The HST-JWST Transition Plan
End-of-life for HST
Implementation of JWST
Steven Beckwith
Space Telescope Science Institute
7/31/03 2
HST high impact science
Anticipated scienceAnticipated science2.2. Distance scale: HDistance scale: H00
Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics Imaging sensitivityImaging sensitivity
3.3. Black holes in galaxiesBlack holes in galaxies Spectroscopy at diffract. limitSpectroscopy at diffract. limit
4.4. AGN emission linesAGN emission lines UV spectroscopy at diff. limitUV spectroscopy at diff. limit
5.5. QSO host galaxiesQSO host galaxies Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics High contrast imagingHigh contrast imaging
7.7. IGM/ISM (QAL)IGM/ISM (QAL) UV spectroscopyUV spectroscopyDark energy
Young galaxies
HD 209458b
Aurorae on Jupiter Young planets
Unanticipated scienceUnanticipated science1.1. Galaxy formation: the HDFGalaxy formation: the HDF
Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics Imaging sensitivityImaging sensitivity
6.6. Dark energy: SN Ia & Dark energy: SN Ia & Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics
8.8. -ray bursts: host galaxies-ray bursts: host galaxies Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics
9.9. Planet formation: disksPlanet formation: disks Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics High contrast imagingHigh contrast imaging
10.10. Extra-solar planetsExtra-solar planets Photometric stabilityPhotometric stability Spectroscopic stabilitySpectroscopic stability
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HST (44%)Chandra (18%)Astrobiology (15%)FUSE (9%)CGRO (5%)MGS (4%)Rocket/Balloon (1%)Other (4%)
Space Science (76%)
Earth Science (15%)
Space Flight (9%)
Rest of the World (92.8%)
NASA (7.2%)
Contributions to World Discoveries and Technological Achievements
World wide Space Science
NASA
HST
Space Science
NASA
(OF THIS)
(OF THIS)
HST accounted for 33% of all NASA discoveries
in 2002
2002 Science News Metrics
7/31/03 5
The HST-JWST Transition
NASA’s previous plan:– Launch JWST in 2007– De-orbit HST in 2010 on a shuttle return mission
• Provides a 3-4 year science overlap• Makes use of a planned shuttle flight in 2010• Allows continued HST operations in case of problems with JWST
This plan has changed:– HST may not continue to operate usefully from SM4 until 2010– The Columbia accident highlights risks of a retrieval mission
Events that impact science toward the end of the decade:– JWST launch date is now planned for 2011– JWST has less optical capability than originally assumed– Each instrument upgrade has made Hubble a new science mission
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Considerations
Congress recognizes the potential need for additional HST support– The benefits of extending HST should be judged on the merits of
the science it will enable– We have an opportunity to enhance science without impacting
NASA’s current plans for new projects
Unique Hubble capabilities provide compelling science opportunities until 2010 and beyond
– Dark energy, dark matter, and exo-planets can be addressed with Hubble, with or without new instrument(s) after SM4
– Hubble has not reached the limit of its capabilities• It is still possible to improve Hubble by >10x
– There is still time for a careful review of the cost/benefit to science of extending the use of Hubble; Hubble is currently producing 33% of NASA’s results for <2% of the budget.
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HST future science
““Local” neighborhoodLocal” neighborhood• Exo-planet detection and Exo-planet detection and
characterization characterization • Na, HNa, H22O, CO in 5-10 exo-O, CO in 5-10 exo-
planet atmospheresplanet atmospheres• Direct imaging of exo-planetsDirect imaging of exo-planets• Nature of MACHO sourcesNature of MACHO sources
Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics High contrast imagingHigh contrast imaging
• Mass of Galactic black holesMass of Galactic black holes• History of star formation in the History of star formation in the
Local GroupLocal Group
““Distant” universeDistant” universe• Dark matter in dwarf spheroidalsDark matter in dwarf spheroidals• Tests of galaxy-halo formationTests of galaxy-halo formation• Reverberation mapping of Reverberation mapping of
accretion flows near BH event accretion flows near BH event horizonshorizons
• Large-scale structure of the IGMLarge-scale structure of the IGM• Galaxy formation in clusters to z~8Galaxy formation in clusters to z~8• Weak lensing of dark matter halos, Weak lensing of dark matter halos,
0 < 0 < zz < 2 < 2• Dark energy: does dark energy Dark energy: does dark energy
result from result from ??
7/31/03 8
Congressional appropriations language
“The conferees commend NASA for the continued success of the Hubble Space Telescope and the extraordinary contributions it has made to the advancement of science…
The current situation may also require additional funding for HST. The conferees direct the program manager to maintain the current schedule for NGST development and not reduce NGST funds to cover HST shortfalls. The conferees direct NASA to carry out an in-depth study of an additional servicing mission (SM5) in the 2007 timeframe that would study operating HST until the Webb Telescope becomes operational. The study should address the costs of an additional servicing mission and the potential scientific benefits. Further, the conferees direct NASA to study the means for disposing of Hubble following the deployment of the Webb Telescope in the 2010 timeframe. This study should examine the full range of options for disposal of the Hubble including relative costs and mission constraints.”
FY03 Joint-Conference Report, H.J. Res. 2, Feb. 13, 2003
Hubble’s Impact
Measures of scientific and public impact that Measures of scientific and public impact that indicate Hubble’s strategic importance to NASA indicate Hubble’s strategic importance to NASA
and public support for researchand public support for research
7/31/03 10
HST (44%)Chandra (18%)Astrobiology (15%)FUSE (9%)CGRO (5%)MGS (4%)Rocket/Balloon (1%)Other (4%)
Space Science (76%)
Earth Science (15%)
Space Flight (9%)
Rest of the World (92.8%)
NASA (7.2%)
Contributions to World Discoveries and Technological Achievements
World wide Space Science
NASA
HST
Space Science
NASA
(OF THIS)
(OF THIS)
HST accounted for 33% of all NASA discoveries
in 2002
2002 Science News Metrics
7/31/03 11
Scientific productivity of Hubble
7/31/03 12
Pap
ers
per
year
Publication Year
0
100
200
300
400
500
1990 1995 2000
launch
HST publication rates
7/31/03 13
HST high impact science
Anticipated scienceAnticipated science2.2. Distance scale: HDistance scale: H00
Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics Imaging sensitivityImaging sensitivity
3.3. Black holes in galaxiesBlack holes in galaxies Spectroscopy at diffract. limitSpectroscopy at diffract. limit
4.4. AGN emission linesAGN emission lines UV spectroscopy at diff. limitUV spectroscopy at diff. limit
5.5. QSO host galaxiesQSO host galaxies Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics High contrast imagingHigh contrast imaging
7.7. IGM/ISM (QAL)IGM/ISM (QAL) UV spectroscopyUV spectroscopyDark energy
Young galaxies
HD 209458b
Aurorae on Jupiter Young planets
Unanticipated scienceUnanticipated science1.1. Galaxy formation: the HDFGalaxy formation: the HDF
Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics Imaging sensitivityImaging sensitivity
6.6. Dark energy: SN Ia & Dark energy: SN Ia & Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics
8.8. -ray bursts: host galaxies-ray bursts: host galaxies Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics
9.9. Planet formation: disksPlanet formation: disks Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics High contrast imagingHigh contrast imaging
10.10. Extra-solar planetsExtra-solar planets Photometric stabilityPhotometric stability Spectroscopic stabilitySpectroscopic stability
7/31/03 14
News references to observatories, 6/03Cumulative News Refererence for Space Science Missions and Observatories, June '02 to
June '03
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
VLA
Gemini
Keck
SIRTF
SETI
VLBI
Cassini
Mars Global Surveyor
Mars Odyssey
Chandra
Mars Exploration Rovers
Hubble
missions
major news references
Cumulative News References for Space
7/31/03 15
Hubble Oversubscription RateHubble Time Oversubscription
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
NICMOS ends
SM 2:STIS
NICMOS
SM 3b:ACSNCS
Hubble’s Evolution
Improvements in science and telescope capability Improvements in science and telescope capability through servicing missionsthrough servicing missions
7/31/03 17
Imaging Instrument cost & capability
base
WF/PC1 WF/PC2 ACS WFC3NICMOS
Instrument Cost
Speed (QE x pixels)
0
100
Cost (M$)
100
200
Speed ofobservation
200
7/31/03 18
Detector evolution
HST Pixel Count for Imaging
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Launch SM1 SM2 SM3a SM3b SM4
Mpixels (Vis)
Mpixels/10 (IR)
Detector Quantum Efficiency
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Launch SM1 SM2 SM3a SM3b SM4
QE (250nm)
QE (800nm)
QE (1500nm)
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Improvements in science capabilities
7/31/03 20
Science Data Volume over time
7/31/03 21
Spacecraft capability
ParameterParameter LaunchLaunch
4/19904/1990
SM1SM1
12/199312/1993
SM2SM2
2/19972/1997
SM3ASM3A
12/199912/1999
SM3bSM3b
4/20024/2002
SM4*SM4*
20052005
Total power (W)Total power (W) 24952495 24952495 22702270 21502150 28352835 27702770
Power to instruments (W)Power to instruments (W) 10801080 11901190 10351035 10001000 17601760 16401640
Power req’d by instr. (W)Power req’d by instr. (W) 500500 465465 690690 655655 12601260 15051505
Pointing jitter, all sources (mas)Pointing jitter, all sources (mas) 3939 2323 No chg.No chg. No chg.No chg. 1414 No chg.No chg.
Pointing jitter, once/orbit (mas)Pointing jitter, once/orbit (mas) 3636 2121 No chg.No chg. No chg.No chg. 66 No chgNo chg
Data storage capacity (Gb)Data storage capacity (Gb) 33 No chg.No chg. 1212 2121 No No chg. chg.
No chg.No chg.
Computer power (MIPS)Computer power (MIPS) 0.40.4 4.64.6 No chg.No chg. 9191 No No chg. chg.
No chg.No chg.
7/31/03 22
Improvements in HST power
7/31/03 23
Improvements in HST stability
Red: pre-SM3b disturbance responses (SA2)Black: post-SM 3b disturbance responses (SA3)
Options for Hubble End-of-Mission
Program changesProgram changes
Options to boost/de-orbitOptions to boost/de-orbit
7/31/03 25
Current plans for Hubble mission
7/31/03 26
Hubble Orbital LifetimeNo additional reboosts 4 mile reboost in 2005 (SM4)10 mile reboost in 2009
(no reboost in 2005)
Re-entry dateWorst case Nominal caseSolar cycle Solar cycleDec 2013 Dec 2022Dec 2015 Apr 2024Jun 2020 >2028
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Alti
tude
km
6/22
/03
6/22
/05
6/22
/07
6/22
/09
6/22
/11
6/22
/13
6/22
/15
6/22
/17
6/22
/19
6/22
/21
HST Altitude Decay: Nominal caseCycle 24 + 2s Cycle 25 Schatten Predictions (11/2002)
10 km reboost
no reboost
7/31/03 27
Hubble Component Lifetimes
ComponentComponent RR6yr6yr
FGS & FGEFGS & FGE 0.700.70
Data Management UnitData Management Unit 0.730.73
Rate GyroRate Gyro 0.800.80
Reaction Wheel AssemblyReaction Wheel Assembly 0.850.85
Solid State RecorderSolid State Recorder 0.860.86
PDU (Distribution)PDU (Distribution) 0.900.90
EP/TCEEP/TCE 0.910.91
Power Control UnitPower Control Unit 0.920.92
SIC & DH (NSSI-1)SIC & DH (NSSI-1) 0.940.94
Solar Array Electronics ControlSolar Array Electronics Control 0.950.95
7/31/03 28
Dark EnergyDark Energy
Dark energy: SN IaDark energy: SN Ia UWFI: 1000 SN Ia (1 yr HST)UWFI: 1000 SN Ia (1 yr HST) Simultaneous Simultaneous mm to ~5%, to ~5%,
distinguish distinguish (w(wxx = -1) or = -1) or exotic dark energy (wexotic dark energy (wxx > -1) > -1)
Test systematics (is universe Test systematics (is universe really really acceleratingaccelerating?)?)
UWFI FOV ~10’x10’; 9x ACS area; 15x WFC3 IR
HST with WFI: ~1000 SN Ia post 2010Provides strong test of universal acceleration
Instr. #SN t(yr) w(%)Now 40 4 25ACS 200 1 10WFI 1000 1 5
7/31/03 29
CODEX capabilitiesCODEX capabilities
7/31/03 30
3 hours
Ingress Eclipse Egress
Exo-planet atmospheresExo-planet atmospheres
Giant exo-planets:Giant exo-planets: Several planets around bright Several planets around bright
(m(mVV < 10 < 10mm) stars) stars HST provides only way to HST provides only way to
study atmospheres (requires a study atmospheres (requires a few hundred orbits per few hundred orbits per candidate) candidate)
STIS spectroscopy of HD 209458b atmosphere
HST is unique for the study of eclipsing exo-planet atmospheres.
Future enhancements
Notes on technical, scientific, and funding Notes on technical, scientific, and funding possibilitiespossibilities
7/31/03 32
HST’s focal plane
7/31/03 33
Wide Field Imager: 90 sq. min.Wide Field Imager: 90 sq. min.ACS
WFI
N
E
7/31/03 34
Anticipated science from Hubble
Extra-solar planets (eclipses)Extra-solar planets (eclipses) Photometry & spectrosc. stabilityPhotometry & spectrosc. stability High contrast imagingHigh contrast imaging
Dark energy (SN Ia)Dark energy (SN Ia) Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics Imaging sensitivity Imaging sensitivity
Galaxy formation & evolutionGalaxy formation & evolution Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics Imaging sensitivityImaging sensitivity
Dark Matter: gravity lensingDark Matter: gravity lensing Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics
Distance scale (Cepheids)Distance scale (Cepheids) Astrometric precisionAstrometric precision Long temporal coverageLong temporal coverage
Age of the GalaxyAge of the Galaxy Diffraction-limited opticsDiffraction-limited optics
GALEX
HST (ACS)
8m ground (Gemini)
HST-WFC3
SNAP
JWST
Imaging: / = 5 10 in 10 ksec
GALEX
HST (STIS)
8m ground (Gemini)
JWST
Spectra: / = 1000 10 in 10 ksec
Wavelength (m)
10-16
10-14
10-12
10-18
10-16
10-14
F
(erg
/s/c
m2 )
0.1 0.5 1 2 5
7/31/03 35
Current HST capabilities in imaging
JWST Plans
Current evolution of capabilities, development Current evolution of capabilities, development plans, schedule confidenceplans, schedule confidence
The JWST Replan
NASA HQ Challenge:NASA HQ Challenge: 1.6B development cap1.6B development cap Tight FY03-FY07 budgetsTight FY03-FY07 budgets Launch in 2010-11Launch in 2010-11 STScI as Operations CenterSTScI as Operations Center
Replan Conclusions (April ‘03)Replan Conclusions (April ‘03) ESA to provide Ariane VESA to provide Ariane V 6-m primary (18 or 36 segments)6-m primary (18 or 36 segments) CSA NIRCam parts moved to FGSCSA NIRCam parts moved to FGS All 3 instruments still alive and All 3 instruments still alive and well.well. Reshuffling of responsibilitiesReshuffling of responsibilities
Ariane V
29.4 m2
25 m2
7/31/03 38
JWST Schedule (approximate)
2003: Reviews, Mirror & detector selected, SRR, PRD starts2003: Reviews, Mirror & detector selected, SRR, PRD starts 2004: Mirror manufacture begins, detailed designs2004: Mirror manufacture begins, detailed designs 2005: NAR, instruments begin construction2005: NAR, instruments begin construction 2006: CDR, Science Ops System s/w dev. starts2006: CDR, Science Ops System s/w dev. starts 2007: SI testing, flight computer delivered 2007: SI testing, flight computer delivered 2008: Mirror, Science Instruments, B1 sci ops delivered2008: Mirror, Science Instruments, B1 sci ops delivered 2009: SI testing @ GSFC, Mirror at Plumbrook, B2 sci ops2009: SI testing @ GSFC, Mirror at Plumbrook, B2 sci ops 2010: Thermal Vac, End-to-end spacecraft tests2010: Thermal Vac, End-to-end spacecraft tests 2011: Launch, August 20112011: Launch, August 2011 2012: Science starts Feb: 20122012: Science starts Feb: 2012
7/31/03 39
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Years
Delaysafter C/D
starts
InstrumentSel. ToLaunch
C/DDuration
Prime Sel.to Launch
Mission phase
Great Observatories Timing
HST
Chandra
SIRTF
JWST Plan
JWST Schedule Confidence
Average delay after Average delay after C/D start is 1.8 yearsC/D start is 1.8 years
JWST is 3 years from JWST is 3 years from C/D startC/D start
JWST schedule is JWST schedule is aggressive in 2/3 of aggressive in 2/3 of other categories.other categories.
Assumes HST would have launched in Fall 1986 except for Challenger; assumes SIRTF Launch in August 2003
From these data, we may From these data, we may expect ~2 year delay in expect ~2 year delay in JWST launch compared JWST launch compared to the current plan.to the current plan.
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