CHAPTER ONE LECTURE 1 ON
INTRODUCTION TO TEXTILE FIBERS
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY (EiTEX)
By Bademaw Abate(Lecturer)
Fundamentals of TextileIntroduction A textile is flexible material consisting of network of natural or artificial fiber often referred to as thread or yarn
fibers is defined as unit of matter characterized by flexibility fineness and a high ratio of length to thickness
Fabric refers to any material made through weaving knitting crocheting or bonding
Apparel is anything that one puts on ones body Clothing shoes hats globes amp scarves are example of apparel items
Definition of Fiber and Textile fibers
Fiber It is defined as one of the delicate hair portions of the
tissues of a plant or animal or other substances that are very small in diameter in relation to there length
A fiber is a material which is several hundred times as long as its thick
Fibres have been defined by the Textile Institute as units of matter characterized by
flexibility fineness high ratio of length to thickness
Conthellip Other characteristics might be added if the fibre is to be of any use
for general textile purposes a sufficiently high temperature stability and a certain minimum strength and moderate extensibility
The characteristic dimensions of fibres are the basis of their use and need to be stressed
individual fibres (or elements of a continuous filament) weigh only a few micrograms
their lengthwidth ratio is at least 10001
It is the basic structural element of textile products
It is a smallest textile component which is microscopic hair like substance that may be manmade or natural
Textile Fiber
Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods
including weaving knitting braiding felting and twisting
The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters flexibility cohesiveness and sufficient strength
Other important properties include elasticity fineness uniformity durability and luster
Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is not a textile fiber Because it can not fill up the above properties So we can say that all fiber are not textile fiber
Conthellip ordinary textile fibres must be at least partly elastic up to breaking extensions
between 5 and 50
This is an unusual intermediate range of extensibility since glasses and crystalline solids are less extensible whereas rubbers are much more extensible
all textile fibers are partially oriented linear polymers
A remarkable fact is that almost all the general textile fibre market is met by six polymer types
the natural polymers cellulose and proteins the synthetic (manufactured) polymers polyamide polyester polyolefin and vinyl
(including acrylic)
Essential properties Textile Fibers Basic Textile Fiber Properties There are several primary properties necessary for a polymeric
material to make an adequate fiber Certain other fiber properties increase its value and desirability in
its intended end-use but are not necessary properties essential to make a fiber Such secondary properties include moisture absorption characteristics fiber resiliency abrasion resistance density luster chemical resistance thermal characteristics flammability
CONT
Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are Fiber length to width ratio Fiber uniformity Fiber strength and flexibility Fiber extensibility and elasticity Fiber cohesiveness
CONT Length to Width Ratio Fibrous material must possess
adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber
Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows
bull But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than frac12 inch According to the length the fibers may be classified into the following two categories Staple Fiber Filament Fiber
Fiber Length to Width RatioCotton 1400Wool 8000Flax 170Silk 330000
ConthellipStrength Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is
tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-sectional area
With this term (strength tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension load
In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used
Tenacity force per unit linear density That is tenacity = breaking load mass per unit length
Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd)
Tenacity of Some Common Fiber
Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 30 - 49Jute 30 - 58Flax 26 - 77Ramie 55Silk 24 - 51Wool 11 - 17Hemp 58 - 68
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Fundamentals of TextileIntroduction A textile is flexible material consisting of network of natural or artificial fiber often referred to as thread or yarn
fibers is defined as unit of matter characterized by flexibility fineness and a high ratio of length to thickness
Fabric refers to any material made through weaving knitting crocheting or bonding
Apparel is anything that one puts on ones body Clothing shoes hats globes amp scarves are example of apparel items
Definition of Fiber and Textile fibers
Fiber It is defined as one of the delicate hair portions of the
tissues of a plant or animal or other substances that are very small in diameter in relation to there length
A fiber is a material which is several hundred times as long as its thick
Fibres have been defined by the Textile Institute as units of matter characterized by
flexibility fineness high ratio of length to thickness
Conthellip Other characteristics might be added if the fibre is to be of any use
for general textile purposes a sufficiently high temperature stability and a certain minimum strength and moderate extensibility
The characteristic dimensions of fibres are the basis of their use and need to be stressed
individual fibres (or elements of a continuous filament) weigh only a few micrograms
their lengthwidth ratio is at least 10001
It is the basic structural element of textile products
It is a smallest textile component which is microscopic hair like substance that may be manmade or natural
Textile Fiber
Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods
including weaving knitting braiding felting and twisting
The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters flexibility cohesiveness and sufficient strength
Other important properties include elasticity fineness uniformity durability and luster
Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is not a textile fiber Because it can not fill up the above properties So we can say that all fiber are not textile fiber
Conthellip ordinary textile fibres must be at least partly elastic up to breaking extensions
between 5 and 50
This is an unusual intermediate range of extensibility since glasses and crystalline solids are less extensible whereas rubbers are much more extensible
all textile fibers are partially oriented linear polymers
A remarkable fact is that almost all the general textile fibre market is met by six polymer types
the natural polymers cellulose and proteins the synthetic (manufactured) polymers polyamide polyester polyolefin and vinyl
(including acrylic)
Essential properties Textile Fibers Basic Textile Fiber Properties There are several primary properties necessary for a polymeric
material to make an adequate fiber Certain other fiber properties increase its value and desirability in
its intended end-use but are not necessary properties essential to make a fiber Such secondary properties include moisture absorption characteristics fiber resiliency abrasion resistance density luster chemical resistance thermal characteristics flammability
CONT
Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are Fiber length to width ratio Fiber uniformity Fiber strength and flexibility Fiber extensibility and elasticity Fiber cohesiveness
CONT Length to Width Ratio Fibrous material must possess
adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber
Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows
bull But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than frac12 inch According to the length the fibers may be classified into the following two categories Staple Fiber Filament Fiber
Fiber Length to Width RatioCotton 1400Wool 8000Flax 170Silk 330000
ConthellipStrength Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is
tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-sectional area
With this term (strength tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension load
In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used
Tenacity force per unit linear density That is tenacity = breaking load mass per unit length
Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd)
Tenacity of Some Common Fiber
Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 30 - 49Jute 30 - 58Flax 26 - 77Ramie 55Silk 24 - 51Wool 11 - 17Hemp 58 - 68
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Definition of Fiber and Textile fibers
Fiber It is defined as one of the delicate hair portions of the
tissues of a plant or animal or other substances that are very small in diameter in relation to there length
A fiber is a material which is several hundred times as long as its thick
Fibres have been defined by the Textile Institute as units of matter characterized by
flexibility fineness high ratio of length to thickness
Conthellip Other characteristics might be added if the fibre is to be of any use
for general textile purposes a sufficiently high temperature stability and a certain minimum strength and moderate extensibility
The characteristic dimensions of fibres are the basis of their use and need to be stressed
individual fibres (or elements of a continuous filament) weigh only a few micrograms
their lengthwidth ratio is at least 10001
It is the basic structural element of textile products
It is a smallest textile component which is microscopic hair like substance that may be manmade or natural
Textile Fiber
Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods
including weaving knitting braiding felting and twisting
The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters flexibility cohesiveness and sufficient strength
Other important properties include elasticity fineness uniformity durability and luster
Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is not a textile fiber Because it can not fill up the above properties So we can say that all fiber are not textile fiber
Conthellip ordinary textile fibres must be at least partly elastic up to breaking extensions
between 5 and 50
This is an unusual intermediate range of extensibility since glasses and crystalline solids are less extensible whereas rubbers are much more extensible
all textile fibers are partially oriented linear polymers
A remarkable fact is that almost all the general textile fibre market is met by six polymer types
the natural polymers cellulose and proteins the synthetic (manufactured) polymers polyamide polyester polyolefin and vinyl
(including acrylic)
Essential properties Textile Fibers Basic Textile Fiber Properties There are several primary properties necessary for a polymeric
material to make an adequate fiber Certain other fiber properties increase its value and desirability in
its intended end-use but are not necessary properties essential to make a fiber Such secondary properties include moisture absorption characteristics fiber resiliency abrasion resistance density luster chemical resistance thermal characteristics flammability
CONT
Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are Fiber length to width ratio Fiber uniformity Fiber strength and flexibility Fiber extensibility and elasticity Fiber cohesiveness
CONT Length to Width Ratio Fibrous material must possess
adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber
Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows
bull But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than frac12 inch According to the length the fibers may be classified into the following two categories Staple Fiber Filament Fiber
Fiber Length to Width RatioCotton 1400Wool 8000Flax 170Silk 330000
ConthellipStrength Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is
tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-sectional area
With this term (strength tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension load
In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used
Tenacity force per unit linear density That is tenacity = breaking load mass per unit length
Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd)
Tenacity of Some Common Fiber
Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 30 - 49Jute 30 - 58Flax 26 - 77Ramie 55Silk 24 - 51Wool 11 - 17Hemp 58 - 68
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Conthellip Other characteristics might be added if the fibre is to be of any use
for general textile purposes a sufficiently high temperature stability and a certain minimum strength and moderate extensibility
The characteristic dimensions of fibres are the basis of their use and need to be stressed
individual fibres (or elements of a continuous filament) weigh only a few micrograms
their lengthwidth ratio is at least 10001
It is the basic structural element of textile products
It is a smallest textile component which is microscopic hair like substance that may be manmade or natural
Textile Fiber
Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods
including weaving knitting braiding felting and twisting
The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters flexibility cohesiveness and sufficient strength
Other important properties include elasticity fineness uniformity durability and luster
Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is not a textile fiber Because it can not fill up the above properties So we can say that all fiber are not textile fiber
Conthellip ordinary textile fibres must be at least partly elastic up to breaking extensions
between 5 and 50
This is an unusual intermediate range of extensibility since glasses and crystalline solids are less extensible whereas rubbers are much more extensible
all textile fibers are partially oriented linear polymers
A remarkable fact is that almost all the general textile fibre market is met by six polymer types
the natural polymers cellulose and proteins the synthetic (manufactured) polymers polyamide polyester polyolefin and vinyl
(including acrylic)
Essential properties Textile Fibers Basic Textile Fiber Properties There are several primary properties necessary for a polymeric
material to make an adequate fiber Certain other fiber properties increase its value and desirability in
its intended end-use but are not necessary properties essential to make a fiber Such secondary properties include moisture absorption characteristics fiber resiliency abrasion resistance density luster chemical resistance thermal characteristics flammability
CONT
Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are Fiber length to width ratio Fiber uniformity Fiber strength and flexibility Fiber extensibility and elasticity Fiber cohesiveness
CONT Length to Width Ratio Fibrous material must possess
adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber
Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows
bull But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than frac12 inch According to the length the fibers may be classified into the following two categories Staple Fiber Filament Fiber
Fiber Length to Width RatioCotton 1400Wool 8000Flax 170Silk 330000
ConthellipStrength Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is
tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-sectional area
With this term (strength tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension load
In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used
Tenacity force per unit linear density That is tenacity = breaking load mass per unit length
Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd)
Tenacity of Some Common Fiber
Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 30 - 49Jute 30 - 58Flax 26 - 77Ramie 55Silk 24 - 51Wool 11 - 17Hemp 58 - 68
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Textile Fiber
Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber Textile fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods
including weaving knitting braiding felting and twisting
The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters flexibility cohesiveness and sufficient strength
Other important properties include elasticity fineness uniformity durability and luster
Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is not a textile fiber Because it can not fill up the above properties So we can say that all fiber are not textile fiber
Conthellip ordinary textile fibres must be at least partly elastic up to breaking extensions
between 5 and 50
This is an unusual intermediate range of extensibility since glasses and crystalline solids are less extensible whereas rubbers are much more extensible
all textile fibers are partially oriented linear polymers
A remarkable fact is that almost all the general textile fibre market is met by six polymer types
the natural polymers cellulose and proteins the synthetic (manufactured) polymers polyamide polyester polyolefin and vinyl
(including acrylic)
Essential properties Textile Fibers Basic Textile Fiber Properties There are several primary properties necessary for a polymeric
material to make an adequate fiber Certain other fiber properties increase its value and desirability in
its intended end-use but are not necessary properties essential to make a fiber Such secondary properties include moisture absorption characteristics fiber resiliency abrasion resistance density luster chemical resistance thermal characteristics flammability
CONT
Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are Fiber length to width ratio Fiber uniformity Fiber strength and flexibility Fiber extensibility and elasticity Fiber cohesiveness
CONT Length to Width Ratio Fibrous material must possess
adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber
Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows
bull But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than frac12 inch According to the length the fibers may be classified into the following two categories Staple Fiber Filament Fiber
Fiber Length to Width RatioCotton 1400Wool 8000Flax 170Silk 330000
ConthellipStrength Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is
tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-sectional area
With this term (strength tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension load
In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used
Tenacity force per unit linear density That is tenacity = breaking load mass per unit length
Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd)
Tenacity of Some Common Fiber
Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 30 - 49Jute 30 - 58Flax 26 - 77Ramie 55Silk 24 - 51Wool 11 - 17Hemp 58 - 68
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Conthellip ordinary textile fibres must be at least partly elastic up to breaking extensions
between 5 and 50
This is an unusual intermediate range of extensibility since glasses and crystalline solids are less extensible whereas rubbers are much more extensible
all textile fibers are partially oriented linear polymers
A remarkable fact is that almost all the general textile fibre market is met by six polymer types
the natural polymers cellulose and proteins the synthetic (manufactured) polymers polyamide polyester polyolefin and vinyl
(including acrylic)
Essential properties Textile Fibers Basic Textile Fiber Properties There are several primary properties necessary for a polymeric
material to make an adequate fiber Certain other fiber properties increase its value and desirability in
its intended end-use but are not necessary properties essential to make a fiber Such secondary properties include moisture absorption characteristics fiber resiliency abrasion resistance density luster chemical resistance thermal characteristics flammability
CONT
Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are Fiber length to width ratio Fiber uniformity Fiber strength and flexibility Fiber extensibility and elasticity Fiber cohesiveness
CONT Length to Width Ratio Fibrous material must possess
adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber
Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows
bull But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than frac12 inch According to the length the fibers may be classified into the following two categories Staple Fiber Filament Fiber
Fiber Length to Width RatioCotton 1400Wool 8000Flax 170Silk 330000
ConthellipStrength Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is
tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-sectional area
With this term (strength tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension load
In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used
Tenacity force per unit linear density That is tenacity = breaking load mass per unit length
Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd)
Tenacity of Some Common Fiber
Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 30 - 49Jute 30 - 58Flax 26 - 77Ramie 55Silk 24 - 51Wool 11 - 17Hemp 58 - 68
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Essential properties Textile Fibers Basic Textile Fiber Properties There are several primary properties necessary for a polymeric
material to make an adequate fiber Certain other fiber properties increase its value and desirability in
its intended end-use but are not necessary properties essential to make a fiber Such secondary properties include moisture absorption characteristics fiber resiliency abrasion resistance density luster chemical resistance thermal characteristics flammability
CONT
Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are Fiber length to width ratio Fiber uniformity Fiber strength and flexibility Fiber extensibility and elasticity Fiber cohesiveness
CONT Length to Width Ratio Fibrous material must possess
adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber
Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows
bull But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than frac12 inch According to the length the fibers may be classified into the following two categories Staple Fiber Filament Fiber
Fiber Length to Width RatioCotton 1400Wool 8000Flax 170Silk 330000
ConthellipStrength Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is
tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-sectional area
With this term (strength tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension load
In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used
Tenacity force per unit linear density That is tenacity = breaking load mass per unit length
Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd)
Tenacity of Some Common Fiber
Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 30 - 49Jute 30 - 58Flax 26 - 77Ramie 55Silk 24 - 51Wool 11 - 17Hemp 58 - 68
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
CONT
Some Primary Properties of Textile Fibers are Fiber length to width ratio Fiber uniformity Fiber strength and flexibility Fiber extensibility and elasticity Fiber cohesiveness
CONT Length to Width Ratio Fibrous material must possess
adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber
Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows
bull But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than frac12 inch According to the length the fibers may be classified into the following two categories Staple Fiber Filament Fiber
Fiber Length to Width RatioCotton 1400Wool 8000Flax 170Silk 330000
ConthellipStrength Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is
tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-sectional area
With this term (strength tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension load
In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used
Tenacity force per unit linear density That is tenacity = breaking load mass per unit length
Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd)
Tenacity of Some Common Fiber
Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 30 - 49Jute 30 - 58Flax 26 - 77Ramie 55Silk 24 - 51Wool 11 - 17Hemp 58 - 68
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
CONT Length to Width Ratio Fibrous material must possess
adequate staple or fiber length and the length must be considerably higher (1000 times) then the width of the fiber
Length to Width Ratio of Some Typical Fiber as follows
bull But to be a fiber the staple length must not be less than frac12 inch According to the length the fibers may be classified into the following two categories Staple Fiber Filament Fiber
Fiber Length to Width RatioCotton 1400Wool 8000Flax 170Silk 330000
ConthellipStrength Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is
tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-sectional area
With this term (strength tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension load
In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used
Tenacity force per unit linear density That is tenacity = breaking load mass per unit length
Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd)
Tenacity of Some Common Fiber
Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 30 - 49Jute 30 - 58Flax 26 - 77Ramie 55Silk 24 - 51Wool 11 - 17Hemp 58 - 68
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
ConthellipStrength Strength of any material is determined by the breaking strength (that is
tenacity strength) which express as force per unit cross-sectional area
With this term (strength tensile strength) we may describe the ability of a bundle of fiber of yarn to resist breakage under tension load
In case of describing the strength of individual fiber the term tenacity is usually used
Tenacity force per unit linear density That is tenacity = breaking load mass per unit length
Tenacity express as grams per tex(gtex) or grams per denier(gd)
Tenacity of Some Common Fiber
Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 30 - 49Jute 30 - 58Flax 26 - 77Ramie 55Silk 24 - 51Wool 11 - 17Hemp 58 - 68
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Tenacity of Some Common Fiber
Fiber Grams Per DenierRaw cotton 30 - 49Jute 30 - 58Flax 26 - 77Ramie 55Silk 24 - 51Wool 11 - 17Hemp 58 - 68
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
ConthellipFlexibility It is one of the essential property of textile fiber
The fibers should be sufficient by poliable then only it can be wrapped around another fiber during spinning
Many substance in nature resemble fibrous forms but they are note pratical fibers as they are stiff and brittle
Cohesiveness It may also be termed as spinning quality of fiber
It is the property of an individual fiber by virtue of which the fibers are hold on to one another when the fibers are spun into yarns
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
ConthellipUniformity It may describe the similarities in length of fiber which are spun
into yarn To make a good quality yarn it is important that the fibers must be
similar in length and width in spinning quality and in flexibility There is no problem in producing uniform manmade fibers but for
natural fiber uniformity is difficult to achieve So for natural fiber it is essential to blend many batches in order to
manufacture good quality yarn and fabrics
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
ConthellipElastic Recovery Elastic recovery is the percent to return from elongation towards its original
length If a fiber returns to its original length from a specified amount of attenuation it
is said to have 100 elastic recovery at x-percent elongation
Elastic recovery is expressed as percentage
The elasticity or elastic recovery of a fiber is determined by several aspects like what type of load is applied and how many times it is held in the stretched position
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES
The history of Traces of natural fibers have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe
For many thousand years the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibers such as flax cotton silk wool and plant fibres for different applications
Fibers can be divided into natural fibres and man-made or chemical fibres
Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Classification of Fibres
Natural Fibers Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral fibers
Man Made fibersRegenerated fibresSynthetic fibresInorganic fibres
Inorganic fibres
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Conthellip Classification of fibers can be done by
Type(Natural and manufactured)Length(Short staple long staple continuous filament)Size(Ultra fine fine regular course)
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Classification of Fibres
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
NATURAL FIBRE
Any hair like raw material directly obtainable from an animal vegetable or mineral source that can be convertible after spinning into yarns and then into fabric
Under them there are various categories
PlantAnimalminerals
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Vegetable fibers They can be further on classified as fibre occurring on the seed(raw cotton java cotton)
phloem fiber (flax ramie hemp jute)
tendon fibre from stem or leaves (manila hemp sisal hemp etc)
fibre occurring around the trunk (hemp palm)
fibre of fruit nut shells(coconut fibre ndash Coir) cotton and linen are the most important among them
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Conthellip
Bast fibres
Low Lignin content ndash Linen or Flax (raw and bleached) and Ramie
High Lignin content ndash Jute Hemp
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Cotton Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton
plant cotton fibre grows in the seed pod or boll of the cotton plant
each fibre is a single elongated cell that is flat twisted and ribbon like with a wide inner hollow (lumen)
Composition
90 cellulose6 moisture and the remainder fats and impurities
the outer surface is covered with a protective wax like coating which gives fibre an adhesive quality
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
PROPERTIES
It has 8 moisture regain
The cellulose is arranged in a way that gives cotton unique properties of strength durability and absorbency
it is fresh crisp comfortable absorbent flexible has no pilling problems and has good resistance to alkalis
it has poor wrinkle resistance shrinkage poor acid resistance less abrasion resistance susceptible to damage by moths and mildew need slots of maintenance and stains are difficult to remove
its fibre length ranges from frac12 inches to 2inches
it has 10increase in strength when wet
it has a flat twisted tube shape
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
KAPOK FIBRE
Kapok fiber is a silky cotton-like substance that surrounds the seeds in the pods of the ceiba tree
Properties It can support as much as 30times its own weight in water and loses only
10 percent of buoyancy over a 30-day period It is eight times lighter than cotton it is extremely used as a thermal-insulator it is also lightweight non-allergic non-toxic resistant to rot and odorless since it is inelastic and too fragile itcant be spun
it has outstanding characteristics of lightness impermeability thermal-isolation and eco- naturality
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
BAST FIBRE
Bast fibre or skin fibre is fibre collected from the Phloem (the bast surrounding the stem of a certain plant
Properties The bast fibres have often higher tensile strength than other kinds
and ropes yarn paper composites and burlap
A special property of bast fibers are that the fiber at that point represents a weak point
They are obtained by the process called retting
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
JUTE FIBRE
Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety fibres are composed primarily of the plant cellulose and lignin
Properties
Jute is a long soft shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse strong
It is a lingo -cellulosic fibre that is partially a textile fibre and partially wood
The plant grows up to a height of 25m and its fibre length is about 2m
it is generally used in geo textiles
it has a good resistance to microorganisms and insects
it has low wet strength low elongation and inexpensive to reduce
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
RAMIE FIBRE
Ramie is one of the oldest fibre crops having been used for
PropertiesRamie requires chemical processing to de-gum
the fibre it is fine absorbent quick drying fibre is slightly
stiff and possesses high natural lustre its plant height is 25m and its strength is eight
times more than cotton
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
HEMP FIBRE
Depending on the processing used to remove the fiber from the stem the hemp naturally maybe creamy white brown gray black or green
Properties it is yellowish brown fibre
Hemp fibers can be 3 to 15 feet long running the length of the plant
Characteristics of hemp fibre are its superior strength and durability resistance to ultraviolet light and mold comfort and good absorbency
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
COIR FIBRE
bull Fibre mechanically extracted from dry mature coconut husk after soaking
bull It is long hard and strong fib rebut with lower softness lower water absorption capacity and shorter life than long retted fibre
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
ANIMAL FIBRES
Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of proteins such as silk hairfur wool and feathers
The most commonly used type of animal fiber is Hair Fibres (Staple) Wool Specialty hair fibres Secretion Fibres(Filament) Silk Spider Silk(Insect fibre)
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
SILK FIBRE
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva in the process known as sericulture
Properties Itrsquos a fine continuous strand unwound from the
cocoon of a moth caterpillar known as the silkworm it is the longest and thinnest natural filament fibre
with the longest filament around 3000yards it is relatively lustrous smooth lightweight strong
and elastic it is essentially composed of protein fibre and is
naturally a white coloured fiber
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Types of silk
Domestic silk-Mulberry silk This is a white toyellow colored silk It is fine and issued mainly for apparelWild silk-
Mug silk This is a golden yellow coloured silk It is obtained from these mi-domesticated silkworm which feeds on the aromatic leaves of Somand Soalu plants
Eri silk This is got from the domesticated silkworm It feeds mainly on castor leaves
Tussar silk Tussar Silk also known as Kosa Silk is valued for its purity and texture Kosa Silk is drawn from cocoons especially grown on Arjun
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
WOOL
Wool is the fiber derived from the fur of animals principal
properties
it has the highest moisture regain ie 14
it exhibits felting property and is easy to spin
due to crimp present in it it has heat in stored withinthe length of the fibre is around 3-15 inches
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Conthellip there are two types of wool namely clipped or fleece
wool taken from live sheep and pulled wool removed from sheep already dead
merino wool is the best grade of wool
In addition to clothing wool has been used as carpeting felt wool insulation
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
MINERAL FIBRE
Asbestos is the only natural mineral fibre obtained from varieties of rocks
properties
It is fibrous form of silicate of magnesium and calcium containing iron and aluminum and other minerals
It is acid proof flame proof and rust proof
Its particles are carcinogenic and hence its use is restricted
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
MAN MADE
Regenerated Fibres
Cellulosicndash Cotton linters and wood pulp Viscose rayon Cupra-ammonium Cellulose Acetate (secondary and triacetate) Polynosic High Wet Modulus (HWM)
Proteinndash Casein fibre from milk Groundnut Fibre Zein fibre Azlon fibre from corn and
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Natural man made fibre
(A) Cellulosic fibres
Cellulose is one of many polymers found in natureWood paper and cotton all contain cellulose Cellulose is an
excellent fiberCellulose is made of repeat units of the monomer glucose The three types of regenerated cellulosic fibres are rayon
acetate and triacetate which are derived from the cell walls of short cotton fibres called linters
Paper for instance is almost pure cellulose
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Conthellip
B) Non Cellulosic Man made fibresProteinbull Azlon Fibre from Soya and Corn Casein of Milk Ground nutbull From other Sourcesbull Mineral Glass Ceramic and Graphite Metallic Fibres By
mining and refining of metals like silver gold aluminum and steel
bull Rubber Fibres Sap tapped from the rubber tree
bull Fibre forming polymer is either natural or synthetic)
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
RAYON
Rayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fiber
it is the first man made fibre
it has a serrated round shape with smooth surface
it loses 30-50 of its strength when it is wet
Rayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore it is not as cellulosic fiber
The fiber is sold as artificial silk
there are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra ammonium rayon
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
ACETATE
A manufactured fiber in which the fiber forming substance is cellulose acetate Acetate is derived from cellulose by reacting purified cellulose from wood pulp
with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid
Acetate Fiber Characteristics
Luxurious feel and appearance Wide range of colors and lusters Excellent drapability and softness Relatively fast drying Shrink moth and mildew resistant Special dyes have been developed for acetate since it does not accept dyes
ordinarily used for cotton and rayon
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Man made Synthetic Fibres
Polyamides-Nylon 66 Nylon 610 Nylon 6 etc Polyester-Terylene Terene Dacron etc Polyvinyl derivatives Polyvinylchloride Polyvinylchloride acetate Polyvinylchloride ndashAcrylonitrile Polyacrilonitrile Polyvinyl alcohol Polystyrene and Copolymers Polyvinylide Chloride and Copolymers Polyolefins Polyethylene Polypropylene
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
MAN MADE SYNTHETIC FIBRE
bull POLYESTER NYLONARAMID ACRYLICMODACRYLIC
bull SPANDEX OLEFIN VINYONSARAN NYTRILTEFLON FLUOROCARBONALGINATE
bull Minor fibre made of a jelly like calcium alginate derived from certain forms of sea weed used as scaffolding in such fabrics as surgical dressings which can be Polyester Nylon Natural rubber
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
POLYESTER Polyester is a category of polymers which contain theester functional group in their main c
The term polyester is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
it has a high melting temperature
it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
they are thermoplastic have good strength and are hydrophobic
the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface
it is lustrous and its hand is crisp
it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
NYLON
Nylon is one of the most common polymers used asA fiber
There are several forms of nylon depending up on chemical synthesis such as nylon 4 6 66 610 612810 and 11
Nylon is found in clothing all the time but also in other places in the form of a thermoplastic material
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Conthellip Nylons are also called polyamides because of the
characteristic amide groups in the backbone chain
These amide groups are very polar and are linked with each other with hydrogen bonds
nylon is a regular and symmetrical fibre with crystalline regions and make fibers
the fibre has a smooth rod like shape with a smooth surface
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Conthellip Natural rubber is essentially a polymer of
isoprene units a hydrocarbon dienemonomer
Synthetic rubber can be made as a polymer of prene or various other monomers
The material properties of natural rubber make it an elastomer
Rubber exhibits unique physical and chemical properties
Rubbers stress-strain behavior exhibits the Mullins effect the Payne effect and is often model her elastic
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Inorganic Fibres
Glassndash Silica sand lime stone and other minerals
Ceramic ndash Alumina Silica and Graphite fibres ndash Carbon
Metallic fibres-Aluminium silver gold and stainless steel
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
GLASS FIBRE
It is also known as Fiberglass that is a material made from extremely fine fibers of glass Glass fiber is formed when thin silica-based or other formulation glass extruded into many fibers with small textile processing
it has a high degree of viscosity
The basis of textile grade glass fibers issilica SiO
In its pure form it exists as a polymer
In order to induce crystallization it must be heated to te
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
con The rest type of glass use for fiber was
soda-lime glass or A glass which
By trapping air within them blocks of glass fiber make is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products
it has a good thermal insulation with at thermal conductivity of 005 Wm
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Because glass has anamorphous structure its properties are the s
Humidity is an important factor in the tensile adsorbed and can worsen microscopic crack defects and lessen tenacity
It has no effect on exposure to sun light even after extended periods
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
METALLIC FIBRES
Metallic fibers are manufactured fibers composed of metal plastic-coated metal metal-Gold and silver have been used since yarns for fabric decoration
More recently aluminum yarns aluminized nylon yarns have replaced glass
They are made through laminating process
Coated metallic filaments help to minimize tarnishing
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
When suitable adhesives and films are used they are not affected by salt water chlorinated water in swimming pools or climatic conditions
If possible anything made with metallic fibers should be dry-cleaned
Ironing can be problematic because the heat from the iron especially at high temperatures can melt the fibers
They are used mainly for decorative purpose
Thank you
Thank you
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