SYLVATIC RABIES IN RUSSIA WITH SPECIAL ATTENTION TO PERSPECTIVES OF ORAL
VACCINATION OF WILD CARNIVORES
A. Botvinkin, D. Bankovsky, G. Safonov
Irkutsk State Medical University Pokrov plan of biologics, Russia
The areas of different risk of human rabiesThe areas of different risk of human rabies in Russia and former Soviet Union in Russia and former Soviet Union ( (retrospective retrospective
analysis)analysis)
Animal rabies in RussiaAnimal rabies in Russia((official statistic data)official statistic data)
Animal rabies in Russia (1996-2005)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
case
s
wild animals
all animal
Wildlife rabies in RussiaWildlife rabies in Russia(2000-2005, Kchadartsev et al., 2006)(2000-2005, Kchadartsev et al., 2006)
Wild animals Wild animals consisted of~40% consisted of~40% of total casesof total cases
Case number Case number increased in 4.3 increased in 4.3 times in 2000-2005times in 2000-2005
56 regions of 56 regions of Russia (from 72) Russia (from 72) reported about reported about wildlife rabies wildlife rabies
34% of all human 34% of all human rabies cases were rabies cases were connected with wild connected with wild animals: animals:
- foxes 17.4% - foxes 17.4%
- wolves 9.8%- wolves 9.8%
- raccoon dogs - raccoon dogs 5.4%5.4%
- badgers 1.1% - badgers 1.1%
Oral rabies vaccination and Oral rabies vaccination and wildlife rabies in Russiawildlife rabies in Russia
Large scale ORV Large scale ORV started in 1998 started in 1998 (Avilov et al., 2002)(Avilov et al., 2002)
ORV is continuing ORV is continuing till nowtill now
Why we have no Why we have no positive results?positive results?
Rabies among wild animals
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
case
s
The main objective problems The main objective problems on the way of oral rabies on the way of oral rabies
vaccination in Russiavaccination in Russia
Very wide rabies affected territoryVery wide rabies affected territory Different target speciesDifferent target species Limited effect of water natural Limited effect of water natural
barriers in winter timebarriers in winter time
Natural reservoir and vectorsNatural reservoir and vectors of rabies virus in Russia of rabies virus in Russia
Red fox (Red fox (Vulpes vulpesVulpes vulpes)) Raccoon dog (Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes Nyctereutes
procyonoidesprocyonoides)) Polar fox (Polar fox (Alopex lagopusAlopex lagopus)) Steppe fox (Steppe fox (Vulpes corsacVulpes corsac)) Wolf (Wolf (Canis lupusCanis lupus)) Jackal (Jackal (Canis auriusCanis aurius)) Badger (Badger (Meles melesMeles meles))
Rabies-enzootic territories in Russia are fragmented. Four areas are
delineated by epidemiological and molecular data:
(1) center and north-west of the European part of Russia (red fox and raccoon dog are the main virus reservoirs);
(2) south-eastern Europe and south of Western Siberia (rabies is maintained predominantly by the red and corsac foxes);
(3) south of the Far East (raccoon dog); (4) arctic and subarctic area (arctic fox).
Different host species (text)Different host species (text) and different strains of rabies virus and different strains of rabies virus
(color)(color)
The main subjective problems The main subjective problems on the way of ORV in Russiaon the way of ORV in Russia
Absence of long-term national Absence of long-term national management plan with stable management plan with stable financial supportfinancial support
Wrong general goal and strategy of Wrong general goal and strategy of oral vaccine distributionoral vaccine distribution
Absence of interdisciplinary Absence of interdisciplinary managment teammanagment team
General approaches at the General approaches at the beginning of ORV in Russia beginning of ORV in Russia
Uniform distribution of oral vaccine Uniform distribution of oral vaccine between rabies affected between rabies affected administrative regions (30-60 th. administrative regions (30-60 th. doses to each region per year)doses to each region per year)
Main goals – reduction of case number Main goals – reduction of case number eradication of rabies in some districts eradication of rabies in some districts or regions within affected territoryor regions within affected territory
Oral rabies vaccination in Russia in 1998 -Oral rabies vaccination in Russia in 1998 -2000: 2000: ”Lysvulpen” & “Sinrab” (25-29 regions each year)”Lysvulpen” & “Sinrab” (25-29 regions each year) (Avilov et al., 2002; Kuzmin et (Avilov et al., 2002; Kuzmin et al.,2002)al.,2002)
What we have to do?What we have to do?
To change a goals:To change a goals: General goal – reduction of rabies General goal – reduction of rabies
affected territory step by stepaffected territory step by step
To select main target species and To select main target species and territoriesterritories
Possible approaches for of Possible approaches for of ORV ORV
i) barrier application ORV along the i) barrier application ORV along the western borders of Russia on the base western borders of Russia on the base of international cooperationof international cooperation
ii) barrier application for strengthening ii) barrier application for strengthening of of
natural barriersnatural barriers
iii) elimination of specific rabies virus iii) elimination of specific rabies virus strain in Russian Far East strain in Russian Far East
Perspectives of oral rabies Perspectives of oral rabies vaccinationsvaccinations
of wild carnivores in Russia of wild carnivores in Russia
History of wildlife rabies.History of wildlife rabies. Human rabies after red fox, badger and raccoon Human rabies after red fox, badger and raccoon
dog bites in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.dog bites in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.
Raccoon dog is a host of original RV strains Raccoon dog is a host of original RV strains in Far East of Asia and target species for in Far East of Asia and target species for
ORVORV
Natural habitat of raccoon dog Natural habitat of raccoon dog in Far East of Eurasiain Far East of Eurasia
The nearest tasksThe nearest tasks
Optimization of managementOptimization of management Concentration of the resourcesConcentration of the resources International cooperation International cooperation
Are you vaccinated?Are you vaccinated?
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