The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
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Chapter 4
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Slavery divides the nation. North and South enter a long and destructive civil war that ends slavery. African Americans briefly enjoy full civil rights, but new laws discriminate against them.
The Union in Peril
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
The Union in Peril
SECTION 1 The Divisive Politics of Slavery
SECTION 2 The Civil War Begins
SECTION 3 The North Takes Charge
SECTION 4 Reconstruction and Its Effects
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Chapter 4
Disagreements over slavery heighten regional tensions and leads to the breakup of the Union.
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Section-1
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Chapter 4
Section-1
Controversy over Slavery Worsens
• Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved labor
• Industrialized North does not depend on slavery
• South tries to spread slavery in West
• North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to stop its spread
The Divisive Politics of Slavery
Differences Between North and South
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Chapter 4
Section-1
Statehood for California
• California applies for statehood as free state in 1849; angers South
Slavery in the Territories
The Compromise of 1850
• Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico Territory
• Southern states threaten secession—withdrawal from Union
• Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides
• California becomes free state; tougher fugitive slave law enacted
• Popular sovereignty, or vote, decides slavery issue in NM, Utah
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Chapter 4
Protest, Resistance, and Violence
Fugitive Slave Act
• Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and imprisoned
• Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety in Canada
The Underground Railroad
• Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—escape routes from South
• Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free African Americans
Section-1
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe increases protests
Continued…
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Chapter 4
Section-1
Protest, Resistance, and Violence {continued}
Tension in Kansas and Nebraska
• Kansas, Nebraska territories north of 36 30’ line, closed to slavery
• 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery
“Bleeding Kansas”
• Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to vote in Kansas
• Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over slavery in Kansas
Violence in the Senate
• Charles Sumner verbally attacks slavery, singles out Andrew Butler
• Preston S. Brooks, Butler’s nephew, assaults Sumner on Senate floor
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Chapter 4
Slavery Divides Whigs
• Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852
• Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in territories
• Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over slavery
New Political Parties Emerge
The Free-Soilers’ Voice
• Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of white workers
Section-1
The New Republican Party
• Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in territories
• Democrat James Buchanan elected president (1856); secession averted
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
The Dred Scott Decision
• Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner, claims freedom
• Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal rights, not a citizen
• North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed extension of slavery
Conflicts Lead to Secession
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln
• Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state is free or slave
• Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants constitutional amendment
Section-1
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Harper’s Ferry
• John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave uprising (1859)
• Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed
Conflicts Lead to Secession {continued}
Lincoln Is Elected President
• 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern electoral votes
Section-1
Southern Secession
• 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form Confederacy in 1861
• Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president of Confederacy
Continued…
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Chapter 4
Shortly after the nation’s Southern states secede from the Union, war begins between the North and South.
The Civil War Begins Section-2
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Southern States Take Sides
• 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln calls for volunteers
• 4 more slave states join Confederacy
• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain in Union
Union and Confederate Forces Clash
Strengths and Strategies
• Northern strengths: more people, factories, food production
• Southern strengths: cotton, good generals, motivated soldiers
• Union plan: blockade ports, split South in two, capture Richmond
The Civil War Begins Section-2
Continued…
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Chapter 4
Bull Run
• Bull Run—first battle, near Washington; Confederate victory
• Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle
Union Armies in the West
• Ulysses S. Grant pushes south; captures forts, wins at Shiloh
• David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the Confederacy’s busiest port
Union and Confederate Forces Clash {continued}
Section-2
Continued…
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Chapter 4
The War for the Capitals
• Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate Army in 1862:
— drives General George McClellan from Richmond
— loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle
• McClellan removed from command, lets battered Confederates withdraw
Section-2
Union and Confederate Forces Clash {continued}
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Chapter 4
Britain Remains Neutral
• Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern goods
The Politics of War
Section-2
Proclaiming Emancipation
• Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to free Confederate slaves
• Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no longer possible
Both Sides Face Political Dissent
• Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to suppress disloyalty, dissent
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
War Leads to Social Upheaval
• Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on both sides
• Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist; leads to draft riots
African Americans Fight for Freedom
• African Americans are 1% of North’s population, 10% of army
• Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites for most of war
Life During Wartime
Section-2
Continued…
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet, poor medical care
• Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of malnutrition, disease
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Chapter 4
Women Work to Improve Conditions
• Thousands of women serve as nurses for both sides
• Union nurse Clara Barton later founds American Red Cross
The War Affects Regional Economies
• Confederacy faces food shortage, increased prices, inflation
• Union army’s need for supplies supports Northern industry
• North’s standard of living declines
• Congress enacts income tax (percentage of income) to pay for war
Life During Wartime {continued}
Section-2
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Chapter 4
After four years of bloody fighting, the Union wears down the Confederacy and wins the war.
The North Takes Charge Section-3
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Southern Victories
• December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863, Chancellorsville
The Battle of Gettysburg
• North wins decisive three-day battle of Gettysburg, July 1863
• Total casualties were more than 30%; South demoralized
The Tide Turns
Section-3
Continued…
The North Takes Charge
The Gettysburg Address
• Nov. 1863, Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address at cemetery dedication
• Speech helps country realize it is a unified nation
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Chapter 4
Grant Wins at Vicksburg
• May-July 1863, Grant sieges Vicksburg after unsuccessful attacks
The Tide Turns {continued}
Section-3
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Confederates Seek Peace
• Confederacy no longer able to attack; works toward armistice
• Southern newspapers, legislators, public call for peace
Total War
• Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union Armies (1864)
• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as Western commander
• Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s will to fight
• Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while Sherman raids Georgia
The Confederacy Wears Down
Section-3
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Sherman’s March
• Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction through Georgia
The Surrender at Appomatox
• April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomatox Court House
• Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance collapses
The Confederacy Wears Down {continued}
Section-3
The Election of 1864
• Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s victories
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Chapter 4
Section-3
Human Cost of the War
• Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate soldiers die
A Revolution in Warfare
• Developments in military technology make fighting more deadly
• Ironclad ships change naval warfare
The War Changes the Nation
Political and Economic Changes
• Civil War increases power, authority of federal government
• Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands destroyed
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
The Thirteenth Amendment
• Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states
The War Changes Lives
Section-3
Lincoln Is Assassinated
• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater
• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped by Union cavalry, shot
• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
After the Civil War, the nation embarks on a period known as Reconstruction, during which attempts are made to readmit the South to the Union.
Reconstruction and Its Effects Section-4
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Chapter 4
Building a New South
• Freedmen’s Bureau provides social services, medical care, education
• Reconstruction—U.S. rebuilds, readmits South into Union (1865–1877)
The Politics of Reconstruction
Section-4
Continued…
Reconstruction and Its Effects
Lincoln’s Plan
• State readmitted if 10% of 1860 voters swear allegiance to Union
• Radical Republicans consider plan too lenient:
— want to destroy political power of former slaveholders
— want full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction
• Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s successor, forms own plan
• Excludes Confederate leaders, wealthy landowners
• Congress rejects new Southern governments, congressmen
The Politics of Reconstruction {continued}
Section-4
Congressional Reconstruction
• Congress passes Civil Rights Act, Freedmen’s Bureau Act (1866)
• Fourteenth Amendment grants full citizenship to African Americans
• Reconstruction Act of 1867 divides Confederacy into districts
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Johnson Impeached
• House impeaches for blocking Reconstruction; Senate does not convict
Section-4
U. S. Grant Elected
• Grant elected president in 1868; wins 9 of 10 African-American votes
• Fifteenth Amendment protects voting rights of African Americans
The Politics of Reconstruction {continued}
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Conditions in the Postwar South
• By 1870, all former Confederate states have rejoined Union
• Republican governments begin public works programs, social services
Reconstructing Society
Section-4
Politics in the Postwar South
• Scalawags—farmers who joined Republicans, want to improve position
• Carpetbaggers—Northern Republicans, moved to the South after the war
• Many Southern whites reject higher status, equal rights for blacks
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Former Slaves Improve Their Lives
• Freedmen found own churches; ministers become community leaders
• Thousands move to reunite with family, find jobs
Section-4
African Americans in Reconstruction
• Few black officeholders; Hiram Revels is first black senator
Reconstructing Society {continued}
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
• Sharecropping—to farm land owned by another, keep only part of crops
• Tenant farmers rent land from owner
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Britain and France
• The Collapse of Reconstruction
• Ku Klux Klan—southern vigilante group, wants to:
— destroy Republicans, aid planter class, repress African Americans
— to achieve goals, KKK kills thousand of men, women, children
• Enforcement Acts of 1870, 1871 uphold federal power in South
• In 1872, Amnesty Act passes, Freedmen’s Bureau expires
The Collapse of Reconstruction
Section-4
Support for Reconstruction Fades
• Republicans splinter; panic of 1873 distracts North’s attention
• Supreme Court rules against Radical Republican changes
Continued…
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The Americans: Reconstruction to the 21st Century
Chapter 4
Democrats “Redeem” the South
• Democrats regain control as 1876 election deal ends Reconstruction
Section-4
The Collapse of Reconstruction {continued}
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Chapter 4
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