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PROCEEDINGS OF THE
XIVth INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS
GLASGOW 2009
Edited by
Nicholas Holmes
GLASGOW 2011
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All rights reserved byThe International Numismatic Council
ISBN 978-1-907427-17-6
Distributed by Spink & Son Ltd, 69 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4ET
Printed and bound in Malta by Gutenberg Press Ltd.
International Numismatic Council
British Academy
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE
XIV th INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS
GLASGOW 2009
I
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PrefaceEditor’s note
Inaugural lecture
‘A foreigner’s view of the coinage of Scotland’, by Nicholas MAYHEW
Antiquity: Greek
I Delfini (distribuzione, associazioni, valenza simbolica), by Pasquale APOLITO
Lessons from a (bronze) die study, by Donald T. ARIEL
Le monete incuse a leggenda Pal-Mol : una verifica della documentazione
disponibile, by Marta BARBATO
Up-to-date survey of the silver coinage of the Nabatean king Aretas IV, by RachelBARKAY
Remarks on monetary circulation in the chora of Olbia Pontica – the case ofKoshary, by Jarosław BODZEK
The ‘colts’ of Corinth revisited: a note on Corinthian drachms from Ravel’sPeriod V, by Lee L. BRICE
Not only art! The period of the ‘signing masters’ and ‘historical iconography’,by Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO
Les monnaies pr éromaines de BB’T-BAB(B)A de Mauretanie, by LaurentCALLEGARIN & Abdelaziz EL KHAYARI
Mode iconografiche e determinazioni delle cronologie nell’occidente ellenistico,by Benedetto CARROCCIO
La phase postarcha ï que du monnayage de Massalia, by Jean-AlbertCHEVILLON
A new thesis for Siglos and Dareikos, by Nicolas A. CORFÙ
Heroic cults in northern Sicily between numismatics and archaeology, byAntonio CRISÀ
La politica estera tolemaica e l’area del Mar Nero: l’iconografia numismaticacome fonte storica, by Angela D’ARRIGO
1819
23
35
42
48
52
58
67
73
81
89
97
105
114
123
CONTENTS
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CONTENTS2
New light on the Larnaca hoard IGCH 1272, by Anne DESTROOPER-GEORGIADES
The coinage of the Scythian kings in the West Pontic area: iconography, by Dimitar DRAGANOV
The ‘royal archer’ and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian iconography in theSeleukid Empire, by Kyle ERICKSON & Nicholas L. WRIGHT
ὖ ὰ ῖ ῖ . Retour sur les critères quidéfinissent habituellement les ‘imitations’ Athéniennes, by Chr. FLAMENT
On the gold coinage of ancient Chersonese (46-133 AD), by N.A. FROLOVA
Propaganda on coins of Ptolemaic queens, by Agnieszka FULIŃSKA
Osservazioni sui rinvenimenti di monete dagli scavi archeologici dell’anticaCaulonia, by Giorgia GARGANO
La circulation monétaire à Argos d’apr ès les monnaies de fouille de l’ÉFA(École française d’Athènes), by Catherine GRANDJEAN
Silver denominations and standards of the Bosporan cities, by JeanHOURMOUZIADIS
Seleucid ‘eagles’ from Tyre and Sidon: preliminary results of a die-study, byPanagiotis P. IOSSIF
Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris: evidence for circulation?, by J. KAGAN
Parion history from coins, by Vedat KELEŞ
Regional mythology: the meanings of satyrs on Greek coins, by Ann-MarieKNOBLAUCH
The chronology of the Hellenistic coins of Thessaloniki, Pella and Amphipolis,by Theodoros KOUREMPANAS
The coinage of Chios during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, by Constantine LAGOS
Évidence numismatique de l’existence d’Antioche en Troade, by Dincer SavasLENGER
131
140
163
170
178
184
189
199
203
213
230
237
246
251
259
265
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CONTENTS 3
Hallazgo de un conjunto monetal de Gadir en la necr ó polis Feno-Púnica delos cuarteles de Varela, Cádiz, España, by Urbano LÓPEZ RUIZ & Ana Mar í aRUIZ TINOCO
Gold and silver weight standards in fourth-century Cyprus: a resume, by Evangeline MARKOU
Göttliche Herrscherin – herrschende Göttin? Frauenbildnisse auf hellenistischenMünzen, by Katharina MARTIN
Melkart-Herakles y sus distintas advocaciones en la Bética costera, by ElenaMORENO PULIDO
Some remarks concerning the gold coins with the legend ‘ΚΟΣΩΝ’, by LucianMUNTEANU
‘Une monnaie grecque inédite: un triobole d’Argos en Argolide’, by EleniPAPAEFTHYMIOU
The coinage of the Paeonian kings Leon and Dropion, by Eftimija PAVLOVSKA
Le tr ésor des monnaies perses d’or trouvé à Argamum / Orgamé (Jurilovca, dép.de Tulcea, Roumanie), by E. PETAC, G. TALMAŢCHI & V. IONIŢĂ
The imitations of late Thasian tetradrachms: chronology, classification anddating, by Ilya S. PROKOPOV
Moneta e discorso politico: emissioni monetarie in Cirenaica tra il 321 e il 258a.C., by Daniela Bessa PUCCINI
Tesoros sertorianos en España: problemas y nuevas perspectivas, by IsabelRODRÍGUEZ CASANOVA
‘Ninfa’ eponima grande dea? Caratteri e funzioni delle personificazioni cittadine,by Grazia SALAMONE
The coin finds from Hellenistic and Roman Berytas (fourth century BC – thirdcentury AD, by Ziad SAWAYA
Monetazione incusa magnogreca: destinazione e funzioni, by Rosa SCAVINO
Uso della moneta presso gli indigeni della Sicilia centro-meridionale, by LaviniaSOLE
La moneta di Sibari: struttura e metrologia, by Emanuela SPAGNOLI
269
280
285
293
304
310
319
331
337
350
357
365
376
382
393
405
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CONTENTS4
Le stephanophoroi prima delle stephanophoroi, by Marianna SPINELLI
Weight adjustment al marco in antiquity, and the Athenian decadrachm, by CliveSTANNARD
The Magnesian hoard: a preliminary report, by Oğuz TEKIN
Zur Datierung und Deutung der Beizeichen auf Stateren von Górtyn, by Burkhard TRAEGER
Aspetti della circolazione monetaria in area basso adriatica, by AdrianaTRAVAGLINI & Valeria Giulia CAMILLERI
La polisemia di Apollo attraverso il documento monetale, by Maria DanielaTRIFIRÒ
Thraco-Macedonian coins: the evidence from the hoards, by Alexandros R.A.TZAMALIS
The pattern of findspots of coins of Damastion: a clue to its location, by Dubravka UJES MORGAN
The civic bronze coins of the Eleans: some preliminary remarks, by FranckWOJAN
The hoard of Cyzicenes from the settlement of Patraeus (Taman peninsula), by E.V. ZAKHAROV
Antiquity: Roman
The coinage of Diva Faustina I, by Martin BECKMANN
Coin finds from the Dutch province of North-Holland (Noord-Holland).Chronological and geographical distribution and function of Roman coins fromthe Dutch part of Barbaricum, by Paul BELIËN
The key to the Varus defeat: the Roman coin finds from Kalkriese, by FrankBERGER
Monetary circulation in the Bosporan Kingdom in the Roman period c. first -fourth century AD, by Line BJERG
The Roman coin hoards of the second century AD found on the territory of present-day Serbia: the reasons for their burial, by Bojana BORIĆ-BREŠKOVIĆ
417
427
436
441
447
461
473
487
497
500
509
514
527
533
538
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CONTENTS 5
Die Münzpr ägung des Thessalischen Bundes von Marcus Aurelius bis Gallienus(161-268 n. Chr.), by Friedrich BURRER
The denarius in the first century, by K. BUTCHER & M. PONTING
Coinage and coin circulation in Nicopolis of Epirus: a preliminary report, by Dario CALOMINO
La piazza porticata di Egnazia: la documentazione numismatica, by RaffaellaCASSANO, Adriana TRAVAGLINI & Alessandro CRISPINO
Dallo scavo al museo: un ripostiglio monetale di età antonina del IV municipiodi Roma (Italia), by Francesca CECI
I rinvenimenti dal Tevere: la monetazione della Diva Faustina, by AlessiaCHIAPPINI
Analytical evidence for the organization of the Alexandrian mint during theTetrarchy (III-IV centuries AD), by J.M.COMPANA, L. LEÓN-REINA, F.J.FORTES, L.M. CABALÍN, J.J. LASERNA, & M.A.G. ARANDA
L’Oriente Ligoriano: fonti, luoghi, mirabilia, by Arianna D’OTTONE
Le emissioni isiache: quale rapporto con il navigium Isidis?, by Sabrina DEPACE
A centre of aes rude production in southern Etruria : La Castellina
(Civitavecchia, Roma), by Almudena DOMÍNGUEZ-ARRANZ & Jean GRAN-AYMERICH
Perseus and Andromeda in Alexandria: explaining the popularity of the myth inthe culture of the Roman Empire, by Melissa Barden DOWLING
Les fractions du nummus frappées à Rome et à Ostie sous le r ègne de Maxence(306-312 ap. J.C.), by V. DROST
Monuments on the move: architectural coin types and audience targeting in theFlavian and Trajanic periods, by Nathan T. ELKINS
‘The restoration of memory: Minucius and his monument’ by Jane DeRoseEVANS
La circulation monétaire à Lyon de la fondation de la colonie à la mort deSeptime Sévère (43 av. – 211 apr. J.C.): premiers résultats, by Jonas FLUCK
545
557
569
576
580
592
595
605
613
621
629
635
645
657
662
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CONTENTS6
Le monnayage en orichalque romain: apport des expérimentations auxétudes numismatiques, by Arwen GAFFIERO, Arnaud SUSPÈNE, FlorianTÉREYGEOL & Bernard GRATUZE
New coins of pre- and denarial system minted outside Italy, by Paz GARCÍA-BELLIDO
Les bronzes d’Octave à la proue et à la tête de bélier (RPC 533) attribués àToulouse-Tolosa: nouvelles découvertes, by Vincent GENEVIÈVE
Crustumerium, Cisterna Grande (Rome, Italy): textile traces from a Romancoins hoard, by Maria Rita GIULIANI, Ida Anna RAPINESI, Francesco DIGENNARO, Daniela FERRO, Heli ARIMA, Ulla RAJANA & Francesca CECI
Deux médaillons d’Antonin le Pieux du territoire de Pautalia (Thrace), by Valentina GRIGOROVA-GENCHEVA
Mars and Venus on Roman imperial coinage in the time of Marcus Aurelius:iconological considerations with special reference to the emperor’scorrespondence with Marcus Cornelius Fronto, by Jürgen HAMER
The silver coins of Aegeae in the light of Hadrian’s eastern silver coinages, by F.HAYMANN
The coin-images of the later soldier-emperors and the creation of a Romanempire of late antiquity, by Ragnar HEDLUND
Coinage and currency in ancient Pompeii, by Richard HOBBS
Imitations in gold, by Helle W. HORSNÆS
Un geste de Caracalla sur une monnaie frappée à Pergame, by Antony HOSTEIN
New data on monetary circulation in northern Illyricum in the fifth century, by Vujadin IVANIŠEVIĆ & Sonja STAMENKOVIĆ
Die augusteischen Münzmeisterpr ägungen: IIIviri monetales im Spannungsfeldzwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit, by Alexa KÜTER
Imperial representation during the reign of Valentinian III, by Aládar KUUN
The Nome coins: some remarks on the state of research, by Katarzyna LACH
Le monnayage de Brutus et Cassius a pr ès la mort de César, by RaphaëlleLAIGNOUX
668
676
686
696
709
715
720
726
732
742
749
757
765
772
780
785
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CONTENTS 7
L’ultima emissione di Cesare Ottaviano: alcune considerazioni sulle recenti proposte cronologiche, by Fabiana LANNA
Claudius’s issue of silver drachmas in Alexandria: Serapis Anastole, by BarbaraLICHOCKA
La chronologie des émissions monétaires de Claude II: ateliers de Milan etSiscia, by Jérôme MAIRAT
La circulation monétaire à Strasbourg (France) et sur le Rhin supérieur aupremier siècle après J.-C., by Stéphane MARTIN
The double solidus of Magnentius, by Alenka MIŠKEC
A hoard of bronze coins of the third century BC found at Pratica di Mare(Rome), by Maria Cristina MOLINARI
Un conjunto de plomos monetiformes de procendencia hispana de la colecciónantigua del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid), by Bartolomé MORASERRANO
Monete e ritualitá funeraria in epoca romana imperiale: il sepolcreto dei Fadieni (Ferrara – Italia), by Anna Lina MORELLI
Il database Monete al femminile, by Anna Lina MORELLI & Erica FILIPPINI
La trouvaille monétaire de Bex-Sous-Vent (VD, Suisse): une nouvelle analyse,
by Yves MUHLEMANN
Die Sammlung von Lokalmythen griechischer Städte des Ostens: ein Projekt derKommission f ür alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, by Johannes NOLLÉ
Plomos monetiformes con leyenda ibérica Baitolo, hallados en la ciudad romanade Baetulo (Hispania Tarraconensis), by Pepita PADRÓS MARTÍ, DanielVÁZQUEZ & Francesc ANTEQUERA
I denari serrati della repubblica romana: alcune considerazioni, by AndreaPANCOTTI & Patrizia CALABRIA
Monetary circulation in late antique Rome: a fifth-century context coming fromthe N.E. slope of the Palatine Hill. A preliminary report, by Giacomo PARDINI
Securitas e suoi attributi: lo sviluppo di una iconografia, by Rossella PERA
Could the unof ficial mint called ‘Atelier II’ be identified with the of ficinae ofChâteaubleau (France)?, by Fabien PILON
794
800
809
816
822
828
839
846
856
864
872
878
888
893
901
906
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CONTENTS8
Coin finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Cilicia Tracheia), by Annalisa POLOSA
El poblamiento romano en el área del Mar Menor (Ager Carthaginensis): unaaproximación a partir de los recientes hallazgos numismáticos, by AlfredoPORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Elvira NAVARRO SANTA-CRUZ
The presence of local deities on Roman Palestinian coins: reflections oncultural and religious interaction between Romans and local elites, by VagnerCarvalheiro PORTO
The male couple: iconography and semantics, by Mariangela PUGLISI
Countermarks on the Republican and Augustan brass coins in the south-easternAlps, by Andrej RANT
A stone thesaurus with a votive coin deposit found in the sanctuary of Campo
della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsinii), by Samuele RANUCCI
L’image du pouvoir impériale de Trajan et son évolution idéologique: étude desfrappes monétaires aux types d’Hercule, Jupiter et Soleil, by Laurent RICCARDI
The inflow of Roman coins to the east-of-the-Vistula Mazovia ( Mazowsze) andPodlachia ( Podlasie), by Andrzej ROMANOWSKI
Numismatics and archaeology in Rome: the finds from the Basilica Hilariana,by Alessia ROVELLI
Communicating a consecratio: the deification coinage of Faustina I, by ClareROWAN
An alleged hoard of third-century Alexandrian tetradrachms, by Adriano SAVIO& Alessandro CAVAGNA
Some notes on religious embodiments in the coinage of Roman Syria andMesopotamia, by Philipp SCHWINGHAMMER
Roman provincial coins in the money circulation of the south-eastern Alpinearea and western Pannonia, by Andrej ŠEMROV
Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (1): introduzione, by Patrizia SERAFIN
Recenti rinvenimenti dal Tevere (2): la moneta di Vespasiano tra tradizione edinnovazione, by Alessandra SERRA
A hoard of denarii and early Roman Messene, by Kleanthis SIDIROPOULOS
911
916
926
933
941
954
964
973
983
991
999
1004
1013
1019
1020
1025
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CONTENTS 9
La ‘corona radiata’ sui ritratti dei bronzi imperiali alessandrini, by GiovanniMaria STAFFIERI
The iconography of two groups of struck lead from Central Italy and Baetica inthe second and first centuries BC, by Clive STANNARD
Monete della zecca di Frentrum, Larinum e Pallanum, by Napoleone STELLUTI
Personalized victory on coins: the Year of the Four Emperors – Greek imperialissues, by Yannis STOYAS
Les monnaies d’or d’Auguste: l’apport des analyses élémentaires et le problèmede l’atelier de N î mes, by Arnaud SUSPÈNE, Maryse BLET-LEMARQUAND &Michel AMANDRY
The popularity of the enthroned type of Asclepius on Peloponnesian coins of
imperial times, by Christina TSAGKALIA
Gold and silver first tetrarchic issues from the mint of Alexandria, by D. ScottVANHORN
Note sulla circolazione monetaria in Etruria meridionale nel III secolo a.C., byDaniela WILLIAMS
Roman coins from the western part of West Balt territory, by Anna ZAPOLSKA
Antiquity: Celtic
La moneda ibérica del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior : consideraciones sobresu cronologí a y función, by Marta CAMPO
Les bronzes à la gueule de loup du Berry: essai de typochronologie, by PhilippeCHARNOTET
Les imitations de l’obole de Marseille de LTD1/LTD2A (IIe s. / Ier s. av. J.C.)entre les massifs des Alpes et du Jura, by Anne GEISER
Le monnayage à la légende TOGIRIX: une nouvelle approche, by Anne GEISER& Julia GENECHESI
Trading with silver bullion during the third century BC: the hoard of Armuña deTajuña, by Manuel GOZALBES, Gonzalo CORES & Pere Pau RIPOLLÈS
Données expérimentales sur la fabrication de quinaires gaulois fourrés, by Katherine GRUEL, Dominique LACOSTE, Carole FRARESSO, MichelPERNOT & François ALLIER
1037
1045
1056
1067
1073
1082
1092
1103
1115
1135
1142
1148
1155
1165
1173
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CONTENTS10
Pre-Roman coins from Sotin, by Mato ILKIĆ
Les monnaies gauloises trouvées à Paris, by Sté phane MARTIN
Die keltischen Münzen vom Oberleiserberg (Nieder österreich), by Jiři MILITKÝ
New coin finds from the two late Iron Age settlements of Altenburg (Germany)and Rheinau (Switzerland) – a military coin series on the German-Swiss border?,by Michael NICK
Le dépôt monétaire gaulois de Laniscat (Côtes-d’Armor): 547 monnaies de bastitre. Étude préliminaire, by Sylvia NIETO-PELLETIER, Bernard GRATUZE &Gérard AUBIN
Antiquity: general
La moneda en el mundo funerario-ritual de Gadir-Gades, by A. AR ÉVALOGONZÁLEZ
Neues Licht auf eine alte Frage? Die Verwandschaft von Münzen und Gemmen,by Angela BERTHOLD
Tipi del cane e del lupo sulle monete del Mediterraneo antico, by AlessandraBOTTARI
Not all these things are easy to read, much less to understand: new approaches toreading images on ancient coins, by Geraldine CHIMIRRI-RUSSELL
The collection of ancient coins in the Ossoliński National Institute in Lvov(1828-1944), by Adam DEGLER
Preliminary notes on Phoenician and Punic coins kept in the Pushkin Museum,by S. KOVALENKO & L.I. MANFREDI
Greek coins from the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro: SNG project, by Marici Martins MAGALHÃES
La catalogazione delle emissioni di Commodo nel Codice Ligoriano, by RosaMaria NICOLAI
The sacred life of coins: cult fees, sacred law and numismatic evidence, by Isabelle A. PAFFORD
Anton Prokesch-Osten and the Greek coins of the coin collection at theUniversalmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Austria, by Karl PEITLER
1182
1191
1198
1207
1218
1231
1240
1247
1254
1261
1266
1278
1292
1303
1310
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CONTENTS 11
Monete ed anelli: cronologia, tipologie, fruitori, by Claudia PERASSI
Il volume 21 delle Antichit á Romane di Pirro Ligorio ‘Libri delle Medaglie daCesare a Marco Aurelio Commodo’ , by Patrizia SERAFIN
Greek and Roman coins in the collection of the Çorum Museum, by D. ÖzlemYALCIN
Mediaeval and modern western (mediaeval)
The exchanges in the city of London, 1344-1358, by Martin ALLEN
Fribourg en Nuithonie: faciès monétaire d’une petite ville au centre de l’Europe,by Anne-Francine AUBERSON
Die Pegauer Brakteatenpr ägung Abt Siegfrieds von Rekkin (1185-1223):
Kriterien zu deren chronologischer Einordnung, by Jan-Erik BECKER
Die recutting in the eleventh-century Polish coinage, by Mateusz BOGUCKI
Le retour à l’or au treizième siècle: le cas de Montpellier (...1244-1246...), by Marc BOMPAIRE & Pierre-Joan BERNARD
Le monete a leggenda ΠAN e le emissioni arabo-bizantine. I dati dello scavo diAntinoupolis / El Sheikh Abada, by Daniele CASTRIZIO
Scavi di Privernum e Fossanova (Latina, Italia): monete tardoantiche,
medioevale e moderne, by Francesca CECI & Margherita CANCELLIERI
La aportación de los hallazgos monetarios a ‘la crisis del siglo XIV’ en Cataluña,by Maria CLUA I MERCADAL
Norwegian bracteates during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by Linn EIKJE
Donative pennies in Viking-age Scandinavia?, by Fr édéric ELFVER
Carolingian capitularies as a source for the monetary history of the Frankishempire, by Hubert EMMERIG
Ulf Candidatus, by G. EMSØY
Münzen des Moskauer Grossf ürstentums. Das Geld von Dmitrij IvanowitschDonskoj (1359-1389) (ü ber die Ver öffentlichung der ersten Ausgabe des ‘Korpusder russischen Münzen des 14-15. Jhs.’), by P. GAIDUKOV & I. GRISHIN
1323
1334
1344
1355
1360
1372
1382
1392
1401
1408
1411
1418
1426
1431
1436
1441
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CONTENTS12
Brakteatenpr ägungen in Mähren in der zweiten Hälfte des dreizehntenJahrhunderts, by Dagmar GROSSMANNOVÁ Monetisation in medieval Scandinavia, by Svein H. GULLBEKK
A mancus apparently marked on behalf of King Offa: genuine or fake?, by Wolfgang HAHN
Among farmers and city people: coin use in early medieval Denmark, c. 1000-1250, by Gitte Tarnow INGVARDSON
Was pseudo-Byzantine coinage primarily of municipal origin?, by CharlieKARUKSTIS
Interpreting single finds in medieval England – the secondary lives of coins, byRichard KELLEHER
Byzantine coins from the area of Belarus, by Krystyna LAVYSH & MarcinWOŁOSZYN
Die fr üheste Darstellung des Richters auf einer mittelalterlicher Münze?, by IvarLEIMUS
Coinage and money in the ‘years of insecurity’: the case of late ByzantineChalkidiki (thirteenth - fourteenth century), by Vangelis MALADAKIS
Nota sulla circolazione monetaria tardoantica nel Lazio meridionale: i reperti di
S. Ilario ad bivium, by Flavia MARANI
The money of the First Crusade: the evidence of a new parcel and itsimplications, by Michael MATZKE
Ü berlegungen zum ‘Habsburger Urbar’ als Quelle f ür Währungsgeschichte, by Samuel NUSSBAUM
Schilling Kennisbergisch slages of Grand Master Louis of Ehrlichshausen, by Borys PASZKIEWICZ
Un diner de Jaime I el conquistador en el Mar Menor: evidencias de presenciaaragonesa en el Campo de Cartagena durante la Baja Edad Media, by Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ & Alfonso ROBLES FERNÁNDEZ
L’atelier de faux-monnayeur de Rovray (VD, Suisse), by Carine RAEMYTOURNELLE
1452
1458
1464
1470
1477
1492
1500
1509
1517
1535
1542
1552
1557
1564
1570
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CONTENTS 13
La ubicación de las casas de moneda en le Europa medieval. El caso del reino deLeón, by Antonio ROMA VALDÉS
New perspectives on Norwegian Viking-age hoards c. 1000: the Bore hoardrevisited, by Elina SCREEN
The discovery of a hoard of coins dated to the fifth and sixth centuries inKlapavice in the hinterland of ancient Salona, by Tomislav ŠEPAROVIĆ
A model for the analysis of coins lost in Norwegian churches, by Christian J.SIMENSEN
A clippe from Femern, by Jørgen SØMOD
The convergence of coinages in the late medieval Low Countries, by PeterSPUFFORD
A perplexing hoard of Lusignan coins from Polis, Cyprus, by Alan M. STAHL,Gerald POIRIER & Nan YAO
OTTO / ODDO and ADELHEIDA / ATHALHET - onomatological aspectsof German coin types of the tenth and eleventh centuries, by SebastianSTEINBACH
Bulles de plomb et les monnaies en Pologne au XIIe siècle, by StanislawSUCHODOLSKI
Palaeologian coin findings of Kusadasi, Kadikalesi/Anaia and their reflections.by Ceren ÜNAL
The hoard of Tetí n (Czech Republic) in the light of currency conditions inthirteenth-century Bohemia, by Roman ZAORAL & Jiři MILITKÝ
The circulation of foreign coins in Poland in the fifteenth century, by MichalZAWADZKI
Mediaeval and modern Western (modern)
Die neuzeitliche Münzstätte im Schloss Haldenstein bei Chur Gr, Schweiz, by Rahel C. ACKERMANN
The money box system for savings in Amsterdam, 1907-1935, by G.N. BORST
Four ducats coins of Franz Joseph I (1848-1916) of Austria: their use in jewellery and some hitherto unpublished imitations, by Aleksandar N. BRZIC
1580
1591
1597
1605
1614
1620
1625
1633
1640
1649
1664
1671
1679
1687
1693
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CONTENTS14
A king as Hercules in the modern Polish coinage, by Witold GARBAZCEWSKI
The monetary areas in Piedmont during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries: astarting point for new investigations, by Luca GIANAZZA
Coin hoards in the United States, by John M. KLEEBERG
The transfer of minting techniques to Denmark in the nineteenth century, by Michael MÄRCHER
Patrimonio Numismático Iberoamericano: un proyecto del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, by Carmen MARCOS ALONSO & Paloma OTERO MORÁN
Moneda local durante la guerra civil española: billete emitido por elayuntamiento de San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, by Federico MARTÍNEZPASTOR & Alfredo PORRÚA MARTÍNEZ
Coins and monetary circulation in the Legnica-Brzeg duchy: rudimentary problems, by Robert PIE ŃKOWSKI
Representaciones del café en el acervo de numismática del Museu Paulista -USP , by Angela Maria Gianeze RIBEIRO
Freiburg im Üechtland und die Münzreformen der französischen K önige (1689-1726), by Nicole SCHACHER
La aparición de la marca de valor en la moneda valenciana, ¿1618 o 1640? Una
nueva hipótesis de trabajo, by Juan Antonio SENDRA IBÁÑEZ
Devotion and coin-relics in early modern Italy, by Lucia TRAVAINI
The political context of the origin and the exportation of thaler-coins fromJáchymov (Joachimsthal) in the first half of the sixteenth century, by PetrVOREL
The late sixteenth-century Russian forged kopecks, which were ascribed to theEnglish Muscovy Company, by Serguei ZVEREV
Oriental and African coinages
The meaning of the character寳 bao in the legends of Chinese cash coins, by Vladimir A. BELYAEV & Sergey V. SIDOROVICH
Three unpublished Indo-Sasanian coin hoards, Government Museum, Mathura,by Pratipal BHATIA
1704
1713
1719
1725
1734
1744
1748
1752
1758
1765
1774
1778
1783
1789
1796
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CONTENTS 15
Oriental coins in the Capitoline Museums (Rome): further researches onStanzani Collection history, by Arianna D’OTTONE
The king, the princes and the Raj, by Sanjay GARG
The first evidence of a mint at Miknāsa: two unpublished Almoravid coins, adirham and a dinar, of the year 494H/1100, by Tawfiq IBRAHIM
L’âge d’or de la numismatique en Chine: l’exemple du Catalogue des Monnaies Anciennes de Li Zuoxian, by Lyce JANKOWSKI
Numismatic research in Japan today: coins, paper monies and patterns of usage.Paper money in early modern Japan: economic and folkloristic aspects, by Keiichiro KATO
The gold reform of Ghazan Khan, by Judith KOLBAS
A study of medieval Chinese coins from Karur and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, by KRISHNAMURTHY RAMASUBBAIYER
Latest contributions to the numismatic history of Central Asia (late eighteenth –nineteenth century), by Vladimir NASTICH
Silver fragments of unique Būyid and Ḥamdānid coins and their role in the Kelč hoard (Czech Republic), by Vlastimil NOVÁK
Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde,
by A.V. PACHKALOV
Le regard des voyageurs sur les monnaies africaines du XVI e au XIXe siècles, by Josette RIVALLAIN
Les imitations des dirhems carrés almohades: apport des analyses élémentaires,by A. TEBOULBI, M. BOMPAIRE & M. BLET-LEMARQUAND
À propos du monnayage de Kiến Phúc (1883-1884), by François THIERRY
Glass jetons from Sicily: new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato,by Christian WEISS
Medals
Joseph Kowarzik (1860-1911): ein Medailleur der Jahrhundertwende, by Kathleen ADLER
1807
1813
1821
1826
1832
1841
1847
1852
1862
1869
1874
1884
1890
1897
1907
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CONTENTS16
Numismatic memorials of breeding trotting horses (based on the collection ofthe numismatic department of the Hermitage), by L.I. DOBROVOLSKAYA
De retrato a arquetipo: anotaciones sobre la difusión de la efigie de Juan VIIIPaleólogo en la peninsula Ibérica, by Albert ESTRADA-RIUS
Titon du Tillet e le medaglie del Parnasse François, by Paola GIOVETTI
Bedrohung und Schutz der Erde: Positionen zur Umweltproblematik in derdeutschen Medaillenkunst der Gegenwart, by Rainer GRUND
The rediscovery of the oldest private medal collection of the Netherlands, by JanPELSDONK
Twentieth-century British campaign medals: a continuation of the nineteenthcentury?, by Phyllis STODDART and Keith SUGDEN
‘Shines with unblemished honour’: some thoughts on an early nineteenth-century medal, by Tuukka TALVIO
General numismatics
Dall’iconografia delle monete antiche all’ideologia della nazione future. Proiezioni della numismatica grecista di D’Annunzio sulla nuova monetazione
Sabauda, by Giuseppe ALONZO
Didaktisch-methodische Aspekte der Numismatik in der Schule, by Szymon
BERESKA
The Count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins, by François deCALLATAŸ
Le monete di Lorenzo il Magnifico in un manoscritto di Angelo Poliziano, by Fiorenzo CATALLI
Coinage and mapping, by Thomas FAUCHER
Classicism and coin collections in Brazil, by Maria Beatriz BorbaFLORENZANO
A prosopography of the mint of ficials: the Eligivs database and its evolution, by Luca GIANAZZA
Elementary statistical methods in numismatic metrology, by DagmarGROSSMANNOVÁ & Jan T. STEFAN
1920
1931
1937
1945
1959
1965
1978
1985
1993
1999
2004
2012
2017
2022
2027
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CONTENTS 17
Les collections numismatiques du Musée archéologique de Dijon (France), byJacques MEISSONNIER
Bank of Greece: the numismatic collections, by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU
Foundation of the Hellenic World. A new private collection open to the public,by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU
Re-discovering coins: publication of the numismatic collections in Bulgarianmuseums – a new project, by Evgeni PAUNOV, Ilya PROKOPOV & SvetoslavaFILIPOVA
„Census of Ancient Coins Known in the Renaissance“, by Ulrike PETER
Le sel a servi de moyen d’échange, by J.A. SCHOONHEYT
The international numismatic library situation and the foundation of theInternational Numismatic Libraries’ Network (INLN), by Ans TER WOERDS
The Golden Fleece in Britain, by R.H. THOMPSON
Das Museum August Kestner in Hannover: Neues aus der Münzsammlung, by Simone VOGT
From the electrum to the Euro: a journey into the history of coins. A multimedia presentation by the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, by Eleni ZAPITI
Highlights from the Museum of the George and Nefeli Giabra PieridesCollection, donated by Clio and Solon Triantafyllides: coins and artefacts, by Eleni ZAPITI & Evangeline MARKOU
Index of Contributors
2036
2044
2046
2047
2058
2072
2082
2089
2100
2102
2112
2118
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THE PRESENCE OF LOCAL DEITIES ON ROMAN
PALESTINIAN COINS: REFLECTIONS ON CULTURAL AND
RELIGIOUS INTERACTION BETWEEN ROMANS AND LOCAL
ELITES
VAGNER CARVALHEIRO PORTO
The main purpose of this presentation1 is to consider Rome’s contact with the Near East through
the ‘eyes’ of the coins - not through their production or circulation but through an iconographic
analysis. The intention is to perceive to what extent the presence of deities on the coins might
reveal aspects of political statement or ‘resistance’ from local populations facing Roman
domina-tion. Another aim is to show how the political aspect and use of the coins, both by the
Romans and by the local elites, have revealed themselves to be an important path in the political
and ideological struggle within the region. The careful analysis of the coins’ symbols and inscriptions may reveal to us subtle details of thesociety that produced the coins, allowing us to rethink the relations between the Romans and the local
inhabitants. In order to do that, two points should be considered: first, unlike other ob-jects, coins
have an official character, being coined by a determined group holding power, and the choice of the
iconographic elements on them is directly connected to this government’s purpose. Secondly, we
must keep in mind that by studying the iconography of those coins we will be ap-proaching the local
elites, which were the ones entitled to issue coins with the permission of Rome.
The region on which we will be focusing our attention is the eastern part of the Roman
Empire, most specifically the Near East. It is well known that the eastern portion of the Roman
Empire was very different from the western one. The eastern towns were already well-structured,
mainly because they inherited political and cultural aspects of the previous Greek presence in theregion. Aware of this eastern reality, Rome based its dominion on stimulating the imperial cult
as a form of integration, as an element of cohesion, of unity, as it translated into different kinds
of cults and forms of interaction with the local gods. Besides, Rome also invested in the
concession of citizen-ship, concession of titles and changing the status of the towns. Rome understood very well that the rivalry between the towns of the eastern provinces, and
their yearning for titles, might become an interesting weapon to sustain the Roman presence in
the region. The towns contended fiercely to get more privileges from Rome. To be honoured by
Rome would give them even more political and economical advantages, not only with Rome, but
among the neighbouring towns as well. It is possible to observe through the coins’ inscriptions
that there truly was a ‘war of titles’ between the Syrian-Palestinian towns.
Incidentally, there already existed a foundation and refoundation town policy, and Rome took
advantage of this practice by turning the towns of the region into colonies. From then on, all of the
citizens from the coloniae were considered Roman citizens. The coloniae – like the army –
reproduced the Roman religious system overseas. The Romans replaced the existing poleis by a
1 I would like to thank the Hunter Coin Cabinet of the Hunterian Museum
and Art Gallery, at the University of Glasgow, and the International
Numismatic Commission, for having given me the opportunity of presenting
some advances of my research related to numismatics and the Roman Empire. I
extend my thanks also to Prof. Maria Cristina Nicolau
Kormikiari Passos, from the University of São Paulo, who had the
patience to correct my English and give valuable advice concerning many
topics in this paper. Finally I thank also the University of Santo Amaro
for institutional and financial support.
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THE PRESENCE OF LOCAL DEITIES ON ROMAN PALESTINIAN COINS 927
founding ritual of the new colony. All the symbolic structures of the colony emphasized their
sta-tus as ‘mini-Romes’ from the moment of their foundation, conducted with rites which echoed
the mythical foundation of Rome itself: the auspices had been taken – like Romulus in the well-
known myth – the founder ploughing around the place, raising the plough where the gates should
stand; within those defined borders, no burial should be made. Based on the work of some authors like David Mattingly, Charles Whittaker and Richard
Hingley, we suggest a more flexible and multi-faceted reading concerning Rome and its provinces,
where the way of contact of Rome with the provinces was actually a two-way relationship, within
which one should consider that the views must not be conflicting, but convergent. Thus, questions
like resistance from the local populations depend on the historical moment and the interests and
conveniences of the local elite; it depends on how Rome sought to manipulate the elites that held
power in relation to the ones from the opposition and how both parties’ interests could be solved.
Therefore monetary production was used by the Romans to justify their dominion over the
Syrian-Palestinian provinces; through the images depicted (in our case the presence of local dei-
ties on the coins stamped under Roman dominion), they sought to create a good friendship
policy with the local native peoples, but there was also total lucidity from the local elites
regarding these matters. That is the point which we want to emphasize. Next there will be presented four iconographic sets which show deities present on coins fromdifferent Palestinian towns: the depiction of the goddess Tyche (the Roman Fortuna), who is not
a local deity, but was adapted by the local populations to their political, cultural and religious
reality; Fanebal, a deity from the town of Ascalon; several depictions of Mount Garizim on the
Neapolis coins; and the presence of the Nabatean god Dusares on Bostra coins. The first case concerns the depictions of the goddess Tyche-Fortuna. It is also important to
say that the goddess Tyche is a ‘syncretic’ form of the city goddess. She is represented as such
on several coins mentioned here. The depictions of the goddess Tyche vary from town to town
de-pending on their political, economical or cultural characteristics. In the Palestinian coastal
towns the maritime elements were predominant in the images of Tyche, in contrast to the inland
towns where the goddess was represented with no attribute related to this environment. Thevariety of maritime elements such as the shell (murex), Triton, god of the sea , the anchor, the
ship, the helm, the prow and the ship’s sail were used as an iconography to show the sea as a
main source of liveli-hood, well-being and the economic and political greatness of the coastal
cities. We can see in the Ascalon coin (Pl. I, 1), that Tyche is standing upon a ship’s prow and
holds in her left hand the aphlaston (or acrostolium, an instrument used to measure the wind’s
speed and direction, which was placed on the ship’s stern). Despite their geographical proximity, similar maritime nature and Graeco-Roman culture,
the towns differed from one another, regarding such aspects as their ethnic composition and the
religions and political status of the inhabitants. Each town kept its own traditions and made
efforts to emphasize its singularity. The more we are away from the coast and move towards the interior of Syrian-Palestine, the
more we perceive that the coins depict Tyche with attributes that associate the goddess to the
field, the soil’s fecundity, and in some towns with attributes of war. As noted above, the coins
were pro-duced by an official authority, and thus we can infer that there is a direct intention in
the choice of the goddess Tyche-Fortuna or her attributes to be depicted on the coins. The type Tyche-Amazon, shown armed like a Roman soldier, was created as a direct response to
the First Jewish Revolt against the Romans and expresses the attempt to enforce a ‘Romaniza -tion’
on the Jews, who contested the cultural assimilation and tried to keep an independent policy.
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928 VAGNER CARVALHEIRO PORTO
In the Jewish inland towns it seems that the type of the Amazon appears mainly during or after
the revolts. On the next coin (Pl. I, 2), stamped at Tiberias under Hadrian, we can see Tyche-
Amazon in a military dress.
In the Hellenistic towns, from the inland area and from Transjordan, their military and politi-
cal symbols vanished and Tyche changes from a goddess of war to a goddess of fertility. As
loyal keepers of the Roman empire, some towns had allied themselves with Rome and had
successfully overthrown the Jews who struggled to obtain more territorial domain in the region,
so these towns received further benefits from the Roman government, such as being elevated to
Colony status, some tax exemptions and even the privilege of issuing coins. Regarding the discussion about the presence of Tyche in the inland towns and their different
characteristics from the coastal towns, there is the interesting contribution by Yakov Meshorer.
This author tells us that the picture on the coin from the city of Panias ( Pl. I, 3) is something pe-
culiar, because it distinguishes itself for being issued by a Jewish authority - Agrippa II, Herod’s
great-grandson - who coined on behalf of the Emperor Vespasian. Tyche is dressed in a long
chiton and wears a crown that is shaped like a modius, the grain basket most associated with
Demeter, goddess of the soil’s fertility. The figure holds a cornucopiae in her left hand, the horn
that is pe-culiar to both Tyche and Demeter. In her right hand, which is outstretched, she holds asheaf of wheat – again a characteristic of Demeter. It is hard to define this figure, but it looks like the goddess Tyche, with Demeter’s character -
istics, who seems to symbolize the town where the coins were produced – Banias. Normally the
town of Banias is symbolized by a hand holding grains of wheat. At first glance, the appearance of a Graeco-Roman goddess on a Jewish coin is surprising,
but she is not one of the chief deities of the Graeco-Roman pantheon, which were considered an
abomination among the orthodox Jews. The Jews adopted a tolerant attitude toward some figures
from a world strange to them, because they were considered as symbols of attributes or abstract
concepts. Thus Tyche, the goddess of a town’s fortune, here symbolizes economic prosperity
with fertility attributes in her hands.
The depictions of the goddess Tyche clearly attest Rome’s political use of eastern coastal cit-ies, but we cannot forget that local leaders were the ones entitled to issue coins, and since they
wished to have a good relationship with Rome, they chose to represent in their coins a Graeco-
Roman goddess who also benefited them. In contrast to the above case, we will now show coins depicting the local god Fanebal from
the town of Ascalon. Fanebal, a local Ascalon deity, is prominent because it appears in various
issues from this town. It is believed that this deity might be a cross between two other deities,
Baal and Tanit. We can see from Pl. I, 5 that Fanebal appears as a god of war, wearing a helmet,
wielding a sword or harpoon in his right hand, and a shield and a palm in his left hand. Also it
can be ob-served, depicted on the coins, the structure of Fanebal’s temple, seen from within to
the outside (Pl. I, 4). The depiction of this temple, as well as many depictions of Fanebal
himself, show how the Ascalon inhabitants placed so much importance in their local cults and
how various Roman emperors like Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Vespasian, Trajan and Hadrian, did
not interfere in the depiction of Fanebal on those coins. We turn next to the coins of Neapolis, which represent Mount Garizim and were issued under
three different Roman emperors. In the first (Pl. I, 6), issued under Antoninus Pius, Mt. Garizim
appears with a steep stairway ascending past shrines to the top crowned by a temple; on the right is a
second peak with altar and path leading up to it; it has a Greek inscription, which means ‘Flavia
Neapolis which is in Syria Palaestina’. The second coin (Pl. I, 7), issued under Volusian, shows on
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THE PRESENCE OF LOCAL DEITIES ON ROMAN PALESTINIAN COINS 929
its reverse Zeus-Ammon standing right to left, raising his arm towards Mt. Gerizim; at his feet, a
ram looking back; on the left, a legionary standard of the legion from Cyrenaica in Neapolis, and
a small ear of grain on the right. The third coin chosen (Pl. I, 8) was issued under Trebonianus
Gallus, and its reverse shows a female figure standing facing, holding a cornucopiae; below is
the she-wolf suckling the twins; on each side is a temple-shaped cage from which issue doves;
above is Mount Gerizim.
Hadrian built on Mount Garizim a great temple in the place of a Samaritan temple (Neapolis
was a Samaritan town), dedicated to the worship of Zeus-Hypsistos (‘Jupiter, the supreme god’).
Could this be about a ‘syncretic’ cult, which amalgamated the Roman-Hellenistic eastern faith
with the Samaritans’ monotheistic faith? As we have seen, the temple had an enormous
structure, which included the portentous altar on the other hilltop with an amazing set of
stairways that led to it, and with a huge ceremonial gate . All of these architectural elements are
richly depicted in the coins from Antoninus Pius onwards. In the case of Neapolis, as had
happened with Tiberias, the promotion of status seems to be directly linked with a reward for the
loyalty shown by these cities during the First Jewish Revolt against the Romans. Finally the fourth and last example to be addressed here is the presence of the temple of the
Nabatean god-river Dusares (Pl. I, 9). This depiction of the temple of Dusares demonstrates theimportance of the river for the city’s economy. As we can see, it reproduces the iconographic pat-tern
where the emperor is depicted in the act of founding the city. Above the ox and the cow is de-picted
the altar of the god Dusares, who was the main deity of the city of Bostra and was associated with
Bacchus. The presence of the Nabatean god Dusares’s altar on this coin shows a very thin line
between the Romans’ politico-ideological strategy and the resistance of the local populations. On the
one hand, it is part of the Roman strategy, which seeks to show an interlocking between Rome and
the local peoples by insinuating a religious complicity: a Roman ritual of foundation in essence
observed and admitted by the city’s most important deity, Dusares. The reflex of this religious
complicity was intended by the Romans to show their position of lords of the provinces, but fair
lords. On the other hand, one can infer that the presence of Dusares’s altar symbolically represents a
proclamation of nationalism and autonomy of the people that inhabited this region. How can we notthink that the Romans stationed in the region, as well as those Romans who chose that place to
inhabit, were not influenced by the daily rituals related to Dusares? As stated above, the line between
the two possibilities is very thin, and in this complex universe which was the Ro-man Empire, maybe
it is more correct to consider these two possibilities.
In this brief work we have sought to discuss the relations of Rome with her eastern provinces
through the presence of deities on the coins - a fact rarely considered by the researchers of the
Roman Empire. We have pointed out a possible path to achieve reflections and we believe that
the iconographic analysis of the coins allows us to observe some traits of continuity and
discontinuity which existed between Rome and its provinces. One must think about the presence of so many typical local deities on the coinage issued
under Roman domination; we must also analyse the Roman Empire’s stunning ability to work
ideologi-cally with the cult of these deities and their depictions on the coins; but one should also
consider the local authorities’ amazing cleverness in perceiving the Romans’ ‘game’ and
participating in this project to make theirs and their people’s culture prevail.
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930 VAGNER CARVALHEIRO PORTO
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anderson, J.D. (1995), ‘The impact of Rome on the periphery: the case of Palestin a – Roman
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Beard, M. / North, J. / Price, S. (1998), ‘Roman religion and Roman empire’, in: Religions of
Rome, Cambridge, pp. 313-63.
Duncan-Jones, R. (1995), Money and Government in the Roman Empire. Cambridge.
Flavio Josefo (1961), Obras completas. Buenos Aires, Acervo Cultural.
Hanson, W.S. (1997), ‘Forces of change and methods of control’, in: Mattingly, D. (ed), Dialogues in Roman
Imperialism: Power, Discourse and Discrepant Experiences in the Roman Empire (Journal of Roman
Archaeology, Supplementary series No. 23. Portsmouth, Rhode Island, USA, pp. 67-80.
Hingley, R. (1997), ‘Resistance and domination: social change in Roman Britain’, in: Mattingly,
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Lacroix, L. (1974), Études d’arc héologie numismatique, Lion, Publicações da Biblioteca
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Mattingly, D. (ed), Dialogues in Roman Imperialism: Power, Discourse and Discrepant
Experiences in the Roman Empire (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary series
No. 23. Portsmouth, Rhode Island, USA, pp. 7-26.
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Jerusalém. Meshorer, Y. (2001), A Treasury of Jewish Coins. Jerusalém.
Millar, F. (1988), El imperio romano y sus pueblos limitrofes: el mundo mediterraneo en
la edad antigua, Cidade do México, Siglo Veintiuno.
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THE PRESENCE OF LOCAL DEITIES ON ROMAN PALESTINIAN COINS 931
KEY TO PLATE I
1. Askalon under Domitian. Date: 81-96 AD. Metal: bronze. Obverse: laureate bust of
Domi-tian. Greek inscription: CΕΒΑCΤΟC. Reverse: city godess (Tyche-Astarte?) with
crown-shaped towers standing on the bow of the ship holding sceptre and aphlaston.
Altar in left field. In field right, dove. Greek inscription: ΑCKAΛWN. (x1).
2. Tiberias under Hadrian. Date: 117-138 AD. Metal: bronze. Obverse: Laureate bust of
Had-rian. Reverse: city godess (Tyche-Amazon - Tyche of Tiberias), with crown of
towers, standing on prow to the left holding human bust and sceptre. (x1).
3. Banias under Agrippa II. Date: 67-100 AD. Metal: Bronze. Obverse: Laureate bust of
Vespasian to right. Greek inscription: ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑ ΟΥΕCΠΑCΙ ΚΑΙC ΑΡΙ CΕΒΑCΤΩ.
‘Emperor Vespasian Caesar Augustus’. Reverse: city godess (Tyche-Demeter) standing
left, holding cornucopiae in left hand and ears of grains in right hand. Greek inscription
across field: ET I BA / AΓPIΠΠA (year 14 = 74-75 AD) ‘of King Agrippa’. (x1).
4. Askalon under Antoninus Pius. Date: 138-161 AD. Metal: bronze. Reverse: Facade of
the temple of Phanebal with four gates. (x1).5. Askalon under Hadrian. Date: 117-138 AD. Metal: bronze. Obverse: bust of Hadrian.
Greek inscription: CEBACTOC. Reverse: god of war Fanebal standing right, holding
har-poon, shield and palm. (x1).
6. Neapolis under Antoninus Pius. Date: 138-161 AD. Metal: bronze. Reverse: Mt. Garizim
with steep stairway ascending past shrines to top crowned by temple; on right second peak
with altar and path leading up to it; Greek inscription: ΦΛ ΝΕΑCΠΟΛΕWC CYPIAC
ΠAΛAICTIN/ETΠH (Flavia Neapolis which is in Syria Palaestina, year 88 = 160 CE). (x1).
7. Neapolis under Volusian. Date: 251-253 AD. Metal: Bronze. Reverse: Zeus-Ammon
standing on right, facing to left, raising arm toward Mt. Gerizim; at his feet, ram looking
back; on left, legionary standard with eagle and small ear of grain on right. (x1).
8. Neapolis under Trebonianus Gallus. Date: 251-253 AD. Metal: bronze. Reverse: Female
figure standing facing, holding cornucopiae; below she-wolf suckling the twins; on either
side, temple-shaped cage from which issue doves; above, Mount Gerizim. (x1).
9. Bostra under Alexander Severus. Date: 222-235 AD. Metal: bronze. Reverse: Founding
Ceremony of Colony: the emperor as a founder ploughing with two oxen. At the top of
the field, the altar of the Nabatean god Dusares. (x1).
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PLATE I
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