The conservation of water and soil resources in the
Ronquillo basin in the Northern Sierra of Peru
CASCUS I
Prof. Dr. Achim Schulte, Freie Universitaet Berlin
Dipl.-Geogr. Joachim Krois, Freie Universitaet Berlin
Partners
CEDEPAS Norte
Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca
GIZ
ASPADERUC
CIPDER
Instituto Cuencas
SEDACAJ S.A.
SENAMHI
Municipalidad Provincial de Cajamarca
Municipalidad Distrital de Chetilla y de Magdalena
CARE
Contents
1. Introduction
1. Environmental conditions and problems
2. Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
2. Methods – scenarios implemented in rainfall runoff model NASIM
1. Conceptual framework and hydrological model approach
2. Two scenarios of two-dimensional measures (terraces/bund systems, aforestation)
3. Two scenarios of point measures (reservoirs, check dams)
3. Results
1. Rainfall and discharge variability
2. Surface runoff in scenario terraces/bund systems
3. Effectiveness of four scenarios concerning water yield
4. Summary
5. Conclusion
6. Outlook
Environmental conditions and problems
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Pacific Atlantic
ReservoirGallito Ciego
Granja Porcón
Yanacocha
City ofCajamarca(~2700 m asl)
Environmental conditions and problems
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Environmental conditions and problems
“Infiltration excess and overland flow”
on the slopes – the flat areas are cultivated
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Environmental conditions and problems
Pacific Atlantic
ReservoirGallito Ciego
Granja Porcón
Yanacocha
City ofCajamarca(~2700 m asl)
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
ChetillanoRonquilloYunga
(500 – 2.300 m asl)
Quechua
(2.300 – 3.500 m asl)
Jalca
(> 3.500 m asl)
Legend
!(KS_used_in_CASCUS
#*KS-SENAMHI-automatic
CASCUS_EZGs
srtm_utm_17s
<VALUE>
-214 - 500
500,0000001 - 2.300
2.300,000001 - 3.500
3.500,000001 - 4.702
srtm_utm_17s
<VALUE>
0
< 500
500 - 1.000
1.000- 1.500
1.500 - 2.000
2.000 - 2.500
2.500 - 3.000
3.000 - 3.500
3.500 - 4.000
4.000 - 4.500
> 4.500
Ecological Zones
Cajamarca
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
A rainfall event in the Jalca region
in a zero order basin (headwater area)
of Rio Ronquillo watershed…
05.03.2009
Environmental conditions and problems
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
“Saturation excess and overland flow”
on the flat areas – the slopes are cultivated
…resulted in subsequent surface runoff formation…
05.03.2009
Environmental conditions and problems
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
05.03.2009
…which in turn causes sever soil erosion and sediment transport
Environmental conditions and problems
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Surface runoff Soil degradation
++ Soil erosion
-Soil infiltration+
-
Groundwater Recharge
Rainy Season enhanced runoff,
soil erosion and flooding
Dry Season lower water availability
for human demand within the
watershed and downstream (e.g. for
the city of Cajamarca)
Environmental conditions and problems
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
Gauging station42 km²
CatchmentArea
(km²)Water plant
Hydrauliccapacity
Ronquillo 42SantaApolonia
~100 l/s
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Contents
1. Introduction
1. Environmental conditions and problems
2. Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
2. Methods – scenarios implemented in rainfall runoff model NASIM
1. Conceptual framework and hydrological model approach
2. Two scenarios of two-dimensional measures (terraces/bund systems, aforestation)
3. Two scenarios of point measures (reservoirs, check dams)
3. Results
1. Rain fall and discharge variability
2. Surface runoff in scenario terraces/bund systems
3. Effectiveness of four scenarios concerning water yield
4. Summary
5. Conclusion
6. Outlook
Concept for the implementation of soil and water conservation measures in the Ronquillo watershed
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Conceptual framework
Rainfall-runoff-model
Hydrological model approach (NASIM 3.7)
Grey-Box model (physical and conceptual components)
deterministic model
distributed model (Hydrological Response Unit)
Atmosphere
Surface
River channel
Saturated zone
Unsaturated zone
Discharge
Baseflow
Interflow
Channel runoff
Surface runoff
Interception
Precipitation Evaporation
Percolation
Infiltration
Model components Water flows
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Chetillano
RonquilloAlto Chetilla
Chamis
Huaquillas
Puente
Chetilla
Captación
Santa Apolonia
Yunga(500 – 2.300 m asl)
Quechua (2.300 – 3.500 m asl)
Jalca(> 3.500 m asl)
Legend
!(KS_used_in_CASCUS
#*KS-SENAMHI-automatic
CASCUS_EZGs
srtm_utm_17s
<VALUE>
-214 - 500
500,0000001 - 2.300
2.300,000001 - 3.500
3.500,000001 - 4.702
srtm_utm_17s
<VALUE>
0
< 500
500 - 1.000
1.000- 1.500
1.500 - 2.000
2.000 - 2.500
2.500 - 3.000
3.000 - 3.500
3.500 - 4.000
4.000 - 4.500
> 4.500
Ecological ZonesCajamarca
Water divide Chetillano and Ronquillo
Continental water divide
Major roads
Meteorological Station (FU-Berlin)
Meteorological Station (SENAMHI)
Gauging Station (FU-Berlin)
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Input data to rainfall-runoff-model
Meteorological and gauging station
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
(A) Widespread two-dimensional measures in agriculture and forestry
(B) Point measures along river channels
Soil and Water Conservation
Techniques (SWCT)
Scenario development
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
(A) Widespread two-dimensional measures in agriculture and forestry
Soil and Water Conservation
Techniques (SWCT)
Scenario development
S1
Terraces/bund systems (S1) Aforestation (S2)
S2
Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) Expansion of existing aforestation
S1 Area: 24% S2 Area: 18%
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
(B) Point measures along river channels
Soil and Water Conservation
Techniques (SWCT)
Scenario development
Water retarding basins (S3) Check dams (S4)
Laguna Mataracocha123.000 m³
Cushunga basin25.000 m³
Balconillo basin37.000 m³
Total storage volume: 185,000 m³
S3 S4
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Contents
1. Introduction
1. Environmental conditions and problems
2. Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
2. Methods – scenarios implemented in rainfall runoff model NASIM
1. Conceptual framework and hydrological model approach
2. Two scenarios of two-dimensional measures (terraces/bund systems, aforestation)
3. Two scenarios of point measures (reservoirs, check dams)
3. Results
1. Rainfall and discharge variability
2. Surface runoff in scenario terraces/bund systems
3. Effectiveness of four scenarios concerning water yield
4. Summary
5. Conclusion
6. Outlook
Rainfall (Chamis) and discharge variability
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Baseflow according to UKIH seperation method - - - Flow recession curves for calculating reservoir volume
Modeled surface runoff at gauging station Ronquillo
20%
Modelled runoff
Current state
S1 (Terrace and bund systems)
01.1
0.08
01.0
1.09
01.0
4.09
01.0
7.09
01.1
0.09
01.0
1.10
01.0
4.10
01.0
7.10
01.1
0.10
01.0
1.11
01.0
4.11
01.0
7.11
01.1
0.11
0.0x100
106
2.0x106
3.0x106
4.0x106
5.0x106
Cu
mu
lati
ve
su
rfa
ce r
un
off
(m
³)
0
2
4
6
Dail
y m
ea
n r
un
off
(m
3s
-1)
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Modeled total water yield at gauging station Ronquillo
10%
Modelled runoff
Current state
S1 (Terrace and bund systems)
01.1
0.08
01.0
1.09
01.0
4.09
01.0
7.09
01.1
0.09
01.0
1.10
01.0
4.10
01.0
7.10
01.1
0.10
01.0
1.11
01.0
4.11
01.0
7.11
01.1
0.11
0.0x100
5.0x106
107
1.5x107
2.0x107
2.5x107
3.0x107
Cu
mu
lati
ve r
un
off
(m
³)
0
2
4
6
Dail
y m
ea
n r
un
off
(m
3s
-1)
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Hydrological impact is increasing evapotranspiration
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
01.1
0.20
08
01.0
1.20
09
01.0
4.20
09
01.0
7.20
09
01.1
0.20
09
01.0
1.20
10
01.0
4.20
10
01.0
7.20
10
01.1
0.20
10
01.0
1.20
11
01.0
4.20
11
01.0
7.20
11
01.1
0.20
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
Dail
y m
ean
ru
no
ff (
m³s
-1)
0.0x100
2.0x105
4.0x105
6.0x105
8.0x105
Wate
r d
efi
cit
(m
³)
Cumulative curve of water deficit
S1 (Terrace and bund systems)
S2 (Afforestation)
S3 (Retarding basins)
S4 (Check dams)
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Water availability and water deficit
Water availability and water deficit
Water yield Water abstraction
Maximum hydraulic conductivity
64 ls-1
Water availability and water deficit
Modelled runoff
Current state
S1 (Terrace and bund systems)
S2 (Afforestation)
01.1
0.08
01.0
1.09
01.0
4.09
01.0
7.09
01.1
0.09
01.0
1.10
01.0
4.10
01.0
7.10
01.1
0.10
01.0
1.11
01.0
4.11
01.0
7.11
01.1
0.11
0.0x100
5.0x106
107
1.5x107
2.0x107
2.5x107
3.0x107
Cu
mu
lati
ve r
un
off
(m
³)
0
2
4
6
Dail
y m
ea
n r
un
off
(m
3s
-1)
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Year 2005 2006* 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Inhabitants115,116 119,350 136,287 157,458 178,629 199,800 220,970 242,141
Increase (%)
0 4 18 37 55 74 92 110
Water use (l/s)
222 231 261 309 359 404 449 494
*date of publication
Projected increase in population and water usefor the city of Cajamarca
(Sedacaj 2006)
Politca(12.02.2013)
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Water availability and water deficit
Contents
1. Introduction
1. Environmental conditions and problems
2. Water deficit for the city of Cajamarca
2. Methods – scenarios implemented in rainfall runoff model NASIM
1. Conceptual framework and hydrological model approach
2. Two scenarios of two-dimensional measures (terraces/bund systems, aforestation)
3. Two scenarios of point measures (reservoirs, check dams)
3. Results
1. Rainfall and discharge variability
2. Surface runoff in scenario terraces/bund systems
3. Effectiveness of four scenarios concerning water yield
4. Summary
5. Conclusion
6. Outlook
MeasureMitigation of soil erosion
Water availability up-stream area
Water availability down-stream
Terraces and bund systems (S1) ++ ++ --
Afforestation(S2) + - -
Retarding basins (S3) o o ++
Check dams (S4) o o o
Summary
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Conclusion
Terraces and bund systems reduce surface runoff and enhance green water availability. However, in regions prone to water scarcity the implementation of SWCT may significantly alter the distribution of water resources within the basin itself. Thus upstream-downstream issues must be taken into consideration for the promotion of SWCT.
Aforestation with eucalyptus or pine species diminishes water availability upstream as well as downstream. This unintentional impact on water resources should be accommodated in aforestation initiatives.
Retarding basins are appropriate for temporal water storage and reduce water deficit. However, infrastructural measures are expensive and need professional planning and maintenance structures.
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Implementation oriented water and soil resources management in the
Northern Andes of Peru under climate uncertainties
CASCUS II
Prof. Dr. Achim Schulte, Freie Universitaet Berlin
Prof. Dr. Robert Juepner, University of Kaiserslautern
Partners
Prof. Dr. Bjoern Waske, FU Berlin
Hydrotec GmbH Aachen
Prof. Eng. Victor Peña, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina
Prof. Eng. Mirella Gallardo, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina
Prof. Eng. Gaspar Méndez, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca
Eng. Carlos Cerdán, Universidad Privada Antonio Guillermo Urrelo
Eng. Antenor Florindez, Instituto Cuencas
Eng. Geog. Alicia Quispe, Gobierno Regional de Cajamarca
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
CatchmentArea
(km²)Water plant
Hydrauliccapacity
Ronquillo 42SantaApolonia
~100 l/s
Porcon & Rio Grande
152 El Milagro ~200 l/s
Chonta 282Cerrillo(planned)
~370 l/s(planned)
Porcon & Rio Grande
Chonta
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
Thank you for the attention!
Department of Earth Sciences
Institute of Geographical Sciences
Applied Geography - Environmental Hydrology and Resource Management
Prof. Dr. Achim Schulte
Malteserstr. 74-100, Haus H
12249 Berlin, GERMANY
email: [email protected]
Quality of rainfall runoff model
NSE: Nash-Sutcliffe efficiencyPBIAS: percent bias error indexRSR: ratio of the root mean square error to the standard deviation
1. Introduction – 2. Methods – 3. Results – 4. Summary – 5. Conclusion – 6. Outlook
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