the short-term, the only
economic method of dealing with
spacedebris is prevention,' saysAndrew Griffiths, a researcherwith
the Department of Space Sciences
at the University of Kent in the
,
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30 metres wide and destroying
everything within 100 metres.
On this occasion the satellite
splasheddown harmlessly n the
mid.-SouthAtlantic Ocean.
Similarly when the Skylabspace
station crashed back to earth in
1979 it landed in remote western
Australia, causing no fatalities.
Indeed, the only death caused
so far by falling spacedebris was
that of a cow in Cuba in 1962.
The debris was rom a prototype
of the American Saturn V rocket.
and the Cubans gave the cow a
full state uneral as a victim of
imperialist aggression.
ASTEROID ATTACKThe potential for destruction
causedby the larger meteor i tes
and asteroidscolliding with earth,
though, is no laughing matter.
At least 200 craters on earth have
been caused by asteroid impacts.
It is believed that the dinosaurs'
rule on earth was brought to ar-r
abrupt end 65 million yearsaso,
when a 160km-wideasteroid,
travelling at 33,000 km/h, crashed
off the coast of Mexico. And. in
1908,when an object estimated
to be ust 30 metres acrossstruck
Tunguska in Siberia, it laid waste
V Among preventotive methods qre
pclches which con repoir holes in Spoce
Stotions,ond o 'bumper' or outer sheet
(inset)syslem which protecfs spocecroft.
to an a rea nlore thaD 5( l knt :1cross,
In 1998, -\SA plansro iaunchthe Intentational SpaceStation.
It rvill take fbur years o br-rildand
will be in space or around ten
years, so engineers kno\,v hat it will
have to be tough enough to stand
up to a barrage of spacedebris.
To deal with this thev have
developed a 'meteor bumper' -
a metal sheet placed a ferv
centimetres ro m the station'shull
to act as a shield. Testsso far have
o
o
z6
5J
.!
,i
j
shown the bumper to stand np
rvel l to impact.
Ir r Norembcr ' | 909. .cient ists
bel ieve that earth rr ' i l l be struck by
a shor,verof over- 10,000 r .neteors.
Th e space stat io l t can shif t i ts
posit ion so as to preselt t as small a
surface area to the oncoming
storm as possible, but it cannot be
protectecl contpietelr'.
I t h:rs bercn calculated that
there is zi one in ten chance of the
space statiolr being punctured by
deblis chrr ing i ts l0-vear l i fet irne.
Trr act . scrrne cicnt is ls are coming
around to thinking that the best.ft,av to tackle such asteroid threats
is to stasea nuclear
explosion n space.
r
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