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The Final
December 15, 10:30 am, CHEM 140
80 questions. Cumulative. 3 hours.
We are unable to give alternate exam dates or times.
Be on time, please—no late exams will be given
CHAPTER 11 OVERVIEW
City Spaces: Urban Structure
Key Questions
How are cities organized, and why?
What are common patterns of urban structure?
How do these create radically different urban experiences for different groups? How do we create different but co-existing cities in the same place for different people?
Organization of the Lecture
I. The City and The City
II. Principles of spatial organization Example: Chicago
III. Traditional urban forms North America Europe
III. New urban forms
I. The City and the City
The City and the City
Two cities: Beszel and Um Qota.
Cities overlap: people in Beszel interact with “crosshatched” parts of Um Qota all the time.
To interact with the other city is to “breach”
They survive by “unseeing” and “unnoticing”
Modern Cities
Are dividedMy “New York” is not
Bloomberg’s New York is not a homeless person’s New York.
We survive by “unseeing” the parts of the city that aren’t “ours” much of the time.
How do cities come to be spatially segregated?
II. How are cities spatially patterned?
In an ideal world….
*Land utility and price is a function of accessibility.
*Land is more valuable closer to the urban center.
*Result is concentric zones of land use.
Urban patterns in real life
Social factors change land use.
Conundrum: why do the wealthy move to the suburbs?
Group membership, identity, and symbolic value change the meaning of urban places. A mansion in Lake Forest, IL
The territorial clustering of subgroups of peopleExamples?A means of cultural
preservationCreates places for
minority institutions Establishes a power
base in relation to host society.
Congregation
Chicago
Territoriality on the part of majority populations
Restricting territory of minority groups.
Blocks assimilation of minorities into host society
Can be symbolic or institutional
Discrimination
Redlining in Chicago
Segregation
The combined result of congregation and discrimination.
Chicago: the most segregated city in America
What kinds of segregations exist in your town? In Boulder?
Urban forms of segregation
Enclaves
Ghettos
Colonies
Milwaukee Avenue, Chicago
NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE, ISLAMIC WORLD
Patterns of Urban Structure
North American Cities
Organized around central business districtsLoop and El in
Chicago
CBD surrounded by a mixed use transition zone
Residential districts are outlying
Processes of Neighborhood Change
Invasion
Succession
Gentrification
Example: Pilsen, Chicago Was Czech Now Latin American Gentrifying West Side
Problems of North American Cities
“Fiscal squeeze”—declining revenues meet increased demands for services
Infrastructure Problems—obsolete built environment
Neighborhood decay—exacerbated by the mortgage crisis, creates stigmatized areas
Collapsed bridge on I-35W
Cycle of Poverty
Poor people attracted to low rents in decaying areas.
Underfunded, decaying areas lose businesses and jobs.
Result is low employment, high stigma
Robert Taylor Homes, Chicago
The City and The City
US cities are income-segregated.
How often do you go to a low-income area? Does your daily path go there?
Is Boulder a different city for you and a low-income person? Your town?
European Cities
Several advantages compared to US cities:
Well-funded through municipal socialism
Lively downtown areas
Neighborhood stability
Better infrastructure
Downtown Toulouse, France
New Urban Forms: the Polycentric Metropolis
“Splintering Urbanism” and sprawl have led to urban areas up to 100 miles wide.
These areas have multiple centers and corridors.
Postsuburbia, exurbia, technoburbs
Conclusions
Cities are sprawling
Larger cities are more spatially segregated.
People of different ethnic and income groups now exist in enclaves, gentrified areas, suburbs, ghettos and other spatially distinct areas
We can think about “the city and the city”---totally different cities that happen to be in the same place.
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