THE LEARNING PROCESSTHE LEARNING PROCESS
LEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWSLEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWS
SkinnerSkinner – – Previous Previous behaviour behaviour required required to form to form new thinking, new thinking, feelings and skillsfeelings and skills
LEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWSLEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWS
Cole & BruceCole & Bruce – Continuous – Continuous interaction interaction with with environment is environment is requiredrequired
LEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWSLEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWS
Crow and Crow and Crow – Crow – Required Required active active processprocess
LEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWSLEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWS
SmithSmith – – Strengthening Strengthening or or weakening weakening results due to results due to experiencesexperiences
LEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWSLEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWS
Wany – Wany – Acquiring Acquiring change change requires requires experienceexperience
LEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWSLEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWS
WoodworthWoodworth – Activity – Activity brings brings alterationalteration
LEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWSLEARNING – EXPERTS VIEWS
Kingsley & Kingsley & GarryGarry – – Practice Practice produces produces behaviourbehaviour
LEARNING – GENERAL LEARNING – GENERAL EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION
Implies changes in:Implies changes in:ResponsesResponsesReactionsReactionsThoughtsThoughtsConductsConductsSkillsSkillsValuesValues
LEARNING – GENERAL LEARNING – GENERAL EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION
Dynamic – Dynamic – (newness/(newness/novelty)novelty)
LEARNING – GENERAL LEARNING – GENERAL EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION
Progressive – Progressive – (forward (forward heading with heading with
added added effects)effects)
LEARNING – GENERAL LEARNING – GENERAL EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION
Purposive – Purposive – (purposeful)(purposeful)
LEARNING – GENERAL LEARNING – GENERAL EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION
Gradual – Gradual – (systematic)(systematic)
LEARNING – GENERAL LEARNING – GENERAL EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION
Will – Will – (determination)(determination)
LEARNING – GENERAL LEARNING – GENERAL EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION
Conscience Conscience Process Process - awareness- awareness
LEARNING – GENERAL LEARNING – GENERAL EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION
The prime The prime conditions are:conditions are:
Readiness of the Readiness of the studentstudent
Aptitude of the Aptitude of the studentstudent
LEARNING – GENERAL LEARNING – GENERAL EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION
The prime The prime conditions are:conditions are:
Motivation Motivation provided by the provided by the teacherteacher
Activity provided Activity provided by the teacherby the teacher
LEARNING – GENERAL LEARNING – GENERAL EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION
The prime The prime condition is:condition is:
Participation Participation – working – working togethertogether
LEARNING – GENERAL LEARNING – GENERAL EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION
Learning Learning
Is relatively Is relatively permanent change permanent change due to experience due to experience and training and and training and results in skills, results in skills, cognition and cognition and
valuesvalues
LEARNING - TYPESLEARNING - TYPES
– Rational/cognitive Rational/cognitive LearningLearning::
– Mental assimilation of … Mental assimilation of … in natural or in natural or supernatural order. supernatural order. Outcome is KnowledgeOutcome is Knowledge
– Results in Results in conceptualization, conceptualization, philosophical principles, philosophical principles, discovering application, discovering application, understanding understanding relationships etc.relationships etc.
LEARNING – TYPES (cont…)LEARNING – TYPES (cont…)
Motor/Muscular Motor/Muscular Learning Learning – Change – Change appears in the form of appears in the form of skillskill
Range covers : Typing, Range covers : Typing, handwriting, industrial handwriting, industrial art, learning to play art, learning to play music, muscular music, muscular responses, elements responses, elements of practice etcof practice etc
LEARNING – TYPES (cont…)LEARNING – TYPES (cont…)
Associative learning Associative learning – – Any connection formed Any connection formed in learning in learning where the where the two ideas connected are two ideas connected are attended together as attended together as parts of a parts of a continues continues mental processmental process
Range covers learning Range covers learning spelling, poem, dates, spelling, poem, dates, foreign vocabulary, foreign vocabulary, formulae in formulae in mathematics mathematics and and science science
LEARNING – TYPES (cont…)LEARNING – TYPES (cont…)
Appreciative /affective Appreciative /affective learning learning – Acquisition of feeling, – Acquisition of feeling, taste, emotion, will, values and taste, emotion, will, values and other aspects of social and other aspects of social and psychological development psychological development gained through feeling rather gained through feeling rather than intellectualizationthan intellectualization
Range covers fine arts, Range covers fine arts, enjoyment of music, creative enjoyment of music, creative works in art, taste for literature, works in art, taste for literature, references for programsreferences for programs
LEARNING – GUIDING LEARNING – GUIDING PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES
Understanding Understanding the learner is the learner is
basicbasic
LEARNING – GUIDING LEARNING – GUIDING PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES
Next is the Next is the choice of choice of methodsmethods
LEARNING – GUIDING LEARNING – GUIDING PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES
Training aid for Training aid for modeling is modeling is
nextnext
LEARNING – GUIDING LEARNING – GUIDING PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES
Clear & Clear & adequate adequate
instruction is nextinstruction is next
LEARNING – GUIDING LEARNING – GUIDING PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES
Motivation and Motivation and simulation for goal simulation for goal
fulfillment are fulfillment are essentialessential
LEARNING – GUIDING LEARNING – GUIDING PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES
Participation based Participation based teacher-student teacher-student
positive relationship positive relationship is paramountis paramount
LEARNING - PRINCIPLESLEARNING - PRINCIPLES
ParticipationParticipation – For – For motivation, motivation,
engagement and engagement and reinforcementreinforcement
LEARNING - PRINCIPLESLEARNING - PRINCIPLES
RepetitionRepetition – – Fixing the change Fixing the change
in memoryin memory
LEARNING - PRINCIPLESLEARNING - PRINCIPLES
RelevanceRelevance – – Meaningfulness Meaningfulness of the changeof the change
LEARNING - PRINCIPLESLEARNING - PRINCIPLES
FeedbackFeedback – – Information to be used Information to be used as a base for principle as a base for principle
of transferenceof transference
LEARNING - PRINCIPLESLEARNING - PRINCIPLES
ParticipationParticipation – For motivation, engagement – For motivation, engagement and reinforcementand reinforcement
RepetitionRepetition – Fixing the change in memory – Fixing the change in memory TransferenceTransference – Matching the change with – Matching the change with
the demand of the jobthe demand of the job RelevanceRelevance – Meaningfulness of the change – Meaningfulness of the change FeedbackFeedback – Information to be used as a – Information to be used as a
base for principle of transferencebase for principle of transference
LEARNING – TEACHER’S TASKLEARNING – TEACHER’S TASK
Tackle difficulties in learningTackle difficulties in learning Discover better teaching methodsDiscover better teaching methods Develop good study habits for studentDevelop good study habits for student Natural assimilation of knowledgeNatural assimilation of knowledge Motivate student for learningMotivate student for learning Make environment favourableMake environment favourable Understand the aim behind teaching the Understand the aim behind teaching the
learninglearning
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