The Interaction ofMan and Dog over Time
By Julia HughesFebruary 2011
The Development and Interaction of Man and Dog over TimeBy Julia Hughes
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Contents Page
Introduction 3
Domestication 3
Evolution of the Dog 4
Breeding 7
Types of Dog 8
Conclusion 12
Appendices
A - Time-line of Interaction between Man and Animals 13
B - Other uses for dogs 20
References 23
Bibliography 25
The Development and Interaction of Man and Dog over TimeBy Julia Hughes
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Introduction
This report focuses on the relationship between man and dogs and at what point man takes control
of the canine species and domesticated them, how they evolved into the different types of dogs that
are available today, either through intense breeding programmes or natural evolution, and what dogs
are used for in today's modern society.
Domestication
Man soon learned that having identified certain behavioural and physiological characteristics of
animals, certain species would be a better candidate for domestication than others, making them a
faithful and useful companion when it came to hunting and gathering. (UOR) On the whole, most
domesticated animals and in particular dogs show the following traits:-
• hardy and flexible;
• easy to feed;
• able to adjust to new conditions temperature and confinement;
• show a liking for humans, comforting;
• easy to breed;
• social and capable of group interactions;
• gregarious; and
• able to maintain a dominance hierarchy, and are thus predisposed to submission. (UOR)
Mankind has been a hunter gatherer for just 0.5% of human history. During the Ice Age, large
mammals such as bison had two predators humans and wolves, both using their intelligence and
social skills to bring down prey much larger than themselves by hunting and killing in groups (see
picture overleaf). (Gascoigne, 2001)
Due to their similarity, it became mutually beneficial for the two teams to join up and share their
hunting skills and their kill with each other which is why dogs have been mankind's most oldest and
faithful companions since the Pleistocene era during the last Ice Age. (Gascoigne, 2001)
The Development and Interaction of Man and Dog over TimeBy Julia Hughes
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Wolves hunting in packs
(Serpell, 2002)
Evolution of the Dog
DNA tests have proved the today's dog has evolved from the grey wolf (Canis lupus familiaris).
Arhaeological digs have unearthed the bones of domesticated dog dating back to the Pleistocene era
and the timeline in the Appendix to this report shows references of where and when bones have
been found since this era. (Jensen, 2007)
These various bones show a shortened facial region of the skull, compacted teeth in the jaw bones, a
more curved mandible, the eyes become more rounded and forward looking, the frontal sinuses
become swollen and the tympanic bullae is reduced in size and flattened (see picture below)
together with the slender metapodial and toe bones that distinguish them from those of the wolf.
(Jensen, 2007)
Drawing of a dog skull indicating features of domestication
(Serpell, 2002)
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The remains suggest that they had originated from the smaller South Asian wolf subspecies rather
than the large North American and North Eurasian wolf, excluding the possibility of an African
origin. (Jensen, 2007)
Wild animals need a high degree of perseption and quick reactions to stressful situations in order to
survive, which are quite opposite to the charactaristics of docility. As an animal's stress and fear is
reduced, it's perception of this environment brings about hormonal changes which reduces brain size
(see picture below) and general senses - mainly hearing and sight. The domesticated animal will
also retain a juvenile attitude well into adulthood. (Serpell, 2002)
Ontogenetic changes in brain volume to skull area for five species of canids
(Serpell, 2002)
The picture below shows that even though a wolf and dog can be of the same weight, the head of the
domesticated dog is significantly smaller due to the reduction in brain size.
The skulls of a 43kg wolf (left) and a 43kg dog
(Serpell, 2002)
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The only genetic difference between the wolf and all breed of dogs is allelomorphic – the changes in
the rates and times at which various development events ocurr as they all have identical karyotypes,
making them interfertile. (Serpell, 2002)
Early Chinese dogs are thought to be directly decended from the small Chinese Wolf, Canis lupus
chanco (see picture below). These dogs moved across the Berings Straits into North America with
early human immigrants. Later, the dogs of the Inuit and North Americans were interbred with
wolves and sometimes even coyotes. At the same time, Africa was cross breeding dogs with the
four species of jackal. (Serpell, 2002)
The Chinese Wolf
(Animal Corner, 2011)
The dingo is the result of cross breeding the domesticated small wolf of India Canis lupus pallipes,
and the pariah dogs of South East Asia, however after being taken over to Australia, they soon
escaped their domestic lifestyle and became feral again. (Serpell, 2002)
During the domestication process of dog from wolf, the animal would first change its coat colour. A
paler coat colour signified a more manageable animal. As the animal's perception to its
environment changes, other morphology and physiological features are ears becoming dropped due
to reduced sense of hearing, tails curled due to reduced need to commnicate, hair becomes thicker
and in some cases flops over the eyes, reducing its speed and impairs its vision. They would also
develop an earlier reproductive cycle and have a higher litter number and size was stunted as during
early domestication, animals suffered from malnutrition from the time of conception. (Serpell,
2002)
The table overleaf shows the morphological and physiological changes that mammals undergo as
they become domesticated.
The Development and Interaction of Man and Dog over TimeBy Julia Hughes
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Changes Animal
Appearance of dwarf and giant varieties All
Piebald coat colour All
Wavy or curly hair Sheep, Poodles, Donkeys, Horses, Pigs, Goats, Mice, Guinea Pigs
Rolled tails Dogs, Pigs
Shortened tails, fewer vertebrae Dogs, Cats, Sheep
Floppy ears Dogs, Cats, Pigs, Horses, Sheep, Goats, Cattle
Changes in reproductive cycle All except sheep
The Early Process of Domestication
(Turt, 1999)
Breeding
The dog belongs to a group of carnivores called the Canidae family. This group can be split into 38
different species, one of which is the domesticated dog, Canis familiaris. The canids that are still
wild today are terrestrial and mostly nocturnal like the fox, wolf, jackal and coyote. (Serpell, 2002)
Over the last 200 years, man has intensely cross bred dogs from 10 super breeds to over 700
different types, weights and sizes ranging from the smallest Chihuahua to one of the largest, the
Great Dane, however, if all these different breeds were released back into the wild, they would
eventually start to look exactly the same as each other. (Sutter & Ostrander, 2004)
The American Kennel Club registered a total of 916,000 purebred dogs in 2003 and the most
popular 20 breeds account for 70% of all registrations (see pie chart overleaf).
The Development and Interaction of Man and Dog over TimeBy Julia Hughes
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Proporation of purebred dog registrations by The American Kennel Club (AKC)
(Sutter & Ostrander, 2004)
Types of DogThere are many different types of dogs that generally fit into several categories (see picture below).
Different Grouping of Dogs
(Sutter & Ostrander, 2004)
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These are:-
• Toy – the small lap dog (see example below) that is friendly and attention seeking, not
requiring a lot of exercise;
Shih Tzu - toy dog
(All Small Dog Breeds, 2009)
• Utility or Non-sporting – The chow chow (see picture below) is a member of this group, a
miscellaneous cluster of breeds, fit for a particular purpose, with little shared morphology or
history;
Chow Chow
(Pet Planet, 2011)
• Pastoral or Herding – working dogs used for herding cattle and other cloven hoofed
animals (see picture below), has a double waterproof coat to protect them from the elements
as they generally work outdoors in severe weather conditions;
The trustworthy, attentive behaviour of an adult livestock guard dog enables it to live with
livestock and protect the animals from predators
(Serpell, 2002)
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• Gun or Sporting – trained to hunt and retrieve shot game birds, mainly retrievers, spaniels
and setters. They have a friendly nature, making them good companions and family dogs,
although very active requiring a lot of exercise and attention;
Spaniel – gun dog
(Moray Firth, 2010)
• Terrier – from the Latin word Terra, meaning earth. A hardy collection of dog, selectively
bred to be brave and tough for hunting vermin such as fox, badger or rat above or below
ground. While terriers can be quite fiery, they retain a jovial and comical temperament;
Jack Russell (Brown and White) – Terrier
(Hughes, 2011)
• Working – over the centuries these have been selectively bred to excel in their role as guard,
search and rescue dogs. Many of these breeds are heavily muscled, sharing the ‘molosser’
morphology such as the Mastiff (see photo below). The guard dog originated in Tibet and
were in particular the Boxer, St Bernard, the Rot Weiler;
Mastiff – Working Dog
(Our Pets, 2010)
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• Hound – fox, blood, dash or basset hounds that use scent or sight for hunting (see picture
below). They require a lot of exercise but are trustworthy companions, often described as
dignified and aloof.
Medieval hunting dogs in 'St Hubert', A painting by Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)
A depiction of the use of the greyhound
(Serpell, 2002)
The picture Below shows a 'pack' of sled dogs racing and pulling a load. While their appearance is
typically wolf-like they are very much removed from their wolf origin. Domesticated dogs do not
have a tendency to form packs like wolves do, they are simply following instructions from their
owners. (Serpell, 2002)
Modern racing huskies
(Serpell, 2002)
As well the categories stated above, dogs of non specific breed have also been used for various
other uses, some of which are set out in Appendix B.
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Conclusion
Mankind has developed an ability to be able to recognise which animals can be domesticated and
which ones should be left in the wild.
The history of the domestication of the wolf is the longest known relationship man has had with
another mammal making the dog mankind's most oldest and faithful companions.
No other species has shown such an enormous range of genetic and phenotypic variation often
retaining their juvenile or puppy-like traits throughout their lifetime.
On the whole, dogs are mainly kept as pets and therefore have no need to hunt for food. As well as
this they are widely used in all walks of life, from guarding to sniffing out drugs and bombs to
detecting cancer and leading the blind.
The Development and Interaction of Man and Dog over TimeBy Julia Hughes
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Appendix A
Time-line of Interaction between Man and Animals
Pleistocene Era
The first hominid life form began around 4 million years ago with homo sapiens starting to evolve
and expand from between 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. (UCMP, 1995)
17000 BC
A fossil of a domesticated dog was found in Yorkshire.
13000 – 15000 BC
Two skulls of domesticated dog found in western Russia. (Jensen, 2007)
12500 BC
Man hunted animals and gathered plants for food. There is also evidence that man used animals for
clothing, medicines and building. During this period man first began to use wolves to help them
hunt other mammals which led to the domestication of the first canine by giving them food and
shelter. These animals were then purposely bred which eventually led to the development of the
wide range of variety of domesticated dog that are available today. (Ho, 2005)
12000 BC
Archaeological digs found domesticated dog remains at Mesolithic sites in Europe, Asia and
America. Mandible bones from a domesticated dog have been unearthed from a late Paleolithic
grave in Oberkassel in Germany. (Jensen, 2007)
10000 BC
In the Middle East, hunters watched over and managed wild herds of gazelle, sheep, and goats,
killing the weakest for food and taking the best animals from their herds to breed them for meat and
milk. (Lambert)
An assemblage of small canid bones found in the Middle East. (Jensen, 2007)
A puppy skeleton found with human remains in a Natufian burial site in the Jordan valley, Israel.
(Serpell, 2002)
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9000 BC
Domesticated of sheep at Zawi Chemi Shanidar, Iraq. (Telus, 2010)
8000 BC
A domesticated dog bone (dog rather than wolf as the it had been bred to have smaller jaws and
teeth) was found in cave in Iraq. (Ho, 2005)
8500 BC
Man started to farm and grow their own wheat, barley, lentils and peas, mainly across the Fertile
Crescent that stretches from Israel, through Turkey and across to the Persian Gulf. This area had
regular rainfall, making it ideal for growing grains and raising herds of grass-eating animals such as
sheep and goats. (Lambert)
7500 BC
Evidence found of a Cyprian man buried with his pet cat - indicating the earliest domestication of a
feline. (Telus, 2010)
7000 BC
Domestication of pigs, goats and sheep in China. The ox was first bred by humans in western Asia.
(Lambert)
6750 BC
Domestication of the pig, sheep, goat and dog in a small village in Iraq, Jarmo. (Telus, 2010)
6500 BC
Greece domesticate cattle. (Telus, 2010)
6000 BC
Khirokitia, Cypress domesticated cats. Chickens are domesticated at Ohmshan, Heibei, China and
at Chishan, Hebei, China and Mehkgarh, Pakistan, pigs were domesticated. (Telus, 2010)
5900 BC
Domestication of dogs at Yellow River near Shaodian in Qi'nan country, Gansu province, China.
(Telus, 2010)
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4500 BC
During the Predynastic Period, the Ancient Egyptians domesticated farm animals such as sheep,
cattle, goats, pigs, geese and horses which they used these animals for milk, wool, meat, eggs,
leather, skins, horns, fat, manual labour and sacrificial purposes. The cow and bull was sacred and
worshipped. The cattle was mainly of the long horned variety and if they belonged to rich estates or
the Pharaohs, they were branded with red-hot irons. Oxen were fattened and adorned with ostrich
feathers before being sacrificed to the gods. Pork and goat was the main meat eaten and the skin of
the goats were used as water carriers or floating devices. Early Egyptian farmers tried
unsuccessfully to domesticate hyenas, cranes and gazelles. (Seawright, 2001)
In Lower Egypt, bees were kept in woven wicker hives, covered in clay, for their honey and wax and
also went out to hunt for wild bee honey. Honey was used for food, create make-up, medicine and
offered to the gods and the wax was used for mummification, binding agents in paints and boat
building. (Seawright, 2001)
4000 BC
In Europe man began to use oxen to pull wagons and ploughs while farmers in the Middle East used
donkeys to carry heavy loads and Eurasia started to domesticate horses. (Lambert)
India and south east Asia used the water buffalo to pull ploughs and provide a good supply of milk.
The buffalo was first domesticated in the near-tropical regions of Asia and feature as a domestic
animal on the seals of the Indus civilization. (Gascoigne, 2001)
3000 BC
South China domesticated sheep, cattle and horses. (Lambert)
Tribesman of Central Asia originally thought to breed horses for meat and milk but soon discovered
that they were more useful as a form of transport. The breeding of horses has resulted in all sizes
from the mighty carthorse down to the smallest ponies, one example native to Europe is the tarpan.
At the same time, donkeys and asses roaming the wild in north east Africa and up through the
Fertile Crescent into Mesopotamia were domesticated in Egypt. (Gascoigne, 2001)
While on the verge of extinction, the llama and alpaca of south America, are domesticated by the
American Indians - the llama is primarily used as a beast of burden and the shaggy alpaca is farmed
for its valuable wool. (Gascoigne, 2001)
The silk moth is the only insect that has been fully domesticated in that it cannot survive in the wild.
Man keeps the silk moth for no other reason than to cultivate silk. (Gascoigne, 2001)
The bloodhound, foxhound and dash hound first existed, although they would not have the
appearance that they have now until the 1800's.
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2000 BC
The Middle Kingdom ancient Egyptians domesticated cats, dogs, monkeys, geese, pigeons, ducks,
falcons and even ferrets as pets and to keep the granaries vermin free. Native cats to Egypt were the
jungle cat and the African wild cat and were kept as both pets and deities, however the earliest
evidence of the Egyptian pet cat was one entombed at Mostagedda during the Predynatic period.
Dogs were regarded as subservient and used as hunters or watch dogs rather than as a pet and were
mainly related to the basenji, the saluki, the greyhound, the mastiff and dachshunds. The jackal
however was regarded as sacred. (Seawright, 2001)
A member of the pheasant family, the red jungle fowl, living in the bamboo jungles and forests of
India and south east Asia were captured and kept for their eggs and their flesh. All domestic poultry
are directly descended from this one species. (Gascoigne, 2001) In Egypt, pigeons are kept and
breed in captivity for food but 3000 years later were kept as a form of sport as they were trained to
fly home. (Gascoigne, 2001)
1550 BC
Egyptian New Kingdom used donkeys for transportation and as pack animals. Only the wealthy
could afford horses so they were used as a status symbol, in ceremonial processions, hunting,
harnessed to chariots during war and given as prestige gifts to rulers in North African and the Near
East. They were rarely mounted but some surviving battle scenes show them being ridden by
individual soldiers. (Seawright, 2001)
1500 BC
First domesticated in Arabia and used as beasts of burdens are the single-humped Arabian camel
found in north Africa, the Middle East and India and the double-humped Bactrian camel found in
central Asia and Mongolia. (Gascoigne, 2001)
1000 BC
Ramses II of Egypt constructed elaborate stables to house hundred of army horses (see picture
below). Nile geese were well looked after and allowed to run around the house and gardens.
Ramses II also kept a tame lion and Sudanese cheetahs as pets. (Seawright, 2001)
Ramses being pulled by his war horses
(Seawright, 2001)
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750 BC
During the Roman Empire from early Christian era up to 400 AD, farm animals were bred for food
along side the hunting and eating of wild animals and fish, while horses and dogs were used solely
for domesticated purposes. (Ho, 2005) The Romans also made the first “Beware the dog” signs,
not as a warning to keep potential perpetrators away but to warn people not to step on them.
300 BC
The Egyptians mummified sacred ibises during the Late Period and Ptolemaic times which indicates
that they were probably kept as pets. (Seawright, 2001)
100 BC
During the Han Dynasty, China improved their farming techniques by the introduction of irrigation
schemes, crop rotation and the use of buffaloes to pull ploughs. (Lambert)
74 BC
The Romans used dogs for guidance. Evidence in the form of a fresco of a guide dog was found
near Pompeii (see picture below).
The Guide Dogs of Pompeii
(Ensminger, 2010)
100 AD
Chinese Empress kept a private collection of deer – called the House of Intelligence.
King Solomon and other kings of Israel and Juda kept collection of animals.
The Development and Interaction of Man and Dog over TimeBy Julia Hughes
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300 AD
A lot of Greek cities had collections of animals. The Romans, especially Alexander the Great, kept
animals for observing or sport.
400 AD
Saxon's used oxen to pull ploughs and raised goats, cattle, pigs and sheep some were slaughtered for
meat. (Lambert)
1000 AD
Aztec’s introduced rabbit, turkey, armadillos and dogs into their diet. Incas kept llamas and alpacas
for meat, wool and carrying heavy loads; they also ate guinea pigs. The Maya started to keep bees
for honey. (Lambert)
Pekingese dog exists in China and Roman ladies keep lap dogs as their warmth was believed to be a
cure for a stomach ache. During Roman times, dogs were selected and bred for the colour of their
coat, for example, to distinguish them from wolves, a shepherds' dogs should be white and to ward
off thieves, farmyard dogs should have a black coat. (Gascoigne, 2001)
1100 AD
During the Middle Ages, cows and goats were used to obtain milk and cheese, chickens were kept
for egg production and pigs were raised for meat. (Lambert)
During the 12th Century, animals were being documented as being creatures to be empathised with
rather than brutalised. This attitude has stayed until the present day and raised many questions on
the morality of hunting and trapping animals and using them in medical experiments. (Ho, 2005)
1500 AD
Spanish cattle was introduced into south west America. (About.com, 2010)
A private collection of animals kept at the Tower of London was opened to the public as a zoo by
Elizabeth 1st.
1600 AD
All types of domestic livestock was imported into America with the exception of Turkeys.
(About.com, 2010)
1752 AD
The oldest zoo in Vienna was established and opened to the public in 1765.
The Development and Interaction of Man and Dog over TimeBy Julia Hughes
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1775 AD
Madrid zoo founded.
1800 AD
Merino sheep first imported into American. (About.com, 2010)
1806 AD
The oldest zoo in Russia, Kazan zoo was founded and is still going today.
1826 AD
London Zoo opened to the public and was the first to charge for entry in the UK.
1840 AD
Hereford, Ayrshire, Galloway, Jersey and Holstein cattle imported into America and bred.
(About.com, 2010)
1849 AD
First American poultry exhibition. (About.com, 2010)
1859 AD
Central Park Zoo in New York founded.
1860 AD
Melbourne Zoo founded.
1907 AD
German zoo founded.
1934 AD
Landrace hogs introduced to America from Denmark. (About.com, 2010)
1938 AD
America organised a cooperative for the artificial insemination of dairy cattle. (About.com, 2010)
The Development and Interaction of Man and Dog over TimeBy Julia Hughes
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Appendix B
Other uses for dogs
1 Providing Meat
Commonly practised in South China and the Far North East, dog meat is still used a source of food
(see picture below).
Dogs used for food
(The Animal's Voice)
2 Medical experiments and vivisection
A controversial practice of dissection and experimenting on living animals for the purpose of drug
testing (see picture below).
A dog in a vivisection experiment
(The Animal's Voice)
The Development and Interaction of Man and Dog over TimeBy Julia Hughes
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3 Fur products
The fur trade is still big business across the whole of the world but is generally not accepted in
today's society with several campaigners trying to stop this practice (see picture below).
Dog pelts
(The Animal's Voice)
4 Sports and fighting
Dog fighting is a sadistic contest where specially bred dogs are put in a pit together and fight until
one of them is either fatally injured or dead (see picture below).
Two dogs fighting
(Felich, 2007)
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5 Re-habitual purposes, eg as a petting aid
Dogs provide therapeutic visits to hospices and care homes (see picture below).
Dogs used as therapy aids
(Pets As Therapy, 2010)
6 Guide, cancer, bio and seizure detection dogs
Dogs are trained to be the 'eyes' of blind or partially blind people, offering them the mobility and
freedom they wouldn't necessarily have without them (see picture below).
A guide dog trained to lead blind people
(Guide Dogs, 2009)
Dogs can also be trained to detect cancer in humans, notify epileptics that they are about to have a
seizure or detect a drop or increase in blood sugars of diabetics.
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References
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http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blfarm5.htm. Accessed: 29th December 2010
All Small Dog Breeds. 2009. Shih Tzu. Available: http://www.allsmalldogbreeds.com/shih-
tzu.html. Accessed 31st January 2011
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http://www.animalcorner.co.uk/wildlife/wolves/wolf_species.html. Accessed 31st January 2011
Animals Voice. Gallery. Available: http://www.animalsvoice.com/picture-gallery/. Accessed 31st
January 2011
Ensminger. 2010. Guide Dog in Pompeian Fresco? Available:
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January 2011
Felich, T. 2007. Reepicheep. Dog Fighting. Avaialble: http://reepicheep-
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December 2010
Guide Dogs for the Blind Association. 2009. About Us. Available:
http://www.guidedogs.org.uk/aboutus/ Accessed 4th February 2011
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http://petsitterservices.co.uk/OurAnimals.aspx Accessed 4th February 2011
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Accessed 29th November 2010
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UOR, The Univerity of Reading. History of Agriculture. Available:
http://www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/history.htm . Accessed: 29th December 2010
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Ruvinsky, A & Sampson, J (2001). The genetics of the dog. CABI Publishing, Oxon.
Serpell, J (2002). 6th Edition. The Domestic Dog its evolution, behaviour and interactions with
people. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Sutter, N.B. & Ostrander, E.A (2004). Volume 5. A paper entitled: 'Dog star rising: the canine
genetic system'. Nature Publishing Group.
Trut, L.N (1999). A paper entitled: 'Early Canid Domestication: The Farm-Fox Experiment'.
American Scientist, Volume 87. Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.
Morrell, V (1997). A paper entitled: 'Evolutionary Biology: The Origin of Dogs: Running With the
Wolves'.
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