The Industrial Revolution
Where did the Industrial Revolution originate?
England
The Industrial Revolution began with this Revolution.
Since the Neolithic Revolution people had to learn how to plant seeds to grow food. They simply
did this by scattering seed. In 1701, Jethro Tull invented a
machine that pushed seeds deep into the soil in well spaced rows.
What was the machine?
Seed Drill
In England, wealthy farmers began buying land from small farmers, then benefited from the increase in efficiency by farming huge tracts of land. What was this known as?
The British Enclosure Movement
One of the major industries that was born during the Industrial Revolution was the clothing industry. In 1764, James
Hargreaves invented this machine, it could spin 8 or more spools of yarn at a time.
Spinning Jenny
The Spinning Jenny allowed workers to spin yarn at a much faster pace
than using the spinning wheel. Another process that was speeded
up was removing seeds from cotton. The machine that made this process
faster was this
The Cotton Gin
Who invented the Cotton Gin?
Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin increased the demand in the
American South for
slaves
Before the Industrial Revolution, people made most of their goods by hand, and many of them worked from their homes.
Once the industrial Revolution began, many people began working in these
Factories
With the factories, many people began to move from the country to the cities. What is the population increase in cities known
as?
urbanization
The growth of the city populations led to the opportunity of many types of small businesses to accommodate
everybody. This led to an increase in the amount of people that entered
this social class
The Middle Class
Adam Smith’s writings about the benefits of private business, the role of market competition, and
entrepreneurial abilities
The Wealth of Nations
The Wealth of Nations supported an free market economic that includes private ownership of the means of production, creation of goods or services for profit or income, the
accumulation of capital, competitive markets, voluntary exchange, and
wage labor. What was this economic system called?
Capitalism
an individual with the drive and ambition to combine land, labor, and capital
resources to produce goods or offer services.
Entrepreneur or
(Enterpriser)
One reason that the Industrial Revolution originated was that it was rich in natural resources. What are a couple of the resources in England?
Iron and coal
Who was the person who was developed an inexpensive process for the mass
production of steel?
Henry Bessemer
Another reason that the Industrial revolution began in England was
because of this invention
The Steam Engine
Who invented the Steam Engine?
James Watt
The Steam engine would have a major impact on the industrialized
world in the ability of people to travel from one place to another.
What is this known as?
transportation
Where did the Industrial Revolution spread to?
Europe and the United States
Those that entered the middle class saw an increase in their standards of living. However, not all people shared in this. What class of people continued
to struggle?
The Working class
Working conditions in factories were often unsafe. Diseases spread
quickly, fires that were broke out were often deadly, pollution was
awful. Wages were low also because men had to compete with both
women and
children
Children of working class families often had to get a job to help out their families. They did not have
time to play or go here
school
Back in Europe, the working class decided to start standing up for
themselves. They began to demand that changes be made. They wanted better pay, or wages. They wanted fewer hours each day. They wanted better working conditions. They also wanted to be paid if they were hurt on the job. To push for these rights
they began to form these
Labor Unions
If businesses would not meet Labor Union demands for worker rights and increased wages, they would threaten
to do this to shut down production
strike
Labor unions lobbied for the rights of women and children in the workplace. They also wanted the right to be able to negotiate with employers. What are
these negotiations known as?
Collective bargaining
Legislators listened to the working class and made laws limiting child
labor and limiting working hours for women. Many women wanted to be
treated as citizens as well, they wanted the right to vote. What is the right to
vote known as?
suffrage
A man named Karl Marx became a huge critic of capitalism. He believed the motivating force of capitalism was to exploit the working class. He wrote
about this critique in
Das Kapital
According to Marx, the class struggle in the modern era
would become so intense the masses would revolt and
bring down this group (aka capitalists).
Bourgeoisie
What did Marx call the working class?
The Proletariat
Karl Marx and Frederich Engels wrote about this historic class struggle in which the masses (proletariat) would overthrow the Bourgeoisie in this work
The Communist Manifesto (1848)
The communist goal was a classless society in which all
people were
equal
Marx described religion as a sort of drug that persuades
workers to tolerate their harsh lot in this life in the hope that
someday they will gain a “fictional afterlife.” He believed
religion was
“the opiate of the masses”
In the 1860’s he discovered that bacteria was what
caused many diseases. He found out that heat could
kill bacteria. His ideas helped make milk safer to
drink.
Louis Pasteur
He developed the smallpox vaccination
Edward Jenner
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