ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
6
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
The Appendicular Skeleton
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The Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle (attaches arm to the axial skeleton)
Pelvic girdle (attaches leg to the axial skeleton)
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones
Clavicle - collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle These bones are very light and allow the
upper limb to have exceptionally free movement because:
1.Each pectoral girdle attaches to axial skeleton at only 1 point = sternoclavicular joint
2.The loose attachment of the scapula allows it to slide back & forth against the thorax
3.The glenoid cavity is shallow & the shoulder joint is poorly reinforced by ligaments
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a–b
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Consists of 2 bones
1. Clavicle (collar bone) = slender, double curved bone
Attaches to manubrium of the sternum medially & to the scapula laterally
Acts as a brace to hold the arm away from the thorax & helps prevent shoulder dislocation
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle2. Scapula (shoulder blade) = triangular
& flare when we move our arms posteriorly (“wings”)
Not directly attached to axial skeleton; held in place by trunk muscles
Flattened body w/ 2 processes:
Acromion process
Coracoid process
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Acromion process = the enlarged end of the
spine of the scapula
Connects w/ the clavicle @ the acromioclavicular joint
Coracoid process = beaklike
Points over the shoulder & anchors some of the arm muscles
Suprascapular notch serves as a nerve passageway
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Scapula has 3 borders & 3 angles:
Superior
Medial (vertebral) borders
Lateral (axillary)
Superior
Inferior Angles
Lateral
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20c–d
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Bones of the Upper Limb (30) The arm is formed by
a single bone
Humerus
Rounded proximal end fits into glenoid cavity of scapula
Figure 5.21a–b
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Bones of the Upper Limb (30) Opposite of the
head – 2 bony processes = greater & lesser tubercles, sites of muscle attachment
Midpoint of shaft – deltoid tuberosity where the deltoid m. attaches
Figure 5.21a–b
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Bones of the Upper Limb (30) Radial groove
runs obliquely down the posterior shaft
Distal end – medial trochlea (looks like a spool) & lateral ball-like capitulum – both articulate w/ bones of forearm
Figure 5.21a–b
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Bones of the Upper Limb (30) Above the trochlea
anteriorly is a depression – coronoid fossa
On posterior surface is the olecranon fossa
Both are flanked by medial & lateral epicondyles
Figure 5.21a–b
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Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm consists of
the radius and the ulna.
Radius is lateral when the arm is in the anatomical position (on the thumb side) & the ulna is medial
When the hand is rotated, the distal end of the radius crosses over & ends up medial to the ulna.
Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper Limb Radius & ulna
articulate @ small radioulnar joints
They are connected along their entire length by a flexible interosseous membrane
Both have a styloid process @ their distal end
Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper Limb Disc-shaped radial
head forms a joint w/ the capitulum of the humerus.
Below the head is the radial tuberosity where tendon of biceps m. attaches.
Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper Limb On the ulna’s
proximal end are the anterior coronoid process & the posterior olecranon process, which are separated by the trochlear notch.
These 2 processes grip the trochlea of the humerus in a pliers-like joint.
Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper Limb Hand consists of
carpals, metacarpals & phalanges
8 carpals arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each form the part of the hand called the carpus (wrist)
Bound together by ligaments that restrict movements between them. Figure 5.22
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Bones of the Upper Limb Metacarpals form
the palm
Numbered 1 to 5 from the thumb to the pinky
Clenched fist – heads of the metacarpals = knuckles
Phalanges (14) are the finger bones (3 in each finger & 2 in the thumb)
Figure 5.22
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Bones of the Upper Limb Carpals starting Left to
Right (pinky to thumb - both rows):
Joe took a Hamate and hit poor Pete in the Capitate, breaking it into a Trapezoid and Trapezium. He did it b/c he was Pisiform(d) Triquetral times. The Judge said he was Lunate and sent him to the Scaphoid.
Figure 5.22
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The Bony Pelvis vs. the Pelvic Girdle Bony Pelvis
Composed of:
Sacrum
Coccyx
Coxal bones (coxae) or ossa coxae (Hip bones)
Pelvic Girdle
Coxae are composed of 3 pair of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone
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The Bony Pelvis
Figure 5.23a
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The Pelvic Girdle: Right Coxal Bone
Figure 5.23b
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The Pelvic Girdle Coxae are large, heavy & attached securely to
the axial skeleton.
Sockets that receive the femur are deep & heavily reinforced w/ ligaments.
Function = bearing weight; total wt. of upper body rests on pelvis.
Reproductive organs, bladder & part of large intestine lie within & are protected by pelvis.
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The Pelvic Girdle Each coxa is formed by the fusion of 3 bones:
1. Ilium (Large flaring bone - forms most of the coxa)
Connects posteriorly w/ sacrum @ the sacroiliac joint.
Alae - winglike portions of the ilia.
Iliac crest – upper edge of alae that ends anteriorly in the anterior superior iliac spine & posteriorly in the posterior superior iliac spine w/ small inferior spines located below these.
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The Pelvic Girdle2. Ischium (“sit down bone”)
Most inferior part of coxa.
Ischial tuberosity, a roughened area, receives body wt. when sitting.
Ischial spine, superior to the tuberosity, narrows the outlet through which the baby passes during childbirth.
Greater sciatic notch allows blood vessels & the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh.
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The Pelvic Girdle3. Pubis or pubic bone
Most anterior part of the coxa.
Fusion of the rami of the pubis anteriorly & the ischium posteriorly forms a bar of bone enclosing the obturator foramen, an opening through which blood vessels & nerves pass into the anterior part of the thigh.
Pubic bones fuse anteriorly to form a cartilaginous joint called the pubic symphysis.
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The Pelvic Girdle The ilium,
ischium, & pubis fuse @ the deep socket called the acetabulum (“vinegar cup”); it receives the head of the femur.
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The Bony Pelvis Bony pelvis is divided
into 2 regions:
False pelvis, superior to the true pelvis, is the area medial to the flaring portions of the ilia.
True pelvis lies inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia & the pelvic brim.
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The Bony Pelvis Dimensions of the true
pelvis are important for childbirth – must be large enough for the head to pass.
Outlet is the inferior opening of the pelvis.
Inlet is the superior opening.
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Differing Characteristics Between the Male and Female Pelvis Female inlet is larger
& more circular.
Female pelvis as a whole is shallower & the bones are lighter & thinner.
Female ilia flare more laterally.
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Differing Characteristics Between the Male and Female Pelvis Female sacrum is
shorter & less curved.
Female ischial spines are shorter & farther apart; thus the outlet is larger.
Female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater.
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Bones of the Lower Limbs Carry our total
body weight when standing = thicker & stronger
The thigh has one bone – Femur (thigh bone)
Figure 5.24a–b
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Bones of the Lower Limbs Femur (thigh bone)
Heaviest, strongest bone in the body.
Proximal end has ball-like head, neck and greater & lesser trochanters. Trochanters are separated anteriorly by intertrochanteric line and posteriorly by intertrochanteric crest.
Figure 5.24a–b
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Bones of the Lower Limbs Trochanters, inter.-
crest & gluteal tuberosity are sites for muscle attachment.
Slants medially as it runs downward to bring knees in line w/ body’s center of gravity. (more noticeable in females b/c of wider pelvis)
Figure 5.24a–b
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Bones of the Lower Limbs Distally are the
lateral & medial condyles – articulate w/ tibia. (condyles separated by condylar fossa)
Anteriorly on distal end is the patellar surface – forms a joint w/ patella (kneecap)
Figure 5.24a–b
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Bones of the Lower Limbs The leg has two bones
– tibia and fibula
Connected by interosseous membrane
Figure 5.24c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs Tibia (shinbone)
Larger & more medial
At proximal end – medial & lateral condyles (separated by intercondylar eminence) articlulate w/ distal end of femur to form knee joint.
Figure 5.24c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs Patellar ligament
attaches to tibial tuberosity (anter.)
Distally, a process called medial malleolus forms inner bulge of ankle.
Anterior surface has sharp ridge – anterior border (unprotected by muscle – so you can feel this)
Figure 5.24c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs Fibula
Thin & sticklike
Distally - lateral malleolus forms outer part of ankle.
Figure 5.24c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs Foot – composed of
tarsals, metatarsals & phalanges
Two important fxns.: supports body weight & serves as a lever allowing us to propel body forward when walking,etc.
Figure 5.25
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Bones of the Lower Limbs 7 Tarsal bones
Weight carried by the 2 largest tarsals:
calcaneus (heelbone) &
talus (lies b/n tibia & calcaneus)
Figure 5.25
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Bones of the Lower Limbs 5 metatarsals
form the sole
14 phalanges form the toes (each toe has 3, except the big toe)
Figure 5.25
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Arches of the Foot Bones are arranged to form 3
strong arches:
2 longitudinal (medial & lateral), 1 transverse
Ligaments bind foot bones together
Tendons of the foot muscles help to hold bones in arched position but allow for “springiness” – weak arches are referred to as “fallen arches” or “flat feet”
Figure 5.26
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