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Qais AlefanR.Ph, B.Pharm, M.Pharm, PhD
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Introduction Through its impact on individual patients state of
health, pharmaceutical care improves the quality &cost-effectiveness of health care systems
Improvements at the micro-level impinge on theoverall situation at the macro-level, i.e., communitiesbenefit when individuals within them enjoy better
health
Ultimately the population at largewill also benefit assystem-wide improvements occur
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Pharmacists involvement in patient-
centred care Have been associated with:
Improved health & economic outcomes
A reduction in DRPs
Improved quality of life
Reduced morbidity & mortality
Nonetheless, the potential for pharmacists to effectdramatic improvements in public health remainslargelyuntapped!
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Evidence to support the value of
professional pharmacy services Benrimoj & colleagues (2000) studied the economic impact
of increased clinical intervention rates in communitypharmacy & found that:
Adequately trained & remunerated pharmacists generatedsavings six times greater than those of a control group with noaccess to the same education or remuneration
It was estimated that adequately trained & remunerated
pharmacists would save the health care system 15 millionAustralian dollars a year
Shumock & colleagues (2003) reported similar findings inthe USA
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A higher salary.?!An adequate level of remuneration for pharmacists is
important to ensuring good pharmacy practice, & inparticular pharmaceutical care
However, efforts to ensure that pharmacists areadequately recompensed will require effectivedocumentation of what pharmacists actually do to
improve outcomes as well as agreement by fundersthat what they do has economic value
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Classification of pharmacy practice
activities There is a need for a consistent & broadly accepted
classification of pharmacy practice activities
Until now pharmacy profession has lacked a widelyaccepted way to describe or document these activitiesin a common language
Such classification can contribute to buildingdatabases for statistically sound determinations aboutpharmacists patient-centred activities & whether theyimprove patient outcomes & the use of resources
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The Pharmacy Practice Activity
Classification (PPAC) PPAC initiated by the American Pharmacists Association
(APhA)
The PPAC is focused primarily on activities of licensed,practicing pharmacists across the continuum of health caresettings
PPAC captures a range of activities from traditional
dispensing to direct patient care services
It is recognized that pharmacists occupy other roles thatare not directly related to patient care (e.g., in thepharmaceutical industry, administration, academia, etc)
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The Pharmacy Practice Activity Classification
A. Ensuring appropriate therapy & outcomes1. Ensuring appropriate pharmacotherapy2. Ensuring patients understanding/adherence to his/her treatment plan3. Monitoring & reporting outcomes
B. Dispensing medications & devices1. Processing the prescription or medicine order
2. Preparing the pharmaceutical product3. Delivering the medication or device
C. Health promotion & disease prevention1. Delivering clinical preventive services2. Surveillance & reporting of public health issues
3. Promoting safe medication use in societyD. Health systems management
1. Managing the practice2. Managing medications throughout the health system3. Managing the use of medications within the health system4. Participating in research activities
5. Engaging in interdisciplinary collaboration
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The benefits of consensus on a uniform
classification system Advancing the recognition of pharmaceutical care, leading to an
understanding of the value of & need for compensation for the deliveryof pharmaceutical care services
Increasing interdisciplinary links & encouraging collaboration withother health care professionals, by defining common goals & patientinterventions
Facilitating & standardizing research directed towards establishing thevalue of services in optimizing patient care
Supporting pharmacists to better manage their practices Assisting in developing quality assurance systems & quality of car
guidelines for practices
Facilitating documentation of pharmaceutical care activities incomputer-based patient record systems
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