Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Technologies du WebMaster COMASIC
Information Extraction and the Semantic Web
Antoine Amarilli1
December 2, 2014
1Course material adapted from Fabian Suchanek’s slides:http://suchanek.name/work/teaching/IESW2010.pdf.SPARQL example from:en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPARQL&oldid=575552762.Linking Open Data cloud diagram 2014, by Max Schmachtenberg, Christian Bizer,Anja Jentzsch and Richard Cyganiak. http://lod-cloud.net/
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Motivation
We have seen how search engines work at the level of words.Sometimes, this works...
Sometimes, it doesn’t:
Those hard queries would be easy on RDBMSes!→ We need to extract structured information.→ We would like to understand its semantics.
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Other motivations: job offeringsMotivation: Examples
Title Type Location
Business strategy Associate Part time Palo Alto, CA
Registered Nurse Full time Los Angeles
... ... 8
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Other motivations: scientific papersMotivation: Examples
Author Publication Year
Grishman Information Extraction... 2006
... ... ... 9
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Other motivations: price comparisonMotivation: Examples
Product Type Price
Dynex 32” LCD TV $1000
... ... 10
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Table of contents
1 Introduction
2 Information Extraction
3 Semantic Web
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Roadmap Information Extraction
Instance Extraction
Fact Extraction
Ontological Information Extraction
and beyond Information Extraction (IE) is the process of extracting structured information (e.g., database tables) from unstructured machine-readable documents (e.g., Web documents).
Person Nationality
Elvis Presley American
nationality
11
Elvis Presley singer
Angela Merkel politician
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Instance extraction with Hearst patterns
Entities can be extracted and categorized by automaticextraction of simple patterns:
Many scientists, including Einstein, believed...France, Germany and other countries have been plagued with...Other forms of government such as constitutional monarchy...
Difficulties:→ Must parse correctly.→ Must be resilient to noise.
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Instance extraction with set expansion
Start with a seed set of entities of a certain type.Find occurrences of them at specific position in documents:
Lists.Table columns.
Assume that other items are other entities of the same nature.→ Once again, this is noisy...
→ Precision and recall, see previous slides.
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Set expansion exampleInstance Extraction: Set Expansion Seed set: {Russia, USA, Australia}
Result set: {Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India, Argentina,Kazakhstan, Sudan}
17
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Fact extraction with wrapper inductionFact Extraction: Wrapper Induction Observation: On Web pages of a certain domain, the information is often in the same spot.
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Specifying a wrapper
A wrapper can be expressed:As a path in the DOM (usually XPath).Extensions to multiple pages, e.g., OXPath.As a regular expression.
A wrapper can be produced:Through manual annotation of the relevant fields.Using specific knowledge of the source.→ Wikipedia categories and infoboxes.
By comparison between similar pages to find what changed.Using seed pairs (known facts).
Possibility to iterate between patterns and facts.→ Risk of semantic drift.
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Fact extraction on text
Entity extraction:→ find entities in the text.
Named entity recognition:→ identify the type of entities.
→ person→ organization→ quantity→ address→ etc.
NLP patterns to extract facts→ POS patterns→ Parse trees.
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Fact extraction on textFact Extraction: Pattern Matching
Einstein ha scoperto il K68, quando aveva 4 anni.
Bohr ha scoperto il K69 nel anno 1960.
Person Discovery
Einstein K68
X ha scoperto il Y
Person Discovery
Bohr K69
The patterns can be more complex, e.g. • regular expressions X discovered the .{0,20} Y • POS patterns X discovered the ADJ? Y • Parse trees
X discovered Y
PN
NP S
VP
V PN
NP
34
Try
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Ontologies
Ontology: a set of entities and relations.
Name Ment. Mfact Domain Publisher Start Update
YAGO >10 >120 general MPI 2008 2012DBPedia2 4.6 3 general OpenLink et al 2007 2014Wikidata3 15 30 general Wikimedia 2012 2014Freebase4 46 2 680 general Metaweb (Google) 2007 2014Knowl. Vault5 >570? >1 600 general Google 2014 2014MusicBrainz6 >35 >180 music MetaBrainz 2003 2013WordNet 0.4 2 English Princeton 1985 2006ConceptNet7 5.3 13 obvious MIT 2000 2014
2http://blog.dbpedia.org/2014/09/09/dbpedia-version-2014-released/3http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2014/10/178785-wikidata/fulltext#body-94http://freebase.com/5http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329832.
700-googles-factchecking-bots-build-vast-knowledge-bank.html6https://musicbrainz.org/statistics7http://conceptnet5.media.mit.edu/downloads/
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Entity disambiguation
Map mentions in text to entities.Problem: mentions are ambiguous!→ Use the importance of entities.→ Use the likelihood that a term refers to an entity.→ Use semantic consistency on the mappings of a document.
(Demo: https://gate.d5.mpi-inf.mpg.de/webaida/)
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Entity disambiguation
Map mentions in text to entities.Problem: mentions are ambiguous!→ Use the importance of entities.→ Use the likelihood that a term refers to an entity.→ Use semantic consistency on the mappings of a document.
(Demo: https://gate.d5.mpi-inf.mpg.de/webaida/)
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Ontological IE
Use the existing ontology as reference.Extract information from additional documents.Use fuzzy rules to extend the ontology (often manual):→ Extraction rules→ Logical constraints→ Common sense
Reasoning:→ Datalog→ Weighted MAX-SAT→ Markov Logic Networks
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Ontological IE
Ontology
NL documents Elvis was born in 1935
Semantic Rules
birthdate<deathdate
type(Elvis_Presley,singer) subclassof(singer,person) ...
appears(“Elvis”,”was born in”, ”1935”) ... means(“Elvis”,Elvis_Presley,0.8) means(“Elvis”,Elvis_Costello,0.2) ...
born(X,Y) & died(X,Z) => Y<Z appears(A,P,B) & R(A,B) => expresses(P,R) appears(A,P,B) & expresses(P,R) => R(A,B) ...
First Order Logic Formulae
1935 born
New facts with 1. canonic relations 2. canonic entities 3. consistency with the ontology
Ontological IE: Reasoning
SOFIE system
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Open IE
Use the entire Web as corpus.Crawl the Web for new facts.Create new rules from what is extracted.Examples:
Open IE, University of Washington.
→ Demo: http://openie.cs.washington.edu/Read the Web, CMU.→ Demo: http://rtw.ml.cmu.edu/rtw/
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Open IE
Use the entire Web as corpus.Crawl the Web for new facts.Create new rules from what is extracted.Examples:
Open IE, University of Washington.→ Demo: http://openie.cs.washington.edu/
Read the Web, CMU.→ Demo: http://rtw.ml.cmu.edu/rtw/
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Open IE
Use the entire Web as corpus.Crawl the Web for new facts.Create new rules from what is extracted.Examples:
Open IE, University of Washington.→ Demo: http://openie.cs.washington.edu/
Read the Web, CMU.→ Demo: http://rtw.ml.cmu.edu/rtw/
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Table of contents
1 Introduction
2 Information Extraction
3 Semantic Web
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Motivation
Having structured data is nice.However, independent sources are not useful.We need to create links between data sources.→ Run a query across multiple relevant data stores.→ Perform complex transactions (booking a flight, a hotel...).→ Rich data visualization (integrating e.g. maps and statistics).
We need to define the semantics of the data.We need to enforce constraints.We need to evaluate complex queries over multiple sources.
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
The Semantic Web
URIs Globally unique identification of entities and relations.OWL Constraint language over structured data.RDF Storage format for structured data.
SPARQL Query language for structured data.LOD Linked Open Data: draw links between data sources.
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
URIs
Uniform Resource IdentifierLike URLs.Not always dereferenceable.URNs: urn:isbn:0486415864URLs, often with namespaces:→ dbp:Paris for http://dbpedia.org/resource/Paris
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
RDF
Resource Description Framework.Triples: Subject predicate object.<dbp:Paris> <dbp:country> <dbp:France>→ The country of Paris (DBPedia resources).
<dbp:Paris> <foaf:homepage> <http://www.paris.fr>→ The homepage of Paris (FOAF relation, website).
<dbp:Paris> <foaf:name> "Paris"@en→ The name of Paris (FOAF relation, literal value).
Multiple serializations.
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
RDFS
RDF Schema.<dbp:Paris> <rdf:type> <dbp:Settlement>→ Paris is a settlement.
<dbp:Settlement> <rdfs:subclassOf> <dbp:Place>→ If I am a Settlement then I am a Place.
<dbp:writer> <rdfs:subPropertyOf> <y:created>→ If you are the writer of something (for DBPedia)
then you are the creator of that thing (for YAGO).
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
OWL
Ontology Web Language.<dbp:birthPlace> <rdf:type> <owl:FunctionalProperty>→ People are born in at most one place.
<dbp:Person> <owl:disjointWith> <dbp:Settlement>→ Something cannot be both a Person and a Settlement.
<schema:spouse> <owl:equivalentProperty> <dbp:spouse>→ spouse in Schema.org in DBPedia are equivalent properties.
<myonto:p4242> <owl:sameAs> <dbp:Douglas_Adams>→ Assert equalities between resources.
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
SPARQL
SPARQL Protocol And RDF Query Language.Query language for RDF.PREFIX abc: <http://example.com/exampleOntology#>SELECT ?capital ?countryWHERE {
?x abc:cityname ?capital ;abc:isCapitalOf ?y .
?y abc:countryname ?country ;abc:isInContinent abc:Africa .
}
(Demo: http://dbpedia-live.openlinksw.com/sparql/)
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
SPARQL
SPARQL Protocol And RDF Query Language.Query language for RDF.PREFIX abc: <http://example.com/exampleOntology#>SELECT ?capital ?countryWHERE {
?x abc:cityname ?capital ;abc:isCapitalOf ?y .
?y abc:countryname ?country ;abc:isInContinent abc:Africa .
}
(Demo: http://dbpedia-live.openlinksw.com/sparql/)
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Linked Open Data
Linked Datasets as of August 2014
Uniprot
AlexandriaDigital Library
Gazetteer
lobidOrganizations
chem2bio2rdf
MultimediaLab University
Ghent
Open DataEcuador
GeoEcuador
Serendipity
UTPLLOD
GovAgriBusDenmark
DBpedialive
URIBurner
Linguistics
Social Networking
Life Sciences
Cross-Domain
Government
User-Generated Content
Publications
Geographic
Media
Identifiers
EionetRDF
lobidResources
WiktionaryDBpedia
Viaf
Umthes
RKBExplorer
Courseware
Opencyc
Olia
Gem.Thesaurus
AudiovisueleArchieven
DiseasomeFU-Berlin
Eurovocin
SKOS
DNBGND
Cornetto
Bio2RDFPubmed
Bio2RDFNDC
Bio2RDFMesh
IDS
OntosNewsPortal
AEMET
ineverycrea
LinkedUser
Feedback
MuseosEspaniaGNOSS
Europeana
NomenclatorAsturias
Red UnoInternacional
GNOSS
GeoWordnet
Bio2RDFHGNC
CticPublic
Dataset
Bio2RDFHomologene
Bio2RDFAffymetrix
MuninnWorld War I
CKAN
GovernmentWeb Integration
forLinkedData
Universidadde CuencaLinkeddata
Freebase
Linklion
Ariadne
OrganicEdunet
GeneExpressionAtlas RDF
ChemblRDF
BiosamplesRDF
IdentifiersOrg
BiomodelsRDF
ReactomeRDF
Disgenet
SemanticQuran
IATI asLinked Data
DutchShips and
Sailors
Verrijktkoninkrijk
IServe
Arago-dbpedia
LinkedTCGA
ABS270a.info
RDFLicense
EnvironmentalApplications
ReferenceThesaurus
Thist
JudaicaLink
BPR
OCD
ShoahVictimsNames
Reload
Data forTourists in
Castilla y Leon
2001SpanishCensusto RDF
RKBExplorer
Webscience
RKBExplorerEprintsHarvest
NVS
EU AgenciesBodies
EPO
LinkedNUTS
RKBExplorer
Epsrc
OpenMobile
Network
RKBExplorerLisbon
RKBExplorer
Italy
CE4R
EnvironmentAgency
Bathing WaterQuality
RKBExplorerKaunas
OpenData
Thesaurus
RKBExplorerWordnet
RKBExplorer
ECS
AustrianSki
Racers
Social-semweb
Thesaurus
DataOpenAc Uk
RKBExplorer
IEEE
RKBExplorer
LAAS
RKBExplorer
Wiki
RKBExplorer
JISC
RKBExplorerEprints
RKBExplorer
Pisa
RKBExplorer
Darmstadt
RKBExplorerunlocode
RKBExplorer
Newcastle
RKBExplorer
OS
RKBExplorer
Curriculum
RKBExplorer
Resex
RKBExplorer
Roma
RKBExplorerEurecom
RKBExplorer
IBM
RKBExplorer
NSF
RKBExplorer
kisti
RKBExplorer
DBLP
RKBExplorer
ACM
RKBExplorerCiteseer
RKBExplorer
Southampton
RKBExplorerDeepblue
RKBExplorerDeploy
RKBExplorer
Risks
RKBExplorer
ERA
RKBExplorer
OAI
RKBExplorer
FT
RKBExplorer
Ulm
RKBExplorer
Irit
RKBExplorerRAE2001
RKBExplorer
Dotac
RKBExplorerBudapest
SwedishOpen Cultural
Heritage
Radatana
CourtsThesaurus
GermanLabor LawThesaurus
GovUKTransport
Data
GovUKEducation
Data
EnaktingMortality
EnaktingEnergy
EnaktingCrime
EnaktingPopulation
EnaktingCO2Emission
EnaktingNHS
RKBExplorer
Crime
RKBExplorercordis
Govtrack
GeologicalSurvey of
AustriaThesaurus
GeoLinkedData
GesisThesoz
Bio2RDFPharmgkb
Bio2RDFSabiorkBio2RDF
Ncbigene
Bio2RDFIrefindex
Bio2RDFIproclass
Bio2RDFGOA
Bio2RDFDrugbank
Bio2RDFCTD
Bio2RDFBiomodels
Bio2RDFDBSNP
Bio2RDFClinicaltrials
Bio2RDFLSR
Bio2RDFOrphanet
Bio2RDFWormbase
BIS270a.info
DM2E
DBpediaPT
DBpediaES
DBpediaCS
DBnary
AlpinoRDF
YAGO
PdevLemon
Lemonuby
Isocat
Ietflang
Core
KUPKB
GettyAAT
SemanticWeb
Journal
OpenlinkSWDataspaces
MyOpenlinkDataspaces
Jugem
Typepad
AspireHarperAdams
NBNResolving
Worldcat
Bio2RDF
Bio2RDFECO
Taxon-conceptAssets
Indymedia
GovUKSocietal
WellbeingDeprivation imd
EmploymentRank La 2010
GNULicenses
GreekWordnet
DBpedia
CIPFA
Yso.fiAllars
Glottolog
StatusNetBonifaz
StatusNetshnoulle
Revyu
StatusNetKathryl
ChargingStations
AspireUCL
Tekord
Didactalia
ArtenueVosmedios
GNOSS
LinkedCrunchbase
ESDStandards
VIVOUniversityof Florida
Bio2RDFSGD
Resources
ProductOntology
DatosBne.es
StatusNetMrblog
Bio2RDFDataset
EUNIS
GovUKHousingMarket
LCSH
GovUKTransparencyImpact ind.Households
In temp.Accom.
UniprotKB
StatusNetTimttmy
SemanticWeb
Grundlagen
GovUKInput ind.
Local AuthorityFunding FromGovernment
Grant
StatusNetFcestrada
JITA
StatusNetSomsants
StatusNetIlikefreedom
DrugbankFU-Berlin
Semanlink
StatusNetDtdns
StatusNetStatus.net
DCSSheffield
AtheliaRFID
StatusNetTekk
ListaEncabezaMientosMateria
StatusNetFragdev
Morelab
DBTuneJohn PeelSessions
RDFizelast.fm
OpenData
Euskadi
GovUKTransparency
Input ind.Local auth.Funding f.
Gvmnt. Grant
MSC
Lexinfo
StatusNetEquestriarp
Asn.us
GovUKSocietal
WellbeingDeprivation ImdHealth Rank la
2010
StatusNetMacno
OceandrillingBorehole
AspireQmul
GovUKImpact
IndicatorsPlanning
ApplicationsGranted
Loius
Datahub.io
StatusNetMaymay
Prospectsand
TrendsGNOSS
GovUKTransparency
Impact IndicatorsEnergy Efficiency
new Builds
DBpediaEU
Bio2RDFTaxon
StatusNetTschlotfeldt
JamendoDBTune
AspireNTU
GovUKSocietal
WellbeingDeprivation Imd
Health Score2010
LoticoGNOSS
UniprotMetadata
LinkedEurostat
AspireSussex
Lexvo
LinkedGeoData
StatusNetSpip
SORS
GovUKHomeless-
nessAccept. per
1000
TWCIEEEvis
AspireBrunel
PlanetDataProject
Wiki
StatusNetFreelish
Statisticsdata.gov.uk
StatusNetMulestable
Enipedia
UKLegislation
API
LinkedMDB
StatusNetQth
SiderFU-Berlin
DBpediaDE
GovUKHouseholds
Social lettingsGeneral Needs
Lettings PrpNumber
Bedrooms
AgrovocSkos
MyExperiment
ProyectoApadrina
GovUKImd CrimeRank 2010
SISVU
GovUKSocietal
WellbeingDeprivation ImdHousing Rank la
2010
StatusNetUni
Siegen
OpendataScotland Simd
EducationRank
StatusNetKaimi
GovUKHouseholds
Accommodatedper 1000
StatusNetPlanetlibre
DBpediaEL
SztakiLOD
DBpediaLite
DrugInteractionKnowledge
BaseStatusNet
Qdnx
AmsterdamMuseum
AS EDN LOD
RDFOhloh
DBTuneartistslast.fm
AspireUclan
HellenicFire Brigade
Bibsonomy
NottinghamTrent
ResourceLists
OpendataScotland SimdIncome Rank
RandomnessGuide
London
OpendataScotland
Simd HealthRank
SouthamptonECS Eprints
FRB270a.info
StatusNetSebseb01
StatusNetBka
ESDToolkit
HellenicPolice
StatusNetCed117
OpenEnergy
Info Wiki
StatusNetLydiastench
OpenDataRISP
Taxon-concept
Occurences
Bio2RDFSGD
UIS270a.info
NYTimesLinked Open
Data
AspireKeele
GovUKHouseholdsProjectionsPopulation
W3C
OpendataScotland
Simd HousingRank
ZDB
StatusNet1w6
StatusNetAlexandre
Franke
DeweyDecimal
Classification
StatusNetStatus
StatusNetdoomicile
CurrencyDesignators
StatusNetHiico
LinkedEdgar
GovUKHouseholds
2008
DOI
StatusNetPandaid
BrazilianPoliticians
NHSJargon
Theses.fr
LinkedLifeData
Semantic WebDogFood
UMBEL
OpenlyLocal
StatusNetSsweeny
LinkedFood
InteractiveMaps
GNOSS
OECD270a.info
Sudoc.fr
GreenCompetitive-
nessGNOSS
StatusNetIntegralblue
WOLD
LinkedStockIndex
Apache
KDATA
LinkedOpenPiracy
GovUKSocietal
WellbeingDeprv. ImdEmpl. Rank
La 2010
BBCMusic
StatusNetQuitter
StatusNetScoffoni
OpenElection
DataProject
Referencedata.gov.uk
StatusNetJonkman
ProjectGutenbergFU-BerlinDBTropes
StatusNetSpraci
Libris
ECB270a.info
StatusNetThelovebug
Icane
GreekAdministrative
Geography
Bio2RDFOMIM
StatusNetOrangeseeds
NationalDiet Library
WEB NDLAuthorities
UniprotTaxonomy
DBpediaNL
L3SDBLP
FAOGeopolitical
Ontology
GovUKImpact
IndicatorsHousing Starts
DeutscheBiographie
StatusNetldnfai
StatusNetKeuser
StatusNetRusswurm
GovUK SocietalWellbeing
Deprivation ImdCrime Rank 2010
GovUKImd Income
Rank La2010
StatusNetDatenfahrt
StatusNetImirhil
Southamptonac.uk
LOD2Project
Wiki
DBpediaKO
DailymedFU-Berlin
WALS
DBpediaIT
StatusNetRecit
Livejournal
StatusNetExdc
Elviajero
Aves3D
OpenCalais
ZaragozaTurruta
AspireManchester
Wordnet(VU)
GovUKTransparency
Impact IndicatorsNeighbourhood
Plans
StatusNetDavid
Haberthuer
B3Kat
PubBielefeld
Prefix.cc
NALT
Vulnera-pedia
GovUKImpact
IndicatorsAffordable
Housing Starts
GovUKWellbeing lsoa
HappyYesterday
Mean
FlickrWrappr
Yso.fiYSA
OpenLibrary
AspirePlymouth
StatusNetJohndrink
Water
StatusNetGomertronic
Tags2conDelicious
StatusNettl1n
StatusNetProgval
Testee
WorldFactbookFU-Berlin
DBpediaJA
StatusNetCooleysekula
ProductDB
IMF270a.info
StatusNetPostblue
StatusNetSkilledtests
NextwebGNOSS
EurostatFU-Berlin
GovUKHouseholds
Social LettingsGeneral Needs
Lettings PrpHousehold
Composition
StatusNetFcac
DWSGroup
OpendataScotland
GraphSimd Rank
DNB
CleanEnergyData
Reegle
OpendataScotland SimdEmployment
Rank
ChroniclingAmerica
GovUKSocietal
WellbeingDeprivation
Imd Rank 2010
StatusNetBelfalas
AspireMMU
StatusNetLegadolibre
BlukBNB
StatusNetLebsanft
GADMGeovocab
GovUKImd Score
2010
SemanticXBRL
UKPostcodes
GeoNames
EEARodAspire
Roehampton
BFS270a.info
CameraDeputatiLinkedData
Bio2RDFGeneID
GovUKTransparency
Impact IndicatorsPlanning
ApplicationsGranted
StatusNetSweetie
Belle
O'Reilly
GNI
CityLichfield
GovUKImd
Rank 2010
BibleOntology
Idref.fr
StatusNetAtari
Frosch
Dev8d
NobelPrizes
StatusNetSoucy
ArchiveshubLinkedData
LinkedRailway
DataProject
FAO270a.info
GovUKWellbeing
WorthwhileMean
Bibbase
Semantic-web.org
BritishMuseum
Collection
GovUKDev LocalAuthorityServices
CodeHaus
Lingvoj
OrdnanceSurveyLinkedData
Wordpress
EurostatRDF
StatusNetKenzoid
GEMET
GovUKSocietal
WellbeingDeprv. imdScore '10
MisMuseosGNOSS
GovUKHouseholdsProjections
totalHouseolds
StatusNet20100
EEA
CiardRing
OpendataScotland Graph
EducationPupils by
School andDatazone
VIVOIndiana
University
Pokepedia
Transparency270a.info
StatusNetGlou
GovUKHomelessness
HouseholdsAccommodated
TemporaryHousing Types
STWThesaurus
forEconomics
DebianPackageTrackingSystem
DBTuneMagnatune
NUTSGeo-vocab
GovUKSocietal
WellbeingDeprivation ImdIncome Rank La
2010
BBCWildlifeFinder
StatusNetMystatus
MiguiadEviajesGNOSS
AcornSat
DataBnf.fr
GovUKimd env.
rank 2010
StatusNetOpensimchat
OpenFoodFacts
GovUKSocietal
WellbeingDeprivation Imd
Education Rank La2010
LODACBDLS
FOAF-Profiles
StatusNetSamnoble
GovUKTransparency
Impact IndicatorsAffordable
Housing Starts
StatusNetCoreyavisEnel
Shops
DBpediaFR
StatusNetRainbowdash
StatusNetMamalibre
PrincetonLibrary
Findingaids
WWWFoundation
Bio2RDFOMIM
Resources
OpendataScotland Simd
GeographicAccess Rank
Gutenberg
StatusNetOtbm
ODCLSOA
StatusNetOurcoffs
Colinda
WebNmasunoTraveler
StatusNetHackerposse
LOV
GarnicaPlywood
GovUKwellb. happy
yesterdaystd. dev.
StatusNetLudost
BBCProgram-
mes
GovUKSocietal
WellbeingDeprivation Imd
EnvironmentRank 2010
Bio2RDFTaxonomy
Worldbank270a.info
OSM
DBTuneMusic-brainz
LinkedMarkMail
StatusNetDeuxpi
GovUKTransparency
ImpactIndicators
Housing Starts
BizkaiSense
GovUKimpact
indicators energyefficiency new
builds
StatusNetMorphtown
GovUKTransparency
Input indicatorsLocal authorities
Working w. tr.Families
ISO 639Oasis
AspirePortsmouth
ZaragozaDatos
AbiertosOpendataScotland
SimdCrime Rank
Berlios
StatusNetpiana
GovUKNet Add.Dwellings
Bootsnall
StatusNetchromic
Geospecies
linkedct
Wordnet(W3C)
StatusNetthornton2
StatusNetmkuttner
StatusNetlinuxwrangling
EurostatLinkedData
GovUKsocietal
wellbeingdeprv. imd
rank '07
GovUKsocietal
wellbeingdeprv. imdrank la '10
LinkedOpen Data
ofEcology
StatusNetchickenkiller
StatusNetgegeweb
DeustoTech
StatusNetschiessle
GovUKtransparency
impactindicatorstr. families
Taxonconcept
GovUKservice
expenditure
GovUKsocietal
wellbeingdeprivation imd
employmentscore 2010
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Linked Open Data (zoom)
DBpedia URI
Opencyc
Freebase YAGO
KUPKB
DBpedia
EUNIS
DrugbankFU-Berlin
DBpediaEL
UMBEL
DBpediaNL
StatusNetProgval
ArchiveshubLinkedData
CodeHaus
FOAF-Profiles
LOV
GeospeciesLinkedOpen Data
ofEcology
Taxonconcept
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Introduction Information Extraction Semantic Web
Linked Open Data
Integrate many sources:→ General ontologies.→ Domain-specific ontologies.→ Open data dumps.→ Existing relational databases.
Find links→ Automatically.→ By hand (relations, rules...).
Statistics:→ Hundreds of ontologies.→ 504 million RDF links (2011).→ 52 billion triples (2012).8→ 5 billion entities (2012, incl., e.g., 854 million people).
→ Wealth of data, still underused8http://www.w3.org/wiki/SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/
LinkingOpenData30/31
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