GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY The geographic area called Mongolia is comprised of an area of high steppe and desert sandwiched between China in the south and Russia in the north. The region is completely landlocked. Generally, it is a plateau between 900 and 1,500 metres high. However, in the west are the Altai Mountains. The highest peak in the country of Mongolia is Tavan Bogd Uul at 4,374 metres.Since the plateau is high, landlocked and northerly, it results in a climate that is dry and cold. The average rainfall is below 38 cm per year (52 cm is considered adequate for farming without irrigation). Thus, successful agriculture can only be carried out with irrigation in those places where steady sources of water can be counted upon. The usual crops in these irrigated areas are wheat and oats. Temperature extremes also occur within the Gobi Desert, with summer daytime temperatures around 40°C and near 0°C at night. Winter temperatures can reach minus 50°C. Due to the harsh environment, most of Mongolia is grassland. Forests cover about 10% of the land area and are primarily composed of larch. These forests are mostly in the northern portion of the country.Historically, the people have had to adapt to a pastoral nomadic existence. The nature of their goods and livelihood were based on animal products—wool, hides, meat, cloth and leather. The people did not manufacture any products that required significant infrastructure or lengthy production. As nomadic people, they had to have personal goods that were highly portable and necessarily utilitarian. An environment devoid of trees for fuel makes manufacturing difficult and the existing fuel, dried animal dung, is hardly the fuel of heavy industry.Prehistorically, Mongolia seems to have had human occupation as far back as 200,000 BC. As time and archaeological work progress, the prehistory of Mongolia will be filled in, but for now, we have to rely on the records of the Chinese who fought with tribes here during the 4th or 5th century BC. The Mongol history was written by their foes until the time of Genghis (Jenghis) Khan and always seems to describe the people as a warrior race against whom great
walls were built and fierce battles fought. One should remember that these are not wars of nations, but rather plundering raids by a variety of tribes who fought with one another as much as with the Chinese. The Chinese themselves were not a unified nation but rather a group of kingdoms. By 1000 AD, this area of the world with was beginning to form nations from the tribes and small kingdoms that had existed before. All that was needed for significant social upheaval was a leader with a vision and strength of arms to carry out the vision out. Temujin, later called Genghis (Jenghis) Khan. Who as a boy saw his father killed by a rival tribal group. Upon, escaping he began a long campaign of revenge. It is implied that from time to time Temujin was thwarted or abandoned by allies and made it a policy to trust only those who had proved their loyalty to him. In return for loyalty, men were given the opportunity to rise through the ranks and take positions of power and authority based on their military skill. Temujin was proclaimed Genghis (Jenghis) Khan in 1206, at the Mongolian capital Karakorum. Europe has a parallel leader to Genghis (Jenghis) Khan, Charles the Great (Charlemagne 771 to 814). Although his Frankish Empire did not compare in size to Genghis Khan’s, its policies of literacy, administration, commerce and cultural exchange mean as much to the West as the Mongol leader’s did to the East. In the past, as it is today, knowledge, information, intelligence or espionage—call it what you will—and an educated elite are the keys to defeating your enemies. Thus, these two men set up the infrastructure for two of the world’s great civilizations. Having united the Mongolian tribes, Genghis Khan began campaigns to expand his territory. The Mongols created an empire that held sway over all of central Asia, northern Europe, northern India, China and border areas like northern Vietnam and Japan. The sons, grandsons and heirs to his skills as an administrator and military tactician ruled all or part of his territory until about 1370, when they were driven out of Beijing. They finally were completely crushed in 1388, when they were driven out of Karakorum and defeated on the Kerulen.
Mongolia no longer plays a major role in world affairs but individual tribes have harassed the Chinese society right up to this century. After the Russian revolution, that the part of Mongolia officially called the Mongolian People’s Republic broke away from China and allied itself with Russia. During the next 70 years Mongolia followed the Russian form of communism. Th ose knowledgeable of Soviet history will have no trouble in following the modern history of Mongolia. The names are different but the policies are similar. The capital of Mongolia is Ulaan Baatar and has a population of about 600,000. The city is on the banks of the Tuul River at an elevation of 1,350 metres and at the foot of the Bogdo Ula which rises about 900 metres over the city. The city was founded in 1649 as a religious centre and later prospered due to the tea route between China and Russia. Ulaan Baatar is the centre of all the important facets of a modern nation. As an economic centre, it produces the traditional products of a pastoral agricultural society mentioned earlier. Its cultural significance is defined by the university, library and religious structures. It is the country’s transportation hub thanks to the presence of the Trans-Mongolian Railway connecting with Russia and China.The Mongolian nation is at a modern crossroads. Its former relationship with Russia has collapsed due to recent events. Trade has to be paid for with hard cash rather than barter and has resulted in trade dropping by over 60%. There are indications that the society is trying to achieve ethnic purity. Their two greatest protagonists, the Russians and the Chinese, have been harassed. Russians have been beaten up on the streets and the Chinese were largely expelled in the 1960’s. The small Chinese population that remains, keeps a low profile while being quite successful as businessmen in the new economy.As a traveler, heading into what appears to be a state in transition be aware of the ancient oriental curse—“May you live in interesting times.” Be careful traveling in the Far East, particularly in those nations that have been dominated be single party politics. These states often have had political police and are suspicious of foreigners. There are people who thoroughly enjoy Mongolia, because of the numerous challenges of traveling in a country so early in its
tourism industry. Others may find the adventure more arduous. Inform yourself before you travel here, get all the books you can and be prepare.BEST OF LUCK. A.W
HUNTING DINOSAURS Thousands, perhaps millions of children are captivated by the knowledge that 65 million years ago and beyond strange creatures roamed a very much different world. Windows to that world are few and far between but one of the best is found in southern Mongolia. The window to the past was opened by the expeditions of Roy Chapman Andrews in 1922,1923 and 1925 ending in 1928. During these years his team located and named Protoceratops andrewsi, Ovirapator philoceratops and the recently popular Velocirapator other fantastic finds were some of the oldest mammal bones ever to be found at that time. Politics and eventually war, including The Cold War ,saw an end to most North American expeditions to the fossil beds bed of Mongolia. However, other expeditions were undertaken during the 1940’s by the Soviet Union, the 1960’ and 70’s by the Polish, the 1980’s by the Canadians and now in the 1990’s by the Americans again. All these expeditions were supported by the Mongolian government of the day and it scientists. The area of significant interest is in southern Mongolia. Most North Americans know the area as the Flaming Cliffs. There are many sites in this region and they are hundreds of miles apart. The Flaming Cliffs is one of the areas in the east and is called Bayn Dzak. Other sites going westward are Tegrugeen Shireh, Khoobor, Tatal Gol, Ukhaa Tolgod, Khulsan, Ultan Ula, Bugin Tsav and Kheerman Tsav. Without a doubt more sites will be discovered here and to the south in northern China. There are many books about hunting dinosaurs in Mongolia a recent good read is Dinosaurs of the Flaming Cliffs by Michael Novacek, 1996. A.W.
TRAVEL INSIDE MONGOLIA Mongolia is a huge country, 1,560,000 sq. km. in area and paved roads are almost non-existent. Unfortunately, writing about travel within an third world country is problematic. I suggest that tourists use the internet the local library and professional travel agencies to advise them of local conditions. A.W.
WARNING REGARDING ROADS The lines purporting to show land communication routes within Mongolia MUST be regarded as unverified data. The map appears to indicate that Mongolia has a highly-developed road network. In reality, almost all the ‘roads’ shown are rutted tracks across the grassland, suitable for the occasional truck or 4x4 that dares to attempt to traverse the undulating prairie. Most of the lines that are parallel to other lines are ‘new’ tracks replacing ‘old’ tracks. Unfortunately, we have no way of knowing which are which; both show equally on aerial mapping. Without driving each track, it is impossible to determine its current status. Furthermore, as each track becomes more intensely used, it deteriorates through non-existent maintenance and spawns a parallel track. As Mongolia develops, a formal road network will come into existence. The only paved roads outside the urban areas are a 60 km stretch south of Ulaan Baator and the road north to Naushki on the Russian border. As one of the truly undeveloped nations, Mongolia remains a remote and largely inaccessible country. Regard these so-called roads with extreme caution. Washboards, collapsed bridges, severe potholes, mud baths, and unmarked dips and fords are common.
DISCLAIMER This map of Mongolia was an experiment in mapping a country using Adobe Illustrator. Researching this map has presented many challenges. Weller cartographic Services has been unable to determine a definite spelling for place names, so would appreciate assistance from travellers and scholars in replacing
errors with more commonly accepted spellings. Similarly, road/track information is unreliable. Existing reference maps are contradictory and incomplete. Does Hasagt (near Altay) really exist without some sort of track to it.? If so, where? Do the roads/tracks shown on this map really end where our available research information indicate? Logic says no, but where do they go? More importantly, do they exist? Are they usable? We are not sure. Please regard this map as a provisional map. It is better than anything else that is available, but we are very conscious of the weaknesses inherent in this map and respectfully request your patience and co-operation in providing details of information that will make this a much better map in its following editions. Corrections and suggested improvements can be sent to the cartographer, Angus Weller at [email protected] or a net search for Angus R. Weller, map-maker.com or travel-media.com) or the address in the copyright notice.
©Weller Cartographic Services Ltd.2960 Cosgrove Crescent,Nanaimo,British Columbia, Canada, V9S 3P8
DUÖRHANGAY
ARHANGAY
TÖV
BULGAN
HÖVSGÖL
SELENGE
HENTIY
SÜHBAATAR
DORNGOVI
DORNOD
DUNDGOVI
ÖMNÖGOVI
BAYANHONGOR
GOVI-ALTAY
HOVD
DZAVHAN
UVS
BAYAN-ÖLGIY
RUSSIA
CHINA
CHINA
RUSSIA CHINA
Unit
Hangal
Orhontuul
Büren Sant
ShaamarDzüünbüren
Tsagaannuur
Bayyangol
Dulaanhaan
Orhon
Ugtaaltsaydam
Dumda Urtaiin Bayshing
Bayan-Agt
Baligiin Hüryee
GurachiniiHüryee
Hutag
Mogod
Dzaama
Jargalant
BatsiimberBornuur
Dzüünharaa
Bayantsogt
Bayanchandmani
Songino
Abdar Bayan Suma
BayanbaraatBüren
Bayantsagaan
Deren
Delgertsgot
Tsagaan-Ovoo
Gurvansayhan
Luusrin Hural
Huld
Tsgt-Ovoo
Oldziyt
Hovsgo
Nalihin Dugang
Bayan OvooNomgom
Buyant-Ovoo
Bayan Dobo Suma
Sayhandulaan
Bayanjargalan
Har-ayragDalanjagalan
Sümber
Sümber Suma
Nilga Suma
Bayanjargalan
Bayanmönh
Darhan
Delgerhaan
Tsenharmandal
Möngönmorit
Yörööhoroo
Yöröö
Ust‘Kiran
Verkhniy Mangirtuy
Chikoy Polkanavo
Bol‘shoy Lug
Bilyutay
Yelan‘
Bichura
Menza Ukyr
Verkhniy Shergol‘dzhin
Arkhangel‘skaye
Maleta
Khonkholoy
Nikol‘sk
Kharauz
Bada
Glinka
Zhiokhegen Khushenge
Engorok Novosaliya
Tanga
Deshulan
Dul‘durga
Taptanay
ChindaleyTokchin
Tut-Khaltuy
Angi
Semiozer‘ye
Bal‘dzhikan
Shumunda
AltanTyrin
Mordoy
Kyra Khapcheranga
Ul‘khun-Partiya
Narasun Ubur-Tokhtor
Ureysk Aksha
Ulacha
Ust‘Ilya
Mogoytuy
Kubukhay
Zabaykal‘sky
Krasnyy Velikan
Klyuchevskoye
Khada-BulakBezrechnaya
Mirnaya
Tsagan-Ola
Ul‘durga
Usugli
Olekan
Olinsk
Zyul‘zyaStaryy Olov
Novoil‘insk
Komsomol‘skove
Ukurey
Verkhnyaya Kuenga
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Verkh-ChitaShishkino
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Telemba
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BurulyatuyKalanguy
Bukuka
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Margutsek
Kovyli
Soktuy-Milozan
Octyabr‘skiy
Priargunsk
Dosatuy
Talman-Borzya
Bol‘shoy Zerentuy
Tanya
Garnyy Zerentuy
Nerchinskiy Zovod
Gazimurskiy Zovod
Vershino-Shakhtaminskiy
Trubachevo
Olochi
Dono
Kalga
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KutugayAlexsandrovskiyZavodKurunzulay
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Bol‘shevik
BudulanGuney
Chindant Pervyy
Suduntuy
Aginskoye
Mogoytuy
Darasun
Tsokto-Khangil Nikolayevskoye
DoroninskoyeGorekatsan
Arta
Ulety
Drovyanaya
Alaksandrovka
Makkaveyevo
Tyrgetuy
Karon-Darasun
Losnoy Gorodok
Shebartuy Vtoroy
Yaarrikhino
Desinskiy
Shimbilik
Cheremkhove
Kharagun
Mikhaylovka
Petrovsk-Zabaykal‘skiy
TarbagatayBahaga
Noyopavlovka
Krasnyy Chikay
Malyy Kunaley
Novosretenka
Podlopatki
Tsolga
Sharalday
Tamir
Okino-KlyuchiLug
Okino-KlyuchiLug
Bol‘shaya Kudara
Jargolthaan
Mörön
Galshir
Gürentsogt
Bayandelger
Hongor
Haldzan
Ongon
Mönhhaan
Bayanterem
Darhanhaaon
Hondor Suma
Ulaan Dzuleg
Teregen Bayan Süme
Matad
Tamsagbulag
MongotrybaHalhïn Gol
Buhinhashïten Hudag
Moshuu Süme
Jargalant
Erdennetsagaan
Dzotol
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Gurvandzagal
Dashbalbar
Bayandun
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Tsagaan Ovoo
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Bayan-AdragaBinderBatshireet
Dadal
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Altanbulag
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Naban Tseriyn Guuiy Hüree
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Bugat
Tayhar Bayan Uul
JargalantIn-Uul
Telmen
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JARGALAN
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Chandmani
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Tayshir
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Hasagt
Bayan
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Subatga Hural
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Sayhan Bayan Suma
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Bayan Buuraliin Heryee
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Tünel
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Tsagaan-Üür
Chandmani-Öndör
Rinchinlhümbe
Bayondzürh
Eringiin Dugang
JargalantTsetserleg
Tuulant
Yiho Hujirtayn Hüryee
Rashaant
Altay
Bij Altay
Bij Tonhil
Darri
Gobi Honin Jsa Hudag
HATGAL
NALAYH
SÜHBAATAR
BULGAN
Tsakir
Utata
Sanaga
Yengorboy
VyarinoBaykal‘sk
Tibel‘tiBaykal
Tankhoy
Tashir
Nur-Tukhun
DzhidaDyrestuy
Ust‘KyakhtaKhoronkhoyBotsiy
Petropavlovka
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Borgoy
Khargalanta
Novoselenginsk
Gusinpozersk
Kharat
Kharazargay BayandayOl‘zony
Kosaya Step
Yelantsy
Kurtun
Meget
Kheyta
Tal‘yany
Zelenyye Gorki
Bugul‘deyka
KudaraKoma Unegetey
Zaigravevo
Novaya BryanIl‘ka
Novoil‘isnk
Tarbagaray
Khorinsk
Bulogansk
Konda
Sokhondo
Mogzon
Isinga
Sosnovo Ozerskoye
Komsomol‘skoye
Novokizhinginsk
KizhingaMogsokhon
Zagustay
Oyboni
UdinskTataurovoFofonovaBol‘shoyeKolesovo
Kika
Turka
Oymur
Bol‘shoyeGoloustnoye
MetoyeGoloustnove
Podkamennaya
Khomutovo
Shamanko
Belyy KlyuchVvedenskoye
TayurkaMikhaylovkaKas‘yanovka
Tel‘ma
Bol‘shaya Rechka
Kyren
Mondy
Gargana
Kungurtag
Chirgalandy
NarynErzin
Bay-Dag
Chagay
Bert-Dag
Khol‘Oozhu
Ush-Bel‘dir
Sorok
Orlik
Chazylar
Adyr-kezhig
Oyna
Okchary
Uzhep-AksyErzhey
Cherbi
KundustugBoyarovka
Saryg-Sep
Tselinnoye
Bay Khak
Cheder
Seserlig
Arzhaan
Verhneusinskoye
IdzhimKhut Sevi
EzhimChaakol
El‘ BazhiKara-TalBayan-Kol
Ust‘ Elegest
Bel‘beyBuren-Bay-Khaak
Vladimirovka
ShuurmakSamagaltay
Ak-Erik
Chal-Kezhig
Shara-Sur
Ust-Buren
ElegestKak
Torgalyg
Aryg-BazhyAryg-Uzyu
Bulun-TerekAk-Durug
Bazhyn-AlaakChyrao- Bazhy
Kuzhe-Baza
Kara-Khol‘Katu-Yaryk
Chodro
Yazula
Balyktuyul‘Kyzyl-Mazhalyk
Aldyn-BulakTeeli
Bay-Tal
Mugur-Aksy
Kyzyl-Khaya
Tashanta
KokoryaTebeler
Ortopyk
Chibit
Bel‘ti
Ergi-BarlykAyangaty
Khondelen
Karatoshskaya Zastava
Ak-Tal
Khara Khuzhar
Mol‘to
Borogol
Tory
Bystraya
Zun-Adag
Khamney
Mikhaylovka
Nizhnly
Torey
Oyer
ZAKAMENSK
BAYANGOL
SLYUDYANKAKULTUK
SELENDUMA
NAUSHKI
KYAKHTA
GUSINOYE OZERO
ONOKHOY
KHILOK
KABANSK
URIKZHARDOVNIK
MISHELEVKA
OYER
SVIRSK
UST‘ORDYNSKIY
SHELEKHOV
BABUSHKIN
KYZYL
TURAN
CHADAN
DON-TEREZIN
UST‘ULAGAN
KOSH AGACH
AK-DOVURAK
KHOVU-AKSY
SHAGONAR
OLOVYANNAYA
KARYMSKOYE
SHARANCHA
BALEY
SHILKASHILKA
NERCHINSK
SRETENSKVERSHINO-DARASUNSKIY
PERVOMAYSKIY
MAN‘KOV
MANKECHUR
ASIL‘YEVSKIY KHUTOR
BORZYA
KRANSNOKAMENSK
IRKUTSK
USOL‘YE SIRIRSKOYE
ULAN-UDE
ANGARSK
Han-min-chuang
Sarbulak
Ertai
Yü-an-hu
Jiangjunmiao
Tung-ch‘eng-k‘ou
Wu-lan-wu-suDashitou
Qijiaojing
Shih-ch‘üan-tzu
Ao-erh-t‘ang
Ta-shih-t‘ou
Qiktim
Yiwanquan
Ta-tzu-ch‘üan
Yen-tun
Shankou
Ya-man-su
Weiya
Yao-chan-tzu
Lo-t‘o-chüan-tzu
Ch‘in-ch‘eng
Mogoy
Lu-ts‘ao-kou Ha-la-shan-tan
Gongpoquan
Yeh-ma-chieh
Jiangjuntai
Yeh-ma-chingShibanjing
Lü-yüan
Pao-lu-wu-lo
Hung-liu-ko-ta
Sai-han-t‘ao-lai Ha-ta-t‘u Ta-lan-k‘a-pu
Cha-kan-ch‘a-chi
Po-pu-leng-hai
Tui-fu-ch‘un-kung-chungChien-li-miao
T‘ung-i-lung
Hu-tun-pu-lung
Pai-yen-hua
Hai-liu-t‘u
Tung-tao-la-hu-tung
K‘uo-lun-tien-li-su
Ch‘uan-ching
Ta-chi
Man-ta-la
Tergetiin Yihe
Wu-lan-su-mu-ho
Ta-ma-wang-miaa
Ha-le
Wu-lan-hua
Shaiin Süme
Shara Mörön Süme
Kung-chi-t‘ang-ti
T‘umu-erh-t‘ai
Hsin-pao-li-ko Loa-wang-miaoPei-lai-k‘a
Te-yen-ch‘ing-miaso
Kung-huiTa-tai-tzu-kou
K‘ung-chia-chuang
Kao-chia-ying
Han-k‘a-la-wa-su-muYeh-lieh
Po-erh-pei
No-erh-tu-kou-soCha-chia-ho-so
T‘un-k‘an-tui-ts‘un
Sai-han-t‘a-la
Hsi-li
Chu-jih-her
Wen-tu-erh-miaoP‘en-k‘o-wu-su
Ho-lao-ko-miao
T‘a-lai-chu-lung-su-mu
Wu-jih-yin-t‘a-la
Hu-ho-t‘ao-li-kai-miao Sha-erh-hu-tu-k‘o
Pai-yin-wu-la
Man-tu-la-t‘u
Hsin-hao-t‘e
Pa-yin-fo-k‘o
Pa-yin-su-mu
Ch‘a-han-su-mu
Hung-ko-erh
Lin-po-nit‘o
Kun-she-an-ta-an-su-mu
Tai-la-ma-su-mo
Qagan Nur
Ho-li-t‘u-su-mu
Wen-kung-huo-lo-erh-su-mu
Yu-sung-ko-erh
Qog Ul
Bayan Ul Hot
T‘o-i-lu-mu-yeh-la
Huqid Wanggin SumBayanbulag
Mi-sung-miao
Dashuiboluo
Ha-ko-mo-ssu-su-mu
Erh-lien-hao-t‘e
Wu-un-no-erh-su-ma
Pai-ying-miao
Baochang
Xiaohezi
Habiga
PingdingbuDatan
Xiaochang
Dushikou
Yunzhou
Chicheng
Longguan
Dongmao
Paisoa
Tuchengzi
Dage
Tanghekou
Hushiha
Erdaoying
Bugugau
Banijieta
Sijiazi
Tianyi
XiaochengziDayingzi
Yu-nan-ying-tzu
T‘ou-pa-huo
Ch‘uan-hsin-tien
Chang-hua-lin
GuangdegongXiwopu
Diyantu
HailsJo-she-la
Daban
Julqin
Subrag
Deyansuma
Unegt
Han Ul
Dut-Nur
Ulgai
Wu-erh-chi-ts‘un Holoboo Hushuu
Lubei
T‘a-li-pao-li-k‘a
Ma-la-k‘aHoroo
K‘u-lung-shan
Tul Mod
Kai-fa-t‘un
Hsin-an-t‘un
Hsin-an-t‘un
Ha-la-pa-la-t‘un
Man-chou
Wuchagou
Ha-ma-k‘o-tsa
Handgai
Chaor
T‘ien-ni-no-ts‘un
Orqanan
Xin Bulag Dong
Jabhlangt
Adun Qulu
Yimin
Monggon Qulu
Bayan Tohoi
Bayan Hure
Xabart
Na-chi
ShangkuliLabudalin
Yuanlin
Keyihe
Jinlin
Dalaigou
Hargant
Jalai Nur
Wu-ku-no-erh
Hai-min-ts‘ai-mu
Tul Mod
Nudam
T‘ai-pa-a-li
Pai-ch‘ati
Lingdong
T‘an-chia-wan
Erh-tao-ying-tzu
Pai-yin-p‘ao-tzu
Chiu-ching
Hsing-lung-ts‘un
Hongshan
Pai-yin-pan-kou-men
Jing peng
Ch‘ang-sheng-kou-men
T‘ao-lai-t‘u
Nailin
Liu-chia
Heishui
Shin-ta-fen
SanzuodianDachengzi
Longhua
Luanhe
Liugou
Gushanzi
Xiabancheng
Qinglong
Mutoudeng
Sihedang
Dachengzi
Heshangfangzi
Gubeikou
Zhongguan
Dund Hot
Pao-le-ken-t‘ao-haiChao-nai-men-su-mu
Sain Hudag
Hsia-wo-p‘u-ho-tungYü-chia-tien
Yudaokou
Shih-men-tzu
Bayan Gol
Cha-ko-ssu-t‘ai
Chia-kan-no-erh
La-erh-han-su-mu
Sai-han-wu-li-chiCh‘e-le t‘u-miaa
Ch‘a-kan-wu-su
Hsing-hoCh‘i-hsia-ying
K‘o-pu-erh
Chiao-t‘ang-ti
Nan-hao-ch‘ien
Ta-ch‘ing-kou
Ch‘a-han-ao-pao
Tsagaan Bulag Ayr
WU YÜAN
PALYÜN-O-PO
PAI-LING-MIAO
SHANG-TU
DUOLUN
LINGYUAN
CHIFENG
CH‘A-HAN-NAO-ERH
ULIASTAI
XILINHOT
CHANG-PEI
WAN-EH‘ÜAN
HUA-TE
K‘ANG-PAO
Lao-hsi-miao
Ts‘un-ching-ch‘a-nu-tou-erh-ti-fang
Shibanjing
Yiwu
Quinshan
Fan-fang-kou
Santanghu
K‘o-lao-erh-ou-la-k‘oShih-wu-li-chuang-tzu
Hung-liu-ho
Hongliuyuan
Yao-chan-tzu
Ma-ling-ching
Ta-ch‘üan-tzu-chingLIUYUAN
ShisanjianfangSan-chien-fang
Ai-ai-ssu
Sheng-chin-t‘ai
Ssu-shih-li-tunSan-hsi
Ts‘ai-tsu-ti
Loa-chun-miao
Chih-fang
K‘o-k‘t‘o-hai
Ha-Ja-ch‘un-k‘o
Karatünggü
Wu-li-ya-ssu-t‘ai
Qinghe
ALTAY
FUYUN
MORI
BARKOL
LIUSHUQUAN
SHANSHAN
AMGALANG
ALTAN EMEL
MANZHOLIMIANDUNE
ERGUI ZUOQI
TULINE
YETULIHEGEN HE
DEBUR
BUGT
QITAI
HAMI
CHI-NING
CHANG-CHIA-K‘OU
CHENGDE
HSÜAN-HUA
YAKESHI
HAILAR
ULIASTAY
HOVD
ULAANGOM
ÖLGIY
ALTAY
TSETSERLEG
MÖRÖN
BULGAN
ARVAYHEER
DALANDZADGAD
SAYNSHAND
MANDALGOVI
DZUUNMOD
DARHAN
CHOYBABAN SUMA
ÖNDÖRHAAN
BARUUN-URT
ULAAN BAATAR(ULAN BATOR)
87° 52°N 90° 93° 96° 99° 53°N 102° 105° 108° 111° 114° 117° 120° 52°N
51°
50°
49°
48°
47°
46°
45°
44°
43°
42°
41°
117°114°111°108°105°102°99°96°93° 41°N 41°N
123°53°N
OzeroTeletskoye
UusNuur
Tesiyn Gol
Tesiyn Gol
Shishid Gol
Tes-Khem
HyargasNuur
OrögNuur
Hovd G
ol
AchitNuur
HorgonNuur
DayanNuur
HavasNuur
Ulungar He
Hüngüy GolHarNuur
Sang‘ynDalayNuur
Telman Nuur
HövsgölNuur
OzeroBaykal
Tsöh Gol
Tuul
Gol
Haruuhï
n Gol
Tuul
Gol
DörgönNuur
Dzayhan Gol
Beger Nuur
Bayd
rag
Gol
Tüyn
Gol
Orhon Gol
Ongiyn Gol
Hoyt Tamir Gol
Bööntsagaan Nuur
TsagaanNuur
Chulysh
man
Bashkaus Böh Mörön Gol
Sögoongiyn
Hovd G
ol
Hangiltsag Gol
OrogNuur
UlaanNuur
Ka-shunNor Erh
Su-KuNor Erh
Wu-chia Ho
Delger Mörön
Selenge Mörön
YahinGovi
OzeroBarun-Torey
OzeroZun-Torey
Onon
Ingod
a
Khilok
Selen
ga
Selenga
Chikoy
Uda
Uldz G
ol
Onon Gol
Hu-lunHu
Shika
Ken Ho
Argu
nO
-erh-k
u-no
Ho
BuyrNuur
Halhin Gol
Chi-lui Ho
KURAYSKIY
KHREBET
ALTAI MOUNTAINS
PEI-T’A SHAN
TURGEL UUL
KHREBET SENGILEN
ULAA
N T
AYG
A
HORDIL S
ARIDAG KHREBET K
HAMAR-DABAN
BÜTEE
LIYN N
URUU
BÜRENGIYN NURU
U
HENTIY
N NURU
U
BULNAYN NURUU
TEREKTINSKIY
KHREBET
(physical detailincomplete)
KHREBET VOSTOCHNYY TANNU OLIA
BÜSHAYRHAN
TAHIYN SHAR NUUR AJ BOGD UUL
ATAS BOGD
TSAGAAH BOGD UUL
EDRENGIYN NURUU
TAYSHIRÏN UUL
BAYAN TSAGAAN UULIH BOGD UUL
ARIS BOGD UUL
HASAGT HAYRHAN
UUL
HANGHÖHIY UUL
BAGABOGD UUL
TOST UUL
NEMEGT UUL
GOVI ALTAYN NURUU
G O B I D E S E R T
I N N E R M O N G L I A N P L A T E A U
DARIGAN
GÏN
TALARHAG GAZAR
MENENGIJN TAL
EREE
N OAV
AANI N
URUU
MALKHANSKIY KHREBET
KHREBET
ULAN-BURGASY
BORSHCHOVOCHNYY KHREBET
TA-H
SIN
G-A
N L
ING
•(Dinosaur Excavations)Gobi Desert Camp
TRANS
MONGOLIAN
RAILWAY
WALL
WALL
OF
GHENGISKHAN
WALLS IN RUINS
GREAT WALLOF CHINA
WALL OF GHENGIS KHAN
KARAKORUM•
LEGEND
Government Embassy Education Transportation Hotels Sites of Interest Railway
0 250 500
metres© Weller Cartographic
Services Ltd.
ULAAN BAATAR(ULAN BATOR)
Race Track
SwimmingPoolSanatorium
Stadium
Circus
Railway Station
to Airp
ort and
Indust
rial
area
Drama Theatre
Foreign Ministry Ulaan BaatarMuseum
Palace of Sport
University
Sukh-BaatarSquare
Bookstore
Theatre
RevolutionaryMuseum
ArtsMuseum
ManduhaiHotel
Shur YurtHotel
GandanMonastery
GesperTemple
Mrgjed JanraiSegu Temple
Central BankMIAT Airlines
GovernmentPalace
Hospital
Lenin Monument
AlyaiHotel
Zaluuchuud Hotel
Ulaan BaatarHotel
BritishEmbassy
U.S.Embassy
PolishEmbassy
ChineseEmbassy
Genghis KhanHoliday Inn
Soviet Embassy
GermanEmbassy
Post Office
TV Centre
Acadamy of Scienceand Library Choyjin Lama Temple
Wedding PalaceNatsagdori Memorial
Exhibition Hall
Bayangol Hotel
Soviet TankMonument
Winter PalaceMuseum ofBogd-Khan
Big Ring
Smal
l Rin
g
Small Ring
University
St.
Big Ring
Big
Ring
Big
Ring
Shum
yatsh
i St.
Constitu
tioni St.
Gagarin
St.Hhasbaatar St.
Big Ring
Big Ring
Gorhi Ave.
Peace Ave.
Peace Ave.
October St.
Sambuu St.
Sambuu St.
Lenin Ave.
40 Year October St.
Leni
n A
ve.
Engel
sA
ve.
Marx
Ave.
MONGOLIA
1:3,000,000Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
Hypsometric tint for altitude in metres
Capital Provincial Capital Major Urban Area Minor Urban Area Population over 100,000 Population 30,000-100,000 Population 10,000-30,000 Population under 10,000
Railways Motor Highways and Roads Main Roads (probably fair-weather road or track)
Other roads (probably poor quality road or track)
International Boundaries Provincial Boundaries
Airports with hard surface of 900 metres
Heights in metres
Sites of Interest Ancient Walls
0
300-600 600-1,200 1,200-2,000 2,000-3,0000-300 3,000-4,000
0 50 100 150 200 250 miles
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 kilometres
in depressionsonly
Shaamar
KYAKHTA
DARHAN
ULAAN BAATAR
•KARAKORUM
+4374
+4374
3994+
3804+
+3776
+3850
+3752
4109+
+4353
THE REGIONAL GUIDE AND MAPOF
Mongolia
Mongolia
Weller 13101
WELLER CARTOGRAPHIC SERVICES LTD.’S
Other Asian titles created byWeller Cartographic Services Ltd. are
Tokyo, Shanghaiand Beijing
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Mountain High Maps™Copyright © 1993 Digital Wisdom, Inc.additional painting by Weller Cartographic Services Ltd.
Ruo
Shui
Huang He
Chang Jiang
Gan
Hong
Mekong
Salw
een
Song
hua
Amur
Kerulen
Yu Jiang
CHINA
INDIA
BURMA
THAILAND
LAOS
VIETNAM
MACAU HONG KONG
PHILIPPINES
TAIWAN
SOUTHKOREA
NORTHKOREA
MONGOLIA
RUSSIA
Hamhung
Xining
Lanzhou
Yinchuan
Irkutsk
Kyakhta
Ulaanbaatar
Blagoveshchensk Khabarovsk
Qiqihar
Harbin Mudanjiang
VladivostokJilinChangchun
Ch’ongjinTonghuaFushun
Jinzhou
ShenyangAnshan
WonsanP’yongyang
SeoulInch’onTaegu
Kwangju
Dalian
Chifeng
Choybalsan
Saynshand
Baotou Beijing Tianjin
ShijiazhuangWeihai
Qingdao Taiyuan
Jinan Zibo
Tai’an
Zaozhuang Zhengzhou
LuoyangXuzhou
Chengdu
Xi’an
Yichang
Leshan Chongqing
Luzhou
Xiaguan
Kunming
Guiyang
Changsha
Hengyang
Wuhan
HuainanNanjing Nantong
Shanghai
Shaoxing
Hangzhou
WenzhouShangrao
NanchangLinchuan
Nanping FuzhouTaipei
Kaohsiung
XiamenZhangzhouLiuzhou
Guangzhou Shantou
Kowloon
Aparri
Vigan
Zhanjiang
Haikou
Nanning
Pingxiang
Haiphong
Vinh
Gejiu
Hanoi
Louang Prabang
Lashio
Chiang Mai
Vientiane
105°
50°
110° 120°
40°
100° 110°
115°
20°
120°
45°
35°
30°
25°
105°
30°
35°
40°
45°
115°
125° 130°
20°
25°
100°95° 135°
Tropic of Cancer
Although every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this map is up to date and accurate, the author and publisher can accept no liability for the consequence of any
mistake or error in content or representation.We would gratefully receive information concerning errors or omissions. Please contact the
publisher with changes.
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