Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 13.1 – 13.30
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 13
The Respiratory System
Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook
Organs of the Respiratory system
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________
Pharynx
Larynx
________
Bronchi
_______- ________
Figure 13.1
Function of the Respiratory System
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Oversees ______ _____________between the blood and external environment
Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the _______________
Passageways to the lungs _______, ______________, and ________________ the incoming air
The Nose
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The only externally visible part of the respiratory system
Air enters the nose through the __________ __________ (nostrils)
The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a nasal _____________
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Figure 13.2
Upper Respiratory Tract
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
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_______________ _________are located in the mucosa on the superior surface
The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa
Moistens air
Traps incoming foreign particles
Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
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Lateral walls have projections called ________________
Increases surface area
Increases air turbulence within the nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate
Anterior hard ___________ (bone)
Posterior ____________ palate (muscle)
Paranasal ______________
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______________ within bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary bone
Paranasal Sinuses
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____________ of the sinuses
____________ the skull
Act as _____________ chambers for speech
Produce _________________ that drains into the nasal cavity
__________________ (Throat)
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Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
Three regions of the pharynx
__________________ – superior region behind nasal cavity
Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth
Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to larynx
The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are ______________passageways for air and food
Structures of the Pharynx
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___________________ tubes enter the nasopharynx
_______________ of the pharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
_________________ (Voice Box)
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Routes air and food into proper channels
Plays a role in speech
Made of eight rigid hyaline _________________and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (____________________)
Structures of the Larynx
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______________ cartilage
Largest hyaline cartilage
Protrudes anteriorly (_________ _________)
_________________
Superior opening of the larynx
Routes ____________ to the larynx and ___________toward the trachea
Structures of the Larynx
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__________ __________(vocal folds)
Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)
Glottis – opening between vocal cords
______________ (Windpipe)
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Connects _________ with ______________
Lined with ciliated mucosa
Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air
Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris __________ from lungs
Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage
Primary _____________
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Formed by division of the trachea
Enters the lung at the hilus (medial depression)
Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left
Bronchi _______________ into smaller and smaller branches
_______________
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Occupy most of the ______________ cavity
Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
Base rests on the _____________ (inferior portion)
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
Left lung – ______ lobes
Right lung – ______ lobes
Lungs
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Figure 13.4b
Coverings of the Lungs
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______________ (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface
______________ pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
____________ __________fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding
Respiratory Tree Divisions
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____________ bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
________________
Terminal bronchioli
Bronchioles
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Figure 13.5a
____________ branches of the bronchi
Bronchioles
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Figure 13.5a
All but the smallest branches have reinforcing cartilage
Bronchioles
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Terminal bronchioles end in _____________
Figure 13.5a
Respiratory Zone
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Structures
Respiratory bronchioli
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
Alveoli
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Structure of alveoli
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolus
Gas exchange takes place within the ____________in the respiratory membrane
Respiratory Membrane
(Air-Blood Barrier)
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Thin squamous epithelial layer lining
alveolar walls
Pulmonary capillaries cover external
surfaces of alveoli
Respiratory Membrane
(Air-Blood Barrier)
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Figure 13.6
Gas Exchange
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Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by ______________
Oxygen ______________ the blood
__________ ____________enters the alveoli
Macrophages add protection
Surfactant coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces
Events of _________________
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____________ ______________– moving air in and out of the lungs
External respiration – gas exchange between __________ _____________and alveoli
Events of Respiration
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Respiratory gas transport – transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
_______________ ____________– gas exchange ___________ blood and ______________ cells in systemic capillaries
Mechanics of Breathing
(___________ ______________)
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Completely ________________ process
Depends on _________ ____________in the thoracic cavity
Volume changes lead to _____________changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalize pressure
Mechanics of Breathing
(Pulmonary Ventilation)
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Two phases
__________ – flow of air into lung
____________ – air leaving lung
Inspiration
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Diaphragm and intercostal muscles _________________
The size of the thoracic cavity ______________
External air is _______ ______the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume
Inspiration
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Figure 13.7a
Exhalation
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Largely a ______________ process which depends on natural lung elasticity
As muscles __________, air is pushed _________ of the lungs
Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
Exhalation
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Figure 13.7b
Pressure Differences in the
Thoracic Cavity
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Normal pressure within the pleural space is always negative (intrapleural pressure)
Differences in lung and pleural space pressures keep lungs from collapsing
Nonrespiratory Air Movements
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Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions
Examples
___________ __________– clears lungs of debris
Laughing
___________
Yawn
____________
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
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Normal breathing moves about __________ ml of air with each breath (________ ___________[TV])
Many factors that affect respiratory capacity
A person’s ______
___________
__________
___________ ____________
Residual volume of air – after exhalation, about __________ ml of air remains in the lungs
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
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_________ ____________ ______(IRV)
Amount of air that can be taken in ___________ over the tidal volume
Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml
_____________ reserve volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be __________ exhaled
Approximately 1200 ml
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
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________ ___________
Air remaining in lung after expiration
About 1200 ml
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
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__________ ____________
The total amount of _____________ air
Vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV
Dead space volume
Air that remains in conducting zone and ___________ reaches alveoli
About 150 ml
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
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Functional volume
Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone
Usually about ____________ ml
Respiratory capacities are measured with a ______________
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