J. lust. Brew., SeptemberOctober, 1987, Vol. 93, pp. 373 377
EUROPEAN BREWERY CONVENTION
373
THE ALCOHOL TABLE FOR BEER ANALYSIS AND POLYNOMIALS FOR ALCOHOL AND
EXTRACT
Submitted On Behalf of the EBC Analysis Committee
BY I. ROSENDAI. AND F. ScilMIDT
(Uniled Breweries, Copenhagen)
For the conversion of specific gravity of distillate to alcohol content in beer analysis the OIML table isrecommended. Polynomials are given for alcohol ad extract.
Keywords: Alcohol, analysis method, density, specific
gravity, standard specification, statistics.is to be declared as:
Introduction
The EBC Method 7.1 for the determination oforiginal extract
in beer has in the first three editions ofAnalytica-EBC (first edi
tion: 1953, second edition: 1963, third edition: 1975) referred to
the so-called Goldiner/Klemann table for conversion of specific
gravity of distillate to alcohol content5. This table was in factcalculated by Dr Block and remade by Kampf so it might have
been called the Block/Kampf table, but it is often referred to as
the Goldiner/Klemann table and in this paper it will be so
designated. This table is convenient for use in the brewery
laboratory as it has specific gravity in air at 20C/20C as
entry.
Other tables are in use but the two major ones are the ASBC
table1 and the IUPAC table10. Both of these tables are convenient for use in the brewery laboratory as they have specific
gravity in air at 20C/20C as entry. These two tables are
very similar.
The OIML Table
The international body OIML, i.e. Organisation Inter
nationale de Metrologie Legalc, or in English The International
Organisation ofLegal Metrology, has published an International
Alcoholometric Tables". In this Recommendation it is table Vawhich is to be used, but it is not very convenient for use in the
brewery laboratory as it has density in vacuo as entry.
Following this EEC, i.e. The European Economic Communi
ty, has recommended6that all member countries are going to usethe OIML table for conversion of specific gravity of distillate to
alcohol content.
The EBC Analysis Committee thus recommends the OIML
table to be used for conversion of specific gravity of distillate to
alcohol content in beer analysis. The EBC Method 9.1.1. for
the determination of alcohol and real extract is written accor
dingly in Analytica-IV (fourth edition, 1987).
Units Before publishing Analytica-IV the EBC Analysis
Committee decided to conform with the International Standard
for description of chemical analytical methods, ISO 78/29. Inthis standard it is recommended to use the following units for
concentration:
% m/m for weight by weight and
% V/V for volume by volume
In the above EEC-recommendation6 the following units arestated for alcohol concentration:
% mas for weight by weight and
% vol for volume by volume
The EEC has decided that from 1989 all beer within EEC is
going to have the alcohol content in% vol declared on the label.7CBMC, i.e. Communaute Travail des Brasseurs du Marche
Commun, has recommended it to be written as '. . . % vol
ale14.
According to a recent EEC Directive (European Economic
Community, Council Directive 87/250 on the indication of
alcoholic strength by volume in the labelling of alcoholic
beverages for sale to the ultimate consumer, 15th April, 1987) it
"x.y % vol" or
"ale. x.y % vol" ".
Transformation oftable. The OIML table has density in
vacuo at 20 C as entry, which is not very convenient in a
brewery laboratory, therefore it has been transformed to have
specific gravity in air at 20C/20C. The following formula
is used:
(SG' v water '
(1 +d )
where SG = specific gravity in air at 20cC/20C of distillate
d^ = density in vacuo at 20C of distillate
D = density in vacuo at 20C of waterwalct
d = density in vacuo at 20C of airair
and the formula may be rewritten as:
A ^SGa= V 0.9982012300 ~~ ' X 1.001205 +
It was decided not to use the densities as given in the OIML
table (to five decimal places), but to attain the highest possible
precision by calculating the densities to ten decimal places by
the eleventh degree polynomial, used by OIML for establishing
the table and the coefficients listed in the Recommendation. This
eleventh degree polynomial is installed by OIML, and it is used
in converting alcohol content to density.
The densities obtained were transformed to specific gravities
by the formula given above. The resulting table of alcohol (from
0.00 to 8.49% mas, in steps of 0.01% mas) versus specific
gravity in air at 2OC/2OC (shortened to five decimal places) is
given as Table I.
Polynomialfor alcohol Most brewery laboratories may
prefer to use a polynomial instead of a table in converting
specific gravity to alcohol. Ifa polynomial approximation is per
formed for alcohol versus specific gravity a higher number of
significant digits in the coefficients are necessary than if it is per
formed for alcohol versus (1 SGA). Thus, the specific gravities
from above (to ten decimal places) were transformed to (1
SG ), and a polynomial approximation was performed. A full
series of polynomials of increasing degrees was obtained, and
after careful examination it was found that the third degree
polynomial gave a very satisfactory agreement to the table. The
coefficients ofthis third degree polynomial have been reduced to
a reasonable number of significant digits, and the polynomial
may be given as:
A, % mas = 517.4(I-SGJ + 5084(1SGJ2 +33503 (1 - SGJ}
By using this third degree polynomial with reduced coeffi-
374 E.B.C. ALCOHOL TABLE FOR BEER ANALYSIS [J. Inst. Brew.
cicnts there will be no deviations from Table 1, not even round
ing off errors.
The idea of replacing tables by polynomials was first des
cribed by Robbins12, and a polynomial for alcohol amongothers was given in that paper, based on SG . The idea of
establishing a polynomial for alcohol versus (1 SGA) has not
been published previously.
Deviations among alcohol tables. To illustrate the devia
tions among the alcohol tables mentioned the followingTable II
was set up. The IUPAC table10 has four decimal places on the
specific gravities, the other three tables have five, so to find coin
ciding table entries, it was necessary to look for identical entries,
with zero as the fifth decimal, in Goldiner/Klemann, G/K8,ASBC1 and OIML". This is the reason for the odd values ofalcohol in Table II. It was found necessary to make two com
promises in the OIML table entries to cover the important range
around 3.7% and in the upper end of the scale.
It is seen that ASBC and IUPAC are very similar. IfOIML is
taken as the basis, they deviate only slightly in the upper end of
the scale. The deviations between OIML and Goldiner/
Klemann are more palpable, and they are significant even in the
normal range of the scale, i.e. around 3.7%.
Polynomial For Extract
The extract table of Goldiner/Klemann8, (table 1) is still tobe the basis for determination of extract in Analytica-EBC, real
extract as well as apparent extract This table has been used for
polynomial approximation, and the recommended polynomial is
as follows:
E, % Plato = 460.234 + 662.649 SG 202.414 SGE2By using this second degree polynomialthere will be minor
deviations compared to table, to a maximum of 0.006% Plato,
which is found acceptable.
The basis for the polynomial approximation was SG's cor
responding to 0.00% Plato, 1.00% Plato and so on up to
22.00% Plato. Even with all table values as basis for the
polynomial there would have been deviations, as the extract
table is more unstructured than the OIML table for alcohol.
The extract polynomial given above compares reasonably to
the extract polynomial given by Robbins12, which is based on theASBC extract table, deviating slightly from the extract table of
Goldiner/Klemann. It may be added that ASBC has recommen
ded to use a third degree polynomial for extract2.
TABLE I. OIML table for alcohol, % mas, (a), transformed from density in vacuo at 20C to specific gravity in air at 20C /20C (SG ).
SG(A) SG(A) SG(A) SG(A)
1.000000.999980.999960.99994
0.99992
0.99990
0.999880.99986
O.9998S
0.99983
0.99981
0.999790.99977
0.99975
0.999730.99971
0.99969
0.99967
0.999650.99963
0.99961
0.999600.99958
0.999560.99954
0.99952
0.99950
0.999480.99946
0.99944
0.99942
0.999400.999380.99937
0.999350.99933
0.99931
0.999290.999270.99925
0.999230.99921
0.99919
0.99917
0.99916
0.99914
0.999120.999100.999080.99906
0.000.010.02
0.030.04
0.050.060.07
0.08
0.09
0.100.11
0.12
0.130.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.200.21
0.22
0.230.24
0.250.260.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.310.320.330.34
0.35
0.36
0.370.380.39
0.400.41
0.420.43
0.440.45
0.46
0.470.48
0.49
0.99904
0.99902
0.999000.99898
0.99897
0.998950.99893
0.998910.99889
0.99887
0.998850.998830.998810.99880
0.99878
0.998760.99874
0.99872
0.998700.99868
0.99866
0.99864
0.998630.99861
0.998590.99857
0.998550.998530.99851
0.99849
0.99848
0.99846
0.998440.99842
0.99840
0.998380.99836
0.99834
0.998330.99831
0.998290.998270.998250.998230.99821
0.99820
0.998180.99816
0.998140.99812
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.530.54
0.55
0.560.570.58
0.59
0.600.61
0.62
0.630.64
0.650.66
0.67
0.680.69
0.70
0.710.72
0.730.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.780.79
0.800.81
0.82
0.83
0.840.850.860.87
0.880.89
0.900.91
0.92
0.930.94
0.950.960.97
0.980.99
0.99810
0.998080.99806
0.998050.998030.998010.997990.99797
0.997950.99793
0.99792
0.99790
0.99788
0.99786
0.99784
0.99782
0.99780
0.99779
0.997770.99775
0.997730.99771
0.997690.99768
0.997660.99764
0.99762
0.99760
0.99758
0.99756
0.997550.99753
0.99751
0.997490.99747
0.997450.99744
0.997420.99740
0.99738
0.997360.99734
0.99733
0.997310.99729
0.99727
0.997250.99723
0.997220.99720
1.001.01
.02
1.031.04
1.051.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.131.14
1.151.161.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.211.22
1.231.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.281.29
1.301.311.32
1.331.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
0.99718
0.997160.99714
0.997120.99711
0.997090.99707
0.99705
0.997030.99702
0.99700
0.996980.99696
0.99694
0.99692
0.996910.996890.99687
0.996850.99683
0.99682
0.99680
0.996780.99676
0.996740.99672
0.99671
0.99669
0.996670.99665
0.996630.996620.996600.99658
0.996560.99654
0.99653
0.996510.99649
0.99647
0.996450.99644
0.996420.996400.99638
0.996360.996350.99633
0.996310.99629
1.50
1.51
1.521.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.601.61
1.62
1.631.64
1.65
1.661.67
1.681.69
1.70
1.711.72
1.731.74
1.75
1.76
1.771.78
1.79
1.80
1.811.82
1.831.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.901.911.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
Vol. 93, 1987]
SG(A)
0.99627
0.99626
0.996240.99622
0.99620
0.996180.99617
0.996150.996130.99611
0.996090.99608
0.99606
0.99604
0.99602
0.996000.99609
0.99597
0.99595
0.99593
0.99592
0.99590
0.99588
0.995860.99584
0.99583
0.995810.99579
0.995770.99576
0.99574
0.99572
0.995700.99568
0.99567
0.995650.995630.99561
0.996600.99558
0.99556
0.99554
0.99552
0.99551
0.995490.99547
0.995450.99544
0.99542
0.99540
0.995380.995370.99535
0.995330.995310.99530
0.99528
0.995260.99524
0.99522
0.99521
0.99519
0.995170.99515
0.99514
0.99512
0.99510
0.995080.99507
0.99505
0.995030.99501
0.995000.99498
0.99496
0.994940.99493
0.99491
0.994890.99487
A
2.002.012.02
2.032.04
2.052.062.072.082.09
2.102.11
2.12
2.132.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.182.19
2.20
2.212.22
2.23
2.24
2.252.262.27
2.282.29
2.302.31
2.32
2.332.34
2.35
2.362.37
2.382.39
2.402.412.42
2.432.44
2.45
2.462.47
2.48
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.522.53
2.54
2.55
2.562.57
2.582.59
2.60
2.612.62
2.632.64
2.65
2.662.67
2.68
2.69
2.702.71
2.722.73
2.742.75
2.762.77
2.782.79
E.B.C.
SG(A)
0.994860.99484
0.994820.99480
0.994790.99477
0.99475
0.994730.99472
0.99470
0.994680.99466
0.99465
0.99463
0.99461
0.994600.99458
0.99456
0.99454
0.99453
0.994510.99449
0.99447
0.994460.99444
0.99442
0.99440
0.99439
0.99437
0.99435
0.99434
0.99432
0.99430
0.99428
0.99427
0.994250.99423
0.994210.99420
0.99418
0.99416
0.994150.994130.99411
0.99409
0.99408
0.994060.99404
0.00402
0.99401
0.993990.99397
0.993960.99394
0.99392
0.99390
0.99389
0.99387
0.993850.99384
0.99382
0.993800.99378
0.99377
0.993750.99373
0.99372
0.99370
0.993680.99367
0.993650.993630.99361
0.99360
0.99358
0.99356
0.993550.99353
0.99351
0.99349
ALCOHOL TABLE
A
2.802.81
2.82
2.832.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.882.89
2.902.91
2.92
2.932.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
3.003.013.02
3.033.04
3.05
3.063.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.113.12
3.13
3.14
3.153.16
3.17
3.183.19
3.20
3.21
3.223.23
3.24
3.253.263.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.313.32
3.333.34
3.353.36
3.38
3.39
3.403.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.463.47
3.483.49
3.503.513.52
3.533.54
3.553.56
3.573.58
3.59
FOR BEER ANALYSIS
SG(A)
0.993480.99346
0.99344
0.993430.99341
0.99339
0.993380.99336
0.99334
0.99332
0.99331
0.99329
0.99327
0.99326
0.99324
0.993220.99321
0.99319
0.99317
0.99316
0.99314
0.99312
0.99310
0.993090.99307
0.99305
0.99304
0.99302
0.993000.99299
0.99297
0.992950.99294
0.99292
0.99290
0.99289
0.99287
0.99285
0.99284
0.99282
0.99280
0.992790.99277
0.992750.99273
0.99272
0.992700.99268
0.99267
0.99265
0.99263
0.992620.99260
0.99258
0.99257
0.99255
0.992530.99252
0.99250
0.99248
0.99247
0.99245
0.992430.99242
0.99240
0.99238
0.99237
0.992350.99233
0.99232
0.992300.992280.99227
0.99225
0.992230.99222
0.99220
0.99218
0.99217
0.99215
A
3.603.61
3.62
3.633.64
3.65
3.663.67
3.68
3.69
3.703.71
3.72
3.73
3.74
3.753.76
3.77
3.783.79
3.803.81
3.82
3.833.84
3.853.86
3.87
3.883.89
3.90
3.913.92
3.93
3.94
3.953.96
3.97
3.983.99
4.004.01
4.02
4.034.04
4.054.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10
4.11
4.124.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.174.18
4.19
4.204.21
4.22
4.234.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.284.29
4.304.31
4.324.33
4.34
4.354.36
4.37
4.384.39
SG(A)
0.99213
0.992120.99210
0.992090.99207
0.99205
0.99204
0.99202
0.99200
0.99199
0.99197
0.991950.99194
0.99192
0.99190
0.99189
0.99187
0.99185
0.99184
0.99182
0.99180
0.99179
0.99177
0.991760.99174
0.99172
0.99171
0.99169
0.99167
0.99166
0.99164
0.99162
0.99161
0.99159
0.991570.99156
0.99154
0.991530.99151
0.99149
0.991480.99146
0.99144
0.991430.99141
0.991390.99138
0.99136
0.991350.99133
0.99131
0.991300.99128
0.99126
0.99125
0.99123
0.99122
0.99120
0.991180.99117
0.991150.99113
0.99112
0.991100.99109
0.99107
0.991050.99104
0.99102
0.99100
0.99099
0.990970.99096
0.990940.99092
0.99091
0.990890.99087
0.99086
0.99084
375
A
4.404.41
4.42
4.434.444.45
4.464.47
4.48
4.49
4.504.514.52
4.53
4.54
4.55
4.564.57
4.584.59
4.60
4.61
4.62
4.634.64
4.65
4.664.67
4.68
4.69
4.70
4.71
4.72
4.734.74
4.754.76
4.77
4.78
4.79
4.80
4.81
4.82
4.834.84
4.854.86
4.87
4.88
4.89
4.90
4.914.92
4.93
4.94
4.95
4.96
4.97
4.98
4.99
5.00
5.015.02
5.03
5.04
5.055.06
5.07
5.085.09
5.10
5.11
5.125.13
5.14
5.155.165.17
5.18
5.19
no
SG(A)
0.990830.99081
0.990790.99078
0.990760.99075
0.990730.99071
0.990700.99068
0.99066
0.99065
0.990630.99062
0.990600.990580.990570.990550.990540.99052
0.99050
0.990490.99047
0.99046
0.990440.99042
0.99041
0.990390.99038
0.99036
0.99034
0.990330.99031
0.990300.99028
0.99026
0.990250.990230.99022
0.99020
0.99018
0.99017
0.990150.99014
0.99012
0.99010
0.990090.99007
0.990060.99004
0.990020.99001
0.988990.98998
0.98996
0.989950.989930.98991
0.989900.99988
0.98987
0.98985
0.989830.98982
0.98980
0.99979
0.99977
0.999760.99974
0.99972
0.98971
0.989690.989680.98966
0.98964
0.98963
0.98961
0.98960
0.989580.98957
A
5.205.21
5.225.235.24
5.255.265.27
5.285.29
5.305.31
5.325.335.34
5.355.365.37
5.385.39
5.405.41
5.425.435.44
5.455.46
5.475.485.49
5.50
5.515.52
5.535.54
5.555.565.57
5.585.59
5.605.61
5.62
5.635.645.655.66
5.67
5.68
5.69
5.705.71
5.72
5.73
5.74
5.75
5.765.775.78
5.79
5.80
5.81
5.825.835.84
5.85
5.865.875.885.89
5.905.915.925.93
5.94
5.95
5.965.97
5.985.99
E.B.C.
SG(A)
0.989550.989530.98952
0.989500.98949
0.98947
0.989460.989440.98942
0.98941
0.98939
0.98938
0.989360.989350.98933
0.989310.989300.98928
0.98927
0.98925
0.98924
0.98922
0.98920
0.989190.98917
0.989160.98914
0.98913
0.98911
0.98909
0.98908
0.98906
0.989050.98903
0.989020.98900
0.98899
0.98897
0.98895
0.98894
0.988920.988910.988890.988880.98886
0.988850.98883
0.98881
0.988800.98878
0.98877
0.988750.98874
0.98872
0.98871
0.98869
0.98867
0.988660.98864
0.98863
0.988610.988600.988580.98857
0.988550.98854
0.98852
0.98850
0.988490.98847
0.98846
0.98844
0.988430.98841
0.98840
0.988380.98837
0.98835
0.988340.98832
ALCOHOL TABLE
A
6.006.01
6.026.03
6.046.056.066.07
6.086.09
6.106.11
6.12
6.136.14
6.15
6.166.17
6.18
6.19
6.206.216.22
6.236.24
6.25
6.26
6.276.286.29
6.306.31
6.326.336.34
6.356.36
6.37
6.38
6.39
6.406.41
6.42
6.436.44
6.456.466.47
6.486.49
6.50
6.516.52
6.536.54
6.55
6.566.57
6.58
6.59
6.606.616.62
6.636.64
6.65
6.66
6.67
6.686.69
6.706.716.72
6.736.74
6.756.76
6.77
6.786.79
FOR BEER ANALYSIS
SG(A)
0.988300.988290.98827
0.98826
0.98824
0.988230.98821
0.98820
0.988180.98817
0.988150.98814
0.98812
0.988100.98809
0.98807
0.988060.98804
0.98803
0.98801
0.98800
0.987980.98797
0.987950.98794
0.98792
0.987910.987890.987880.98786
0.98785
0.987830.98781
0.98780
0.987780.98777
0.987750.98774
0.987720.98771
0.98769
0.98768
0.98766
0.987650.98763
0.987620.98760
0.987590.98757
0.98756
0.98754
0.98753
0.987510.987500.98748
0.98747
0.98745
0.98744
0.98742
0.98740
0.987390.98737
0.987360.98734
0.98733
0.98731
0.987300.987280.987270.98725
0.987240.98722
0.98721
0.98719
0.987180.98716
0.98715
0.987130.98712
0.98710
A
6.806.816.82
6.836.84
6.856.86
6.87
6.886.89
6.90
6.916.92
6.936.94
6.956.96
6.97
6.98
6.99
7.00
7.017.02
7.037.04
7.05
7.067.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.137.14
7.15
7.167.17
7.187.19
7.207.21
7.22
7.237.24
7.257.26
7.277.287.29
7.30
7.317.32
7.33
7.34
7.35
7.367.377.38
7.39
7.407.41
7.427.437.44
7.45
7.467.47
7.487.49
7.507.517.52
7.537.54
7.557.56
7.57
7.587.59
SG(A)
0.98709
0.987070.98706
0.98704
0.98703
0.987010.98700
0.986980.98697
0.98695
0.98694
0.98692
0.986910.986890.986880.986860.986850.98683
0.98682
0.98680
0.986790.98677
0.986760.98674
0.986730.98671
0.98670
0.986680.98667
0.98665
0.98664
0.98662
0.986610.98659
0.986580.98657
0.98655
0.98654
0.98652
0.98651
0.98649
0.98648
0.98646
0.986450.98643
0:986420.986400.98639
0.986370.98636
0.98634
0.98633
0.986310.986300.986280.986270.986250.98624
0.986220.98621
0.98619
0.986180.98616
0.98615
0.986140.98612
0.98611
0.98609
0.986080.98606
0.986050.98603
0.98602
0.98600
0.985990.98597
0.98596
0.98594
0.98593
0.9859 J
|J. Inst. Brew.
(A)
7.607.617.62
7.637.64
7.657.66
7.677.687.69
7.70
7.71
7.72
7.737.74
7.75
7.76
7.77
7.78
7.79
7.807.817.82
7.837.84
7.85
7.867.87
7.88
7.89
7.90
7.917.92
7.93
7.94
7.95
7.967.97
7.98
7.99
8.008.01
8.02
8.038.04
8.058.06
8.07
8.08
8.09
8.108.11
8.12
8.138.14
8.15
8.168.17
8.188.19
8.20
8.218.22
8.238.24
8.258.26
8.27
8.288.29
8.308.31
8.32
8.338.34
8.358.36
8.37
8.38
8.39
Vol. 93, 1987|
SG(A)
0.985900.985890.98587
0.985860.98584
0.98583
0.98581
0.985800.985780.98577
E.B.C
A
8.408.41
8.42
8.438.44
8.45
8.46
8.47
8.488.49
ALCOHOL TAIll.i: FOR Ill-I-R ANALYSIS 377
TABLE II. Selected identical entries in four different alcohol tables
Alcohol, % mas. according (o:
1.000000.99810
0.99600
0.994300.99330
0.992600.99130
0.99010
0.988500.98710
0.98660
G/K
0.001.02
2.18
3.153.74
4.16
4.95
5.70
6.72
7.65
7.98
ASBC
0.00
1.01
2.163.123.69
4.11
4.90
5.65
6.69
7.61
7.95
IUPAC
0.00
1.01
2.16
3.12
3.70
4.11
4.90
5.65
6.68
7.61
7.95
O1ML
0.00
1.00
2.15
3.12
3.7054.124.91
5.65
6.67
7.59
7.925
Keit.ki-.nci-.s1. American Society of Brewing Chemists. Methods of Analysis,
Seventh edition, 1976. Metliod BEER-4. b.
2. Journal ofAmerican Society of'Brewing Chemists. Report ofSub
committee on Statistical Analysis. 1984. 42 (3), 138-139.
3. American Society of Brewing Chemists. Tables Related to Deter
minations on Won, Beer, and Brewing Sugars and Syrups,
1948.
4. Communaute de Travail des Brasseurs du Marche Commun.Annex I to document CdD. 17/S6e, Brussels. 5th May 1986.
5. European Brewery Convention. Analylica-EBC. Third edition,1977. Method 7.1.
6. European Economic Community. Council Directive 76/766 onalconolometric tables, 27th July 1976.
7. European Economic Community. Council Directive 86/197 relat
ing to the labelling, presentation and advertising offoodstuffs, 26th
May 1986.
8. Goldiner, F., Klemann, H., Block and Kampf, W., 'Rohrzucker-.
Alkohol-, Stammwurze-und Korrekiionstafel', tnstitut fur Car-
ungsgewerbe, Berlin 65, Scstrassc, 1977.
9. International Organisationfor Standardization. Layoutsfor stan
dards Part 2: Standard for chemical analysis, ISO 78/2
1982.
10. International Union ofPure and Applied Chemistry. A Standar
dization ofMethodsfor Determination of the Alcohol Content of
Beverages and Distilled Potable Spirits. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1968. 17. 274-312.
I I. Organisation Internationale de Metrologie I.egale. International
Recommendation No. 22, Atcoholomelry and International
Alcoholometric Tables. 1973.
12. Robbins, G. S., Brewers' Digest. 1975 50. 66-77, 83.
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