THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
1WESAS 2000
Geek Chic and The Future of Geek Chic and The Future of Space SystemsSpace Systems
Michael M. GorlickMichael M. Gorlick
The Aerospace CorporationThe Aerospace Corporation
[email protected]@aero.org
WESAS 2000WESAS 2000
University of California, IrvineUniversity of California, Irvine
May 8-9, 2000May 8-9, 2000
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
2WESAS 2000
AgendaAgenda
How to predict the future of software architecturesHow to predict the future of software architectures
The construction principles for the 21st centuryThe construction principles for the 21st century
How to prepare for the futureHow to prepare for the future
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
3WESAS 2000
It’s the Hardware, Stupid!It’s the Hardware, Stupid!
Theoretical software engineering in its infancyTheoretical software engineering in its infancy
Software engineering is hardware (device) drivenSoftware engineering is hardware (device) driven
– Invites new architecturesInvites new architectures
– Forces new architecturesForces new architectures
Predicting the future of software architectures means Predicting the future of software architectures means “following the devices”“following the devices”
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
4WESAS 2000
Following the DevicesFollowing the Devices Materials inform building architecturesMaterials inform building architectures
– Stone versus steelStone versus steel Cathedrals versus skyscrapersCathedrals versus skyscrapers
Devices inform software architecturesDevices inform software architectures
– Scarcity versus plenitudeScarcity versus plenitude ProcessorsProcessors
– Isolation versus communityIsolation versus community CommunicationCommunication
– Insensate versus sensationInsensate versus sensation SensorsSensors
– Paralysis versus mobilityParalysis versus mobility ActuatorsActuators
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
5WESAS 2000
Know Thy MaterialsKnow Thy Materials
SiliconSilicon
CarbonCarbon
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
6WESAS 2000
SiliconSilicon Building materialBuilding material
– Stronger and less dense than aluminum, stainless Stronger and less dense than aluminum, stainless steel, and titaniumsteel, and titanium
– High melting pointHigh melting point
– Excellent heat conductorExcellent heat conductor Digital substrateDigital substrate Analog substrateAnalog substrate
Will Revolutionize All Devices
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
7WESAS 2000
SiliconSilicon
Fixed Electrode
Moving Electrode
Principle of operation:
Analog Devices ADXL50 Accelerometer
3 millimeters
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
8WESAS 2000
SiliconSiliconMEMS Accelerometers Monitored STS-93 Flight
Silicon Designs 1010J & 1210JMEMS Accelerometers
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Z-Axis Acceleration (g's)
4200 4300 4400 4500 4600
Time (EDT, seconds)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Z-Axis Acceleration (g's)
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
Time (EDT, seconds)
Launch
Orbit Correction
Sensor
ASIC
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
9WESAS 2000
Optical MEMS DevicesOptical MEMS DevicesMEMS “Pop Up” Mirror
(Sandia)MEMS “Pop Up” Lens
(UCLA)
M.C. Wu, Micromachining for Optical and Optoelectronic Systems, Proc. IEEE, 85(11), Nov 1997; http://www.ee.ucla.edu/labs/laser/research/mot/1integrated.html
http://www.mdl.sandia.gov/micromachine/images6.html
S.J. Walker and D.J. Nagel, Optics & MEMS http://code6330.nrl.navy.mil/6336/moems.htm
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
10WESAS 2000
MEMS Microthrusters
15-Thruster “Chip” on STS-93
The
Aer
ospa
ce C
orpo
ratio
n
MEMSMTO
DARPADARPA
http://www.design.caltech.edu/micropropulsion/index.html
TRW, CalTech, and The Aerospace Corp.
ValveValve
NozzleNozzle
Thruster ModuleThruster Module The
Aer
ospa
ce C
orpo
ratio
n
Cold Gas Thruster Module
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
11WESAS 2000
MEMS MicrothrustersMEMS Microthrusters
BondPads Linear
FieldIonizer
FieldEmissionWires
FieldIonizationArray
300
FieldIonizationArray
The Aerospace Corporation The Aerospace Corporation
Micro Ion EngineMicro Resistojet:
• Integrated electronics with microthrusters• Sub-micron features easily available
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
12WESAS 2000
A Silicon Nanosatellite A Silicon Nanosatellite ConceptConcept
SWJ 97
Th
e A
ero
spa
ce C
orp
ora
tion
Silicon serves as:Structure,Radiation shield,Thermal control,Optical material,MEMS substrate,Electronic substrate
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
13WESAS 2000
MASS PRODUCTION OF PICOSAT PARTS - MOSTLY FROM DELRIN AND ALUMINUM
PICOSAT ELECTRONICS STACK
INTEGRATION INTO A PICOSAT
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
14WESAS 2000
Mating Picosatellites with OPALMating Picosatellites with OPAL
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
15WESAS 2000
FemtosatellitesFemtosatellites
http://eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
16WESAS 2000
CarbonCarbon BuckytubesBuckytubes
– Extremely strong Extremely strong Strength/weight = 600 X steelStrength/weight = 600 X steel Theoretical optimal materialTheoretical optimal material
– FlexibleFlexible
– Tolerant of buckling on compressionTolerant of buckling on compression
– Self-repairingSelf-repairing
– ConductiveConductive Many times more efficient than copperMany times more efficient than copper
– SemiconductorSemiconductor Certain arrangements act like semiconductorsCertain arrangements act like semiconductors
1 nanometer
1000 nanometer
Will Revolutionize All Structures
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
17WESAS 2000
Revolutionizing StructuresRevolutionizing Structures
600,000 lb / 3,000 lb
3,000 lb / 15 lb5,000 lb / 25 lb
200,000 lb / 1,000 lb
30 lb / 2 oz
200,000,000 lb / 3,000 lb
Space Elevator
Neolithic / Buckytube (200:1)
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
18WESAS 2000
Construction PrinciplesConstruction Principles
Replace physical structure with informationReplace physical structure with information
Build small and think bigBuild small and think big
Transport energy and information not massTransport energy and information not mass
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
19WESAS 2000
Space TelescopeSpace TelescopePrimary mirror
25 mFocal plane assembly3 m long x 30 cm wide
Figure sensorreference
Scanningelectron
beam
50 m 250 m 250 m
Sunshade
Beamed power
Total weight: 125 kgSensitivity: 1200 x better than Hubble
I. Bekey, An Extremely Large yet Ultralightweight Space Telescope and Array, May 1999
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
20WESAS 2000
Hyperspectral SensorHyperspectral Sensor
100 m
Focal pointfor longwavelengths
Focal pointfor shortwavelengths
Focal length is thousandsFocal length is thousandsof kmof km
5,000 nanosats spaced along line5,000 nanosats spaced along lineof sight each imaging in a differentof sight each imaging in a differentspectral bandspectral band
Tolerant of axial and radial errorsTolerant of axial and radial errorseven at optical wavelengthseven at optical wavelengths
Total weight is 30 kgTotal weight is 30 kg
Fresnel lens
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
21WESAS 2000
Nanosatellite ConstellatinosNanosatellite Constellatinos Dense LEO constellationsDense LEO constellations
– 500 to 1000 satellites at ~700 km altitude500 to 1000 satellites at ~700 km altitude
– At least 2 satellites always above 30At least 2 satellites always above 30ooelevation elevation for all surface locationsfor all surface locations
– One satellite always within 1000 km rangeOne satellite always within 1000 km range
Disposable missionsDisposable missions
Local clusters (“platooning”)Local clusters (“platooning”)– Co-orbiting clustersCo-orbiting clusters
Up to 10 km diameter in LEOUp to 10 km diameter in LEO Up to 1000 km diameter in GEOUp to 1000 km diameter in GEO
– Arbitrary “formation flying”Arbitrary “formation flying” Up to 10 km diameter in GEOUp to 10 km diameter in GEO
a14
a13
a12
a11
a10
a9
b9
b10
b11
b12
b13
c9
c10
c11
c12
c13
c14
d9
d10
d11
d12
d13
d14
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
22WESAS 2000
Computing PrinciplesComputing Principles
Tune inTune in
Turn onTurn on
Drop outDrop out
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
23WESAS 2000
The Great Wall of ComputingThe Great Wall of Computing
Battery
IrDA
ProcessorMemory/FPGA
Sensors
1 inch
1 inch
1 inch
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
24WESAS 2000
Put 1,000 sensor cubes in a regular pattern on the walls Put 1,000 sensor cubes in a regular pattern on the walls of a roomof a room
ChallengesChallenges
– Meeting environmentMeeting environment
– Gesture recognitionGesture recognition
– Communication with handheld devicesCommunication with handheld devices Phased arrayPhased array
The Great Wall of ComputingThe Great Wall of Computing
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
25WESAS 2000
Sensate AutomobileSensate Automobile Assume that Assume that EVERY EVERY single component part has a single component part has a
processor, memory, communication, sensorsprocessor, memory, communication, sensors ChallengesChallenges
– Organizing the processors and sensorsOrganizing the processors and sensors
– What can you discover about automobiles?What can you discover about automobiles? DiagnosisDiagnosis Preventive maintenancePreventive maintenance Fault detectionFault detection Accident avoidanceAccident avoidance
– What can you discover about drivers?What can you discover about drivers?
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
26WESAS 2000
Information SuperhighwayInformation Superhighway Let information “hitch a ride” on vehicular trafficLet information “hitch a ride” on vehicular traffic
– Vehicles broadcast routes and destinations to fixed nodes Vehicles broadcast routes and destinations to fixed nodes and passing vehiclesand passing vehicles
– Packets “hitchhike” on vehicles that will get them closer to Packets “hitchhike” on vehicles that will get them closer to destinationdestination
– Packets can “hop off” to other passing vehicles, roadway Packets can “hop off” to other passing vehicles, roadway wireless nodes and cellular towerswireless nodes and cellular towers
ChallengesChallenges– ProtocolsProtocols– RoutingRouting– PaymentPayment
Micro auctionsMicro auctions Micro paymentsMicro payments
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION
27WESAS 2000
SummarySummary Architectures are based on an intimate understanding of Architectures are based on an intimate understanding of
building materialsbuilding materials– Silicon and carbon are the building materials of the futureSilicon and carbon are the building materials of the future
All devices and all structures will be revolutionized beyond imaginingAll devices and all structures will be revolutionized beyond imagining
Construction principles of the golden ageConstruction principles of the golden age– Replace structure with informationReplace structure with information– Build small and think bigBuild small and think big– Transport energy and information not massTransport energy and information not mass
Computing principles of the golden ageComputing principles of the golden age– Tune inTune in– Turn onTurn on– Drop outDrop out
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