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Computers In the
Classroom
Chapter 3
Teaching and Learning with Technology
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• Hardware and software make the computing cycle possible.– Hardware: all physical components
of a computer
– Software: all the programs telling the computer how to perform its tasks
How Computers Work
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• The computing cycle consists of Input Processing Storage Output
• Each stage of the cycle has specific hardware devices associated with it
How Computers Work
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The Computing Cycle• Begins with input - data or programs
entered into the machine by the user• Input goes to the Central Processing Unit
(CPU) for processing• CPU chip directs and executes necessary
tasks • The CPU may use Random Access
Memory (RAM) to store data during processing
How Computers Work
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The Computing Cycle• Data may be placed more permanently
(stored) on a disk CD-R, or other storage device
• When processing is complete, the CPU sends the processed data (information) to an output device
• This cycle is continuous as long as the machine is on
How Computers Work
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How Computers Work
The Computing Cycle
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How Computers Work
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How Computers Work
Input Devices
• Devices that send data or programs into the machine
• Common devices include keyboard and mouse
• Others include track balls, joy sticks, touch pads, microphones, etc.
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Output Devices • Move processed data from
computer to user• Monitors
– display data as soft copy output
– Monitor displays vary in their clarity (resolution)
– LCD monitors offer flat, thin hardware
How Computers Work
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Output Devices • Printers
– Display data in hard copy output
– Printer vary in resolution (clarity of output) and speed
– The most common types are laser and ink jet
How Computers Work
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Understanding Hardware
Printers• Laser printers use
heat to affix toner to paper
• Ink-jet printers squirt small bubbles of ink on paper
• Most Ink-jet printers print in color and/or black
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How Computers Work
The CPU (Central Processing Unit)
• Controls all machine processes• CPU performance measured in
terms of information processing speed
• The higher the speed, the faster the CPU, making the computer more responsive to the user
• Speed measured in Megahertz (MHz)
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Storage• CPU can store data temporarily in RAM
or more permanently on storage devices
• Storage devices include floppy disks, hard disks, optical discs, and USB drives.
• SAVE command moves data from RAM to storage device
How Computers Work
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How Computers Work
When you SAVE,data moves fromRAM to Storage
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Random Access Memory (RAM)• Temporary storage for programs and
user input
• Measured in Megabytes (Mb) or Gigabytes (Gb)
• The greater the amount of RAM, the faster the computer can store and access data without crashing
How Computers Work
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How Computers Work
DataStorageSizes
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Read Only Memory (ROM)• Programmed chip on the motherboard
• Includes the computer’s Basic Input Output System (BIOS) that tells the machine how to function
• BIOS is stored in ROM when the machine is built but can be upgraded
How Computers Work
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POST• After BIOS program is
read, Power-On Self-Test (POST ) starts
• POST checks functionality of computer’s hardware
• If any problems exist, it writes an error message on screen to inform user
How Computers Work
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The Operating System• After a successful POST, the Operating
System (OS) loads• The OS operates hardware, manages
operations, and provides the user interface
• Windows and Mac OS are the operating systems for PCs and Macs
Understanding Software
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Graphical User Interface (GUI)• Windows and Mac OS use GUIs
• A GUI uses icons (small graphics) to represent objects, programs, and data
• In a GUI OS, commands are issued by clicking on icons
Understanding Software
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Understanding Software
In a GUI O/S, to issue acommand youmove the mouse whichmoves the pointer to click on icons.
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Types of Programs• OS programs prepare the machine to
run other programs
• Application programs apply the machine to a specific task
• Utility programs help maintain the machine and its operations
Understanding Software
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Application Software• Academic applications are programs that
help you teach and your students learn • Administrative applications are programs
that help teachers perform administrative tasks
• Application programs are sometimes bundled/sold with related software in an application suite
Understanding Software
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• Integrated software packages are “mini” versions of applications sold as a single software package
• Software is written to run on specific machines so check machine specifications before buying software
Understanding Software
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Hard Disks • Permanently fixed inside the computer• Installed programs are stored on hard
disk • Offer large storage capacity • Fastest access time of all disks for
data retrieval• Hard disks can “crash" so backup
data
Understanding Hardware
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Floppy Disks • Portable storage with
capacity of 1.44 megabytes• Used to store smaller files
for backup or transportability
• Floppies can contain both electronic files and folders
Understanding Hardware
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Floppy Disks • Useful when students each need to
store their work
• Floppy disks may inadvertently transport viruses
• Use a virus checker to protect machines from possible infection
The 21st Century Classroom: Technology in Teaching and Learning
Understanding Hardware
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Removable Hard Disks • Some hard disks are removable
cartridges
• They vary in capacity from 100 megabytes to 1 gigabyte
• Good for backup and classroom storage of large files
The 21st Century Classroom: Technology in Teaching and Learning
Understanding Hardware
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Compact Discs-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)
• CD-ROMs cannot be used to store your files
• CD-ROMs use laser technology to store approximately 650 megabytes of data
• Commercial programs typically stored on CDs for user installation
The 21st Century Classroom: Technology in Teaching and Learning
Understanding Hardware
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Compact Discs-Recordable (CD-R)• Can be read many times and can be
recorded on ONCE
• Useful to archive (back-up) data
• Need specially designed discs and drive to record data
• Once recorded, data can be read on any CD-ROM drive
Understanding Hardware
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Compact Disc-ReWriteable (CD-RWs)• Can be read and recorded on many
times
• CD-RWs have up to 650 megabytes of recording space
• Requires CD-RW disc and drive
• Once recorded, data can be read by most newer CD drives
Understanding Hardware
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Digital Versatile Discs (DVD)• Optical discs that store up to 17
gigabytes
• DVDs used to store digital video since large amounts of storage space needed
• DVDs require a DVD drive, but DVD drives can also play back CD discs
Understanding Hardware
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DVD-Rs (Recordable DVDs) • Becoming more widely available• Recordable DVDs currently offered in
competing formats• DVD-R: Non-rewriteable, recordable• DVD+R: Alternative format for DVD-R• DVD-RW: Rewriteable, recordable• DVD+RW: Alternative format for DVD-RW
• A universal DVD standard will eventually emerge
Understanding Hardware
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Teachers and Computers
Why know so much about computers?Teachers need to know enough to • Meet ISTE’s NETS-T requirements• Use technology appropriately• Handle minor computer problems• Help students use computers• Recognize when technical support is needed• Use both hardware and software effectively
in their classroom
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