1
P. Froeschle / Daimler AG
The Future of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Commercialization
Jörg WindStrategic energy projects and market development BEV / FCV
2Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Why do we need sustainable mobility- Global influencing factors for the future mobility
Sustainable mobility
Mega Cities / surroundings
Local emissions
CO2 regulations
Resource independency
Growing World Population & Industrialization
3Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Drive Portfolio for the Mobility of Tomorrow
Long Distance Interurban City Traffic
Efficient Combustion Engine
Hybrid Drive
Plug-In / Range Extender
Electric Vehicle with Fuel Cell
Electric Vehicle with Battery
B-Class F-CELL
smart fortwo electric drive
Concept B-Class E-CELL PLUS
S 400 HYBRID
E 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY
4Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Worldwide Fleet Operation with Daimler’s Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
• New fleet operations will start in Germany, Europe, USA and Japan from 2010
• Operation of 200 Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-CELL, 30 Citaro FuelCELL Hybrid Busses and 3 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter
• All fleet operations / demonstrations have to be recognized as first steps to a later commercialization
Daimler has the target to commercialize fuel cell vehicles in the foreseeable future
B-Class F-CELL
Citaro FuelCELL Hybrid
HySys Sprinter
5Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Almost 20 years experience with FCEVs
History of Daimler’s Fuel Cell Vehicles
Concepts and Feasibility Studies Fit for daily use/ Fleet tests Small Series
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Necar 3 Necar 5
Necar 4Necar 2 A-Class F-Cell F600 A-Class F- Cell
Advanced
Nutzfahrzeuge
Methanol
Necar 1 Nebus Fuel Cell Sprinter Fuel Cell Citaro Fuel Cell Sprinter
Citaro FuelCELL-Hybrid
Next Gen FCEVs
Series
Fuel Cell Sprinter
B-class F-Cell
2007 20102008 2009 2014
Passenger Cars
6Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Future GenerationsFuture Generations
Generation 1Technology Demonstration
A-Class F-Cell
Generation 3Cost Reduction I
Passenger CarsLead Application
Generation 1Technology Demonstration
Citaro Fuel Cell
Generation 2Customer Acceptance
Citaro FuelCELL Hybrid
Bus
Generation 1Technology Demonstration
Generation 2Customer Acceptance
Sprinter
Generation 5Mass Production
2004
2010
Daimler is dedicated to commercialize fuel cell vehicles
Daimler’s Fuel Cell Technology Roadmap
Generation 4Market IntroductionCost Reduction II
Generation 2Customer Acceptance
B-Class F-Cell
7Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
The Current Generation of Fuel Cell Vehicles – “Driving the Future” becomes Reality
Technical DataVehicle Mercedes-Benz B-Class
Fuel Cell System PEM, 90 kW (122 hp)
Engine Output (Cont./ Peak) 70kW / 100kW (136 hp)Max. Torque: 290 Nm
Fuel Compressed hydrogen (70 MPa)
Range 380 km (NEFZ)
Top Speed 170 km/h
Li-Ion Battery Output (Cont./ Peak): 24 kW / 30 kW (40 hp) Capacity: 6.8 Ah, 1.4 kWh
• Freeze Start capability
• Short refueling time and high range
• Emissions-free (CO2 )
• Silent operation
8Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
B-Class F-Cell
Next generation of the fuel cell-power train:
• Higher stack lifetime (>2000h)
• Increased power• Higher reliability• Freeze start ability• Li-Ion Battery
Size-
40%
[l/10
0km
Consumption-
16%
[kW
]
Power+30%
Progress Fuel Cell Technology - Next Generation FCVs
[km
]Range+135%
Technical DataVehicle Type Mercedes-Benz A-Class (Long)
Fuel Cell System PEM, 72 kW (97 hp)
Engine
Engine Output (Continuous / Peak): 45 kW / 65 kW (87hp) Max. Torque: 210 Nm
Fuel Hydrogen (35 MPa / 5,000 psi)Range 105 miles (170 km / NEDC)
Top Speed 88 mph (140 km/h)
BatteryNiMh, Output (Continuous / Peak): 15 kW / 20 kW (27hp); Capacity: 6 Ah, 1.2 kWh
Technical DataVehicle Type Mercedes-Benz B-Class
Fuel Cell System PEM, 90 kW (122 hp)
Engine
IPT Engine Output (Continuous/ Peak) 70kW / 100kW (136hp)Max. Torque: 290 Nm
Fuel Compressed Hydrogen (70 MPa / 10,000 psi)
Range ca. 250 miles (400 km)Top Speed 106 mph (170 km/h)
BatteryLi-Ion, Output (Continuous/ Peak): 24 kW / 30 kW (40hp); Capacity 6.8 Ah, 1.4 kWh
A-Class F-Cell
9Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Mercedes-Benz F-CELL World Drive 2011
• 125 days • 14 countries• 3 B-Class F-CELL• approx 30,000 km per vehicle
10Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Key Components of the Fuel Cell Power Train *
PDU / PDB
H2 pressure tanks
Fuel cell stack
H2 supply stack
E-motor with transmission
Cooling module Battery
Humidifier for stack
Air module with filter and compressor
* Packaging example based on the Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-CELL
11Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Compact MPV*
* MPV = Multi-purpose vehicle
SUVCoupé
Most Important FC Manufacturer and their Current Fuel Cell Passenger Car Models
Many of the biggest and most important automobile manufacturers are committed to develop and commercialize fuel cell vehicles
GM Equinox Fuel Cell Nissan X-Trail FCV
Hyundai Tucson FCEV Kia Borrego FCEV
Toyota FCHV
MB B-Class F-CELL
Renault Scenic ZEV H2
Honda FCX Clarity
Fiat Panda Hydrogen
VW Tiguan HyMotion
Compact Class
Ford Focus FCV Hybrid
City Car
12Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
The Future of Electric Vehicles with Fuel Cell
The Mercedes-Benz Research Vehicle F 125! shows the potential of the fuel cell technology
Due to further modularization, packaging of future electric vehicles with fuel cell will be simplified
Packaging Concept
The current generation The future generation
Electric engine Hydrogen tank
Li-Ion Battery
Fuel cell
The fuel-cell system can be placed in fully below the front hood
1,000 km emission-free driving
Future generation hydrogen storage- and battery technology
13Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Citaro FuelCELL-Hybrid
Technical Data
Power FC-System 250 kW
Durability (FC) 4 years
Drive power 205 kW, for < 15-20 sec
Hydrogen Storage 40 – 42 kg Hydrogen (350 bar)
Range 180 - 220 km
HV-Battery --
Efficiency FC-System 43 - 38 %
H2 -Consumption 20 – 24 kg / 100 km
Technical Data
Power FC-System 120 kW (const.) / 140 kW (max.)
Durability (FC) 6 years
Drive power Output (const. / max.): 2 x 80 kW / 2 x 120 kW
Hydrogen Storage 35 kg Hydrogen (350 bar)
Range > 250 km
HV-Battery 26,9 kWh, Output 250 kW
Efficiency FC-System 58 - 51 %
H2 -Consumption 10 – 14 kg / 100 km
BZ-Bus (CUTE)
2 Fuel Cell Systems alsoused in B-Class F-CELL
The Citaro FuelCELL-Hybrid is the next Generation of Fuel Cell Bus
Durability+50%
[l/10
0km
Consumption- 45%
Wirkungs- grad (FC)
+35%
[km
]
Range+25%
[Jah
re]
Next Generation Fuel Cell Hybrid Bus Power Train
Energy retrieving through hybridization (recuperation)
Higher efficiency
Passenger comfort through noise reduction and steady acceleration
Optimum availability – improved
Higher lifetime
Next Generation Fuel Cell Hybrid Bus Power Train
Energy retrieving through hybridization (recuperation)
Higher efficiency
Passenger comfort through noise reduction and steady acceleration
Optimum availability – improved
Higher lifetime
14Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Fuel Cell Busses
Mercedes-Benz Citaro FuelCELL-Hybrid Hyundai Fuel Cell BusToyota-Hino FCHV Bus
Van Hool A330 Fuel Cell New Flyer H40LFR
• The fuel cell technology also reasonable applicable in buses• No problems of space for the voluminous additional components (tank and battery system
can be stored on the roof of the bus)• Operational profile of city buses suits very good for the application of the fuel cell technology
(low mileage, low average speed, …)
Current Fuel Cell Bus Models
15Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
The costs for the fuel cell power train are currently much higher than those from conventional drive systems. They can be reduced considerably through scale effects and technology advances.
A reduction of the costs on the level of conventional drive trains is possible.
Regarding the TCO1 comparable values to conventional drive systems are reachable.
Cost Potentials of the Fuel Cell Technology
Cost reductionthrough scale effects
Cos
ts P
ower
Tra
in p
er V
ehic
le
TechnologyGeneration I
A-Class F-CELL
Technology Generation II
B-Class F-CELL
Technology Mass Market
Hybrid
Fuel Cell Vehicle Hybrid
Cost reductionthrough establishment of a competitive supply industry
Cost reductionthrough technical advances
Cost reductionthrough technical advances
1) Total Cost of Ownership
16Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
AFCC DaimlerNuCellSys
Stack System Power Train Vehicle
Daimler
Development Process of Key Components -Fuel Cell Power Train
The Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation (AFCC) is a Joint-Venture between Daimler AG, Ford Motor Company und Ballard Power Systems founded in 2007
Nucellsys GmbH is a subsidiary of Daimler AG and has been founded in 2005
17Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Variety of sources to produce hydrogen and electricity
H2Electricity
Synthetic fuels (GTL)sulphur-free, free of aromatic compounds
Natural Gas (CNG)
1. Gen. Bio-Fuels (Ethanol from wheat, Biodiesel from Rape)
2.Gen. Bio-Fuels(NExBTL, Synt. Diesel from Biomass )
WindWater Solar
Bio-Mass
Natural Gas
Crude Oil Conventional fuelssulphur-free, free of aromatic compounds
fuelsprimary energy sources for car fuels
toda
yto
mor
row
Potential to store the fluctuating energy and support the energy change in Germany
18Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Technical Configuration of a Hydrogen Fueling Station
Status quo of hydrogen filling stations:
Pre-cooling down to -40° Celsius
Pressure of the hydrogen 350 and 700 bar
Infrared data interface for communication vehicle <> filling station
Standard: SAE J2601, SAE J2799
Refueling time: approx. 3 minutes for the B-Class F-CELL (ca. 4 kg hydrogen)
Unitized construction / scalable
19Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Important Steps on the Way to a Commercialization of Fuel Cell Vehicles started in September 2009
Letter of Understanding Memorandum of Understanding
„Commitment to the development and market introduction of Fuel Cell
vehicles“
„H2 -Mobility –Major companies sign up to
hydrogen infrastructure built-up plan in Germany“
It is essential to realize the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles and the build-up of the hydrogen infrastructure at the same time and in the same dimension
Commercialization FCVs Build-up H2 -Infrastructure
20Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
German Initiative “H2 -Mobility“
Involved companies and organizations
Realization of the activities in 2 phases
Phase 1: 2009 – 2012Development of a business plan and joint venture negotiations. The target is a build-up plan for a nationwide hydrogen infrastructure.
Phase 2: 2012+Foundation of a consortium and action plan for the build-up of a hydrogen fuelling station network
A strong partnership of motivated stakeholder
Germany as lead market in Europe
Leading industrial concerns want a build-up plan for a area- wide hydrogen infrastructure
Major expansion of the hydrogen filling station networks until the end of 2011
Important milestone on the way to emission free mobility
Initiative “H2 -Mobility” - Germany as lead Market in Europe for Hydrogen Infrastructure
21Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Our Commitment: 20 H2-fuelling stations as a catalyst for the market introduction of fuel cell technology
Key Facts Approximate allocation
• 20 new H2 fuelling stations will be built from 2012 jointly by Daimler and Linde with support of federal government
• Fuelling stations primarily in „high-density“ regions (e.g. Baden-Württemberg), metropolis and corridors
• Germany as first country, which will get an area- wide H2 -infrastructure
2011 2012 2013 2014
Discussions with retail partners and location agreements
Green = in operation / ongoing implementationGrey = Extension of existing hydrogen regions
20 H2 -fuelling stations until 2014
22Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
The way to an area-wide hydrogen infrastructure network (Example Germany)
Chicken-Egg Dilemma
Clean Energy Partnership (2002-2016)
H2 Mobility (since 2009)
Daimler/Linde Cooperation (2011-2014)
H2 Mobility Joint Venture (from 2012/13)
I
II
III
IV
Initiative for build-up of nationwide H2 -Infrastructure.Development of a business plan and joint venture negotiations were
the first steps
20 new H2 fuelling stations are planned in Germany in a cooperation with The Linde Group and Daimler AG. The first station will be built
in 2012
Transformation of H2 Mobility to a Joint Venture
H2 and FC Demonstration project in following federal states: Berlin, Hamburg, Hessen, Nordrhein-Westfalen and Baden-Württemberg
No vehicles without the infrastructure, no infrastructure without vehicles
23Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Global Main Activities for the Build-up of H2 -InfrastructureFurther activities expected in:
• Western Europe (Scandinavia)• Asia (China)• Hawaii
2010 2011 2013 2015
514
2040
80
250
450
H2filling station build-up (public filling stations)
Build-up of the filling station infrastructure depends on the business plan within the scope of H2-Mobility.
Germany
Optimistic Scenario
Pessimistic Scenario
Build-up of the hydrogen infrastructure especially in the scope of the public funded „Japan Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Project“ (JHFC)
Japan
2010 2011 2013 2015
1318
15 22
2880
120
H2filling station build-up (public filling stations)
Optimistic Scenario
Pessimistic Scenario
Build up filling station infrastructure depend on CaFCP Action Plan, CARB + CEC calls.
From 20,000 FC vehicles (in discussion 2,000 vehicles) the filling station operators will be obliged by law to provide the necessary H2infrastructure (CFO: Clean Fuels Outlet)
USA
2010 2011 2013 2015
1216
2435
65
100
200
H2filling station build-up (public filling stations)
Optimistic Scenario
Pessimistic Scenario
24Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Currently there is a significant momentum in several markets to push for the commercialization of H2-infrastructure
•
South Korea laid out "Green Car Roadmap"
including action for EV, PHEV,
HEV, FCEV, and bio diesel•
Plans to have 168 HRS
and 98,800
FCEV
deployed by 2020
•
Announced government support
for EV
of up to EUR 20,000
in rebates, tax
exemptions, and bonus/malus•
Incentives for FCEV
will be defined later but are expected to be comparable
to EV
•
Announcement by 13 companies
(3 OEMs and 10 energy and infrastructure
providers) and the Ministry of Transport to commercialize FCEV•
Mass production of FCEV by 2015•
100 HRS operational
in 4 four metropolitan areas and connecting
highways planned
•
Hyundai-Kia Motors and key hydrogen stakeholders from the Nordic countries, (Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland) signed a MoU
with the aim of collaboration
towards market deployment of zero emission hydrogen powered FCEVs•
FCEV will be used to complement the Scandinavian Hydrogen Highway Partnership (SHHP) fleet
of 26 FCEV and to be increased to 46 in 2011
•
SHHP also plans to increase number of HRS from 7 to 15 by 2015Source: Daimler + McKinsey
25Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Strong public-private partnership with a focused objective
European Union represented by the European Commission
Industry Grouping (NEW-IG ) 62 Members
Research Grouping (N.ERGHY) 61 members
The Joint Undertaking is managed by a governing board composed of representatives of all three partners and lead by the Industry.
To accelerate the
development of
technology base towards
market deployment
of FCH technologies
from 2015 onwards
To accelerate the
development of
technology base towards
market deployment
of FCH technologies
from 2015 onwards
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking
Fuel
Cells
and Hydrogen
Technology in the
European Context: FCH JTI
26Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Successful programme
Annual calls for project proposals= key tool for financial support
Budget breakdown by application area
Early Markets(12-14%)
Cross-cutting activities (6-8%)
Transportation & Refuelling infrastructure
(32-36%)
Stationary Power Generation & CHP (34-37%)
Hydrogen Production & Distribution (10-12%)
Budget: min. 940 M€ in 2008-2013
Principle: 50/50 cost-sharing between EU and Industry
Focus: Implementation plans formulated in close cooperation by all JU partners
Impact: 100 projects supported in calls 2008 - 2011, programme review shows good progress, two more calls to be implemented
Fuel
Cells
and Hydrogen
Technology in the
European Context: FCH JTI
27Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
The
FCH JTI has four
main
Application
Areas(AA)
AA 1: Hydrogen Vehicles & Infrastructure Technologies
Improve and validate H2 vehicle and infrastructure technologies to the level required for commercialisation decision by 2015 & mass market roll-out by 2020
AA 2: Sustainable H2 Supply
10 – 20 % of the H2 supplied for energy applications to be CO2 lean or free by 2015
AA 3: Competitive FCs
for Combined Head & Power Generation
100 MW capacity in operation by 2015
AA 4: FCs
for Early Markets
14,000 early market FC products in the market by 2015
28Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
FCH JTI target
targets
(from Multi Annual
Implementation
Plan)
29Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
FCH JTI target
targets
(from Multi Annual
Implementation
Plan)
30Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
FCH Joint Undertaking to continue under Horizon 2020
FCH technologies are essential for achieving a low carbon, inclusive and
competitive economy = EU’s strategic objectives
FCH technologies are essential for achieving a low carbon, inclusive and
competitive economy = EU’s strategic objectives
Great technological progress made, but significant effort still ahead
– a strong public-private partnership will enable the shift
Great technological progress made, but significant effort still ahead
– a strong public-private partnership will enable the shift
Creating stable business environment, sharing market-entry risks and introducing adequate support
mechanisms will trigger private necessary investment
Creating stable business environment, sharing market-entry risks and introducing adequate support
mechanisms will trigger private necessary investment
Success of existing programme creates a strong case for continuation
and strengthening of FCH Joint Undertaking under Horizon 2020
Success of existing programme creates a strong case for continuation
and strengthening of FCH Joint Undertaking under Horizon 2020
Future Outlook: Follow
up of FCH JTI in Horizon
2020
31Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
FCH Joint Undertaking to continue under Horizon 2020Success
of Fuel
Cell
and Hydrogen
Technology needs
technological
development, private investment
and political
support
• Further funding support of Hydrogen/Fuell-Cell R&D in Horizon 2020
• Support of H2-Infrastructure build-up (e.g. by TEN-T projects)
• Strong consideration of Hydrogen and Fuell-Cell Technology in Energy Roadmap 2050
• Acceleration of defining standards (i.e. worldwide harmonized) for fuell-cell vehicles (safety, H2-storage system)
• Regulatory support and customer incentives for fast market uptake
How Politics can support:
34Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Fuel Cell Stack – The Heart of the FC Power Train
Single fuel cell
Fuel Cell StackWith endplate and connection
1. Protons and electrons arise on the anode by oxidation of hydrogen
2. Protons (H+-Ions) pass through the membra- ne and react with the oxygen, forming water
3. Electrons flow through an outer electric circuit to the cathode
The potential difference, which is generated by the reaction between the two electrodes, can be converted in the outer electric circuit to electric energy
Functionality of a Fuel CellConstruction of a Fuel Cell Stack
Bipolar element with flow channel for oxygen
Oxygen supply (Cathode)
Polymer-electrolyte- membrane (PEM)
Hydrogen supply (Anode)
Bipolar element with flow channel for hydrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Construction of a Single Fuel Cell
35Dr. J. Wind / Daimler AG / 28.02.2012
Overview E-Drive Variants – Mass and Volumes of drive train for a range of 500km (B-Class in NEDC)
Diesel Plug-In Hybrid BEV FCV
Packaging
Energy Storage and Mass
Tank 45 kgTank, Battery (14,6 kWh)
E-Range 70 km
Battery (100kWh)
E-Range 500 km
180 kg 830 kg H2 -Tank, Battery (1,4 kWh)
E-Range 2-5 km
131 kg
Energy Conversion and Mass
ICE
Transmission215 kg
E-Motor, Trans- mission, Converter
ICE, Generator, Converter
275 kgE-Motor, Transmission, Converter
147 kg
E-Motor, Trans- mission, Converter, HV DC/DC
FC System
276 kg
Drive Train Mass977 kg 407 kg455 kg260 kg
Drive Train Volume 125 l 319 l 760 l 480 l
Because of weight reasons battery electric vehicles with a range of 500 km can not be realized
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