B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 1
SYLLABUS
Class – B.Com II Year
Subject – Hindi
(PART-A)
UNIT – I
uSfrd ewY; &
1- f'kdkxks O;k[;ku & Lokeh foosdkuan 2- /keZ vkSj jk"Vªokn & egf"kZ vjfoUn
3- lknxh & egkRek xka/kh 4- Hk; ls eqfDr & ts- d".kewfrZ
5- fpRr tgk¡ Hk; 'kwU; & johUnzukFk Bkdqj
UNIT – II fgUnh Hkk"kk &
1- dNqvk /keZ ¼fuca/k½ & pUnz/kj 'kekZ ^xqysjh* 2- og rksM+rh iRFkj ¼dfork½ & fujkyk
3- liuksa dh mM+ku ¼izsjd fuca/k & ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke 4- phQ dh nkor ¼dgkuh½ & Hkh"e lgkuh
5- o.kZ&foU;kl ¼O;kdj.kijd½ & fo'oukFk izlkn feJ
UNIT – III fgUnh Hkk"kk &
1- vkfnoklh /kjksgj ¼fuca/k½ & MkW- ';kekpj.k nqcs 2- ukjhRo dk vfHk'kki ¼fuca/k½ & egknsoh oekZ
3- czãk.M dh jpuk ¼oSKkfud ys[k½ & t;ar fo".kq ukyhZdj 4- izeq[k oSKkfud vkfo"dkj ¼ladfyr½
5- laf/k vkSj lekl ¼ladfyr½
(PART-B) UNIT – IV
English Language –
1. Tree: Tina Morris 2. Night of the scorpion : Nisssim Ezekiel
3. What is Science? : George Orwell 4. On the Rule of the Road: A.G. Gardiner
UNIT – V English Language –
Comprehension of Unseen Pass ages, Paragraph Writing, Report-writing, short essay on a given topic. Correspondence skills
(Formal & Informal Letters and Application)
Basic Language Skills: Tenses, prepositions, determiners, verbs & articles.
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 2
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1-1 f'kdkxksa lEesyu lkjka’k
11 flrEcj 1893 dks vesfjdk ds f‛kdkxksa ‚kgj esa ,d loZ/keZ lEesyu dk vk;kstu gqvkA bl
,sfrgkfld vf/kos‛ku esa iwjs fo‛o ds /keZ izfrfuf/k mifLFkr gq,A fgUnw /keZ dk izfrfuf/kRo Lokeh
foosdkuanth us fd;kA vius O;k[;ku esa lcls igys Lokehth us lEcks/ku fd;k ^^vesfjdkoklh HkkbZ;ksa vkSj
cguksa**A buds bl HkkoukRed lEcks/ku dk vesfjdk turk ij xgjk izHkko iM+kA vius O;k[;ku esa
loZizFke mUgksaus fgUnw /keZ ds lHkh ererkUrjksa dh vksj ls /kU;okn nsrs gq, vius fgUnw gksus ij xoZ trk;k]
mUgksaus dgk fd eSa ml fgUnw /keZ dk vuq;k;h gksus ij xoZ eglwl djrk gw¡ ftlus iwjs fo‛o dks
lfg’.kqrk vksj lkoZHkkSfed ,drk dk ikB i<+k;kA mUgksaus dgk dh eq>s vfHkeku gS vius ns‛k ij ftlus
fo‛o ds leLr /keksa dks ‚kksf’kr o ihfM+rksa dks ‚kj.kkfFkZ;ksa ds :i esa izJ; fn;kA
vius O;k[;ku esa Lokeh foosdkuanth us Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ,oa /keZ dh egRrk crkrs gq, fgUnw /keZ ds ifo=
xzaFk xhrk ds ‚yksd dks le>kdj /keZ lEesyu dh ifo=rk ,oa lfg’.kqrk dks O;Dr fd;kA mUgksaus
gB/kfeZrk] /kekZU/krk ,oa lkEiznkf;d fo}s"k dh Hkkouk dks lEiw.kZ fo‛o ds fy, ?kkrd crk;k] D;ksafd ;gh
?k`f.kr izo`fÙk;k¡ ;qxksa&;qxksa ls bl lqUnj i`Foh dks jDr ls Hkjrh jgrh gSA vxj ;s ,slh u gksxh rks] ekuo
lekt bruk nkuoh o vekuoh; u gksrkA vius O;k[;ku esa mUgksaus ekuo tkfr ds dY;k.k ds fy, vkilh
dVqrkvksa dks nwj dj izse ln~Hkko i lfg’.kqrk dh ØkfUr dk ‚ka[kukn fd;kA
/keZ ds fo’k; esa foosdkuan th ds fopkj Fks fd & lHkh /keksaZ dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A /keZ dks Fkksik ugha
tkuk pkfg,A mUgksaus mnkgj.k fn;k dh ;fn cht Hkwfe esa cks fn;k x;k vkSj feV~Vh ok;q vkSj ty mlds
vklikl j[k fn;s x;s] rks D;k cht fdlh ,d dk gks tk,xk ;k mlh ds vuqlkj c<+sxkA ,slk ugha gS
cht rks vius o`f) ds fu;e ls gh c<+sxkA ,slk gh /keZ ds laca/k eas gSA izR;sd /keZ dk viuk lkj gS] viuk
lksp gSA vUr lcdk ,d gS] ije rRo dh ‚kj.k esa tkukA vr% izR;sd /keZ dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A xhrk
dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, dgk fd Hkxoku d’.k dgrs gS fd tks dksbZ esjh vksj tkrk gS] pkgs fdlh Hkh ekxZ ls
vUr esa esjs rd gh igq¡prs gSA foosdkuan th us ;g fo‛okl trk;k fd ,d le; ,slk vk,xk tc izR;sd
/keZ dh irkdk ij ;g fy[kk gksxk fd lgk;rk djks] yM+ks er] ij Hkko fouk‛k] leUo; vkSj ‚kkafr u fd
erHksn vkSj dygA var esa Lokehth us eap ls /kU;okn fn;k mu yksxksa dks ftUgksaus vius /keZ ds ckjs esa
crk;kA ml egku~ O;fDr dks /kU;okn ftlds fnekx esa loZizFke bl /keZ lEesyu dk [;ky vk;k] mUgs
/kU;okn ftUgksaus bls QyhHkwr fd;kA izR;sd Jksrk eaMyh dks /kU;okn fn;k] ftUgksaus izse] ln~Hkko] ‚kkafr o
lkSgknZ ds okrkoj.k esa bls lqukA
1- lf{kfIr;k¡&
laf{kfIr dk dks’kxr vFkZ gS& vYik{kj ‚kCn la{ksi] ‚kCn ladsr ;k ladsr fpàu gSA MkW- gjnso ckgjh
us bls vaxzsth ds ,sczhos‛ku ‚kCn dk fgUnh :ikarj.k crk;k gSA
ifjHkk’kk& ^^‛kCnksa ds os ladsr ;k fpàau tks dkykarj esa vius vki esa ‚kCnksa dh rjg iz; qDr gksrs
gS( laf{kfIr dgykrs gSA
mnk- jk- i- fu-& jkT; ifjogu fuxe
jk- lq- dk & jk’Vªh; lqj{kk dkuwu
;w- th- lh- ;wfuoflZVh xzkaV deh‛ku
,e- ih- e/;izns‛k
Lakf{kIr ds :i& 1- ekSf[kd 2- fyf[kr
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 3
fo’ks"krk,¡&
1- ;g vius vki esa iw.kZ gksrh gS
2- ;g Loar= ‚kCn gSA
3- laf{kfIr ewy ‚kCn dk vFkZ ogu djrh gS
4- blesa le; dh cpr gksrh gSA
5- blesa eq[k esa lq[k gksrk gSA
1-2 /keZ vkSj jk"Vªokn ¼egf"kZ vjfoUn½
Lkkjka'k– egf"kZ vjfoUn ds vuqlkj v/;kRe gh jk"Vªokn gS] os jk"Vªokn dks ,d fopkj ekurs Fks vkSj /keZ dks
vkLFkkA egf"kZ vjfoUn fgUnw /keZ dks lukru /keZ ekurs FksA lukru /keZ fo'oO;kih /keZ gSaA ;g /keZ fofo/k
/keksZa dks vius vUnj lekfgr dj ysrk gS] vr% tks /keZ loZ/keZ dks lekfgr djs] ogha lukru /keZ gSaA
lukru /keZ dk fo'ks"krk,¡&
1. lukru /keZ loZ/keZ dk lEeku djrk gSa rFkk ;g /keZ bZ'oj dks gekjs fudV gksus dk vkHkkl
djokrk gSaA
2. lukru /keZ ekuo vkSj bZ'oj ds chp ek/;e dk dk;Z djrk gSA blds }kjk ekuo bZ'oj dks çkIr
dj ldrk gSA
3. lukru /keZ lR; ij vk/kkfjr gS] lR; dks igpkuus dk lk/ku lukru /keZ gSaA
4. ;g /keZ oSKkfud vfo"dkjksa ,oa n'kZu'kkL= dk iwokZHkkl djrk gSaA
5. Lkalkfjd thou dks bZ'oj dh yhyk crykrs gq, gesa dSls viuk thou thuk gSa] mldk lRekxZ
crykrk gSA
6. lukru /keZ ekuo eu esa vkLFkk tkxzr djrk gS fd Hkxoku loZFkk loZO;kih gSaA
7. lukru /keZ thou dk y{; fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
8. lukru /keZ gj d.k esa fo|eku rRo dk lR; crykrk gSaA
9. lalkj esa bZ'ojh; 'kfDr ds gksus dk cks/k djokrk gS
1-3 Lkknxh ¼eksgunkl djepUnz xk¡/kh½
Lkkjka'k– Lkknxh fucU/k egkRek xk¡/kh dh vkRedFkk ‘lR; ds ç;ksx^ dk va'k gSA xk¡/khth lknxh ikB ds
ek/;e ls euq’; dks LokoyEch cuus dh f'k{kk nsrs gSa egkRek xk¡/kh dk thou vuq'kklu] LokoyEcu]
fu;ferrk] lnkpkj ,oa lR; tSlh Hkkoukvksa dk lk{kh jgk gSA egkRek xka/kh dk ;g QylQk jgk gS] fd
tgk¡ rd laHko gks lds euq"; dks vius nSfud thou ds lHkh O;fDrxr dk;Z Lo;a djuk pkfg, vkSj
nwljksa dks Hkh bl fo"k; esa çsfjr djuk pkfg,A egkRek xk¡/kh ds thou ds vusd ,sls laLej.kksa dks bl
fucU/k fuEukfdar ?kVukvksa ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA
?kVuk Øekad & 1. /kksch dk [kpZ ?kVkus ds mn~ns'; ls os cktkj ls diM+s /kksus dk lkeku vkSj /kqykbZ
dyk ij ,d iqLrd i<+dj diM+s /kksus dk dk;Z Lo;a djrs gSa vkSj viuh iRuh dks Hkh fl[kkrs gSaA bl u;s
dk;Z dks djus ls mUgsa vkuUn dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA
?kVuk Øekad – 2. ,d ckj tksgkUlcxZ esa xks[kys ,d cM+s Hkk"k.k esa Lo- egknso xksfoan jkukMs dh
çlknLo:i nh xbZ pknj dks iguuk pkgrs Fks] ysfdu pknj ij f'kdu gksus vkSj /kksch dh O;oLFkk uk gksus
ls os ugha igu ik jgs Fks rc xk¡/khth us çkFkZuk dh fd os Lo;a bl ij bL=h dj nsxsa ysfdu xks[kysth dks
Mj Fkk fd os pknj ij nkx rks ugh yxk nsaxsA
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 4
?kVuk Øekad –3. ,d ckj fçVksfj;k esa ,d vaxzst gTtke }kjk muds cky dkVus ls lkQ bUdkj dj
mudk vieku fd;kA xk¡/khth us ml oDr Hkh ;gha lkspk fd – ^^ml gTtke dk dksbZ nks"k ugha gS og
dkys peM+hokyksa ds cky dkVus yxs rks mldh jksth ekjh tk,A Hkkjr esa Hkh vNwrksa ds cky mPp o.kZ ds
fgUnqvksa dks gTtkeksa dks dkVus ugha nsrs gSaA
1-4 Hk; ls eqfDr ¼ts- Ñ".k ewfrZ½
;g fucU/k ys[kd ts- Ñ".kewfrZ }kjk fy[kk x;k gSA bl fucU/k esa ys[kd us O;fDr dh vknrksa ds lEcU/k esa
çdk'k Mkyrs gq, mlds thou esa mRiUu gksus okys Hk; dks fo'ysf"kr fd;k gSA
ys[kd us vknr ds lEcU/k esa vius fopkj j[krs gSa& vknrksa dks lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] vknrksa ls
NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, çk;% nks /kkj.kk,¡ dk;Z djrh gSa&
1- igyh vknrksa dk çfrjks/k djukA
2- nwljh mls le>dj mlds dkj.kksa dks tkuus ds ckn mls lekIr djukA
fdUrq euq"; çfrjks/k djus ls nwljh vknr dks cuk ysrk gS ,d dks NksM+dj nwljksa dh vknr esa fy;k gks
tkrk gSA tSls dksbZ euq"; ;fn rEckdw dk lsou djrk gks rks og bl vknr dks NksM+us esa lkSaQ lqikjh
[kkus dh vknr dks idM+ ysxkA
ys[kd Hk; dks Hkh ,d vknr ds :i esa crkrs gSaA ftlls NqVdkjk mls çfrjks/k ds }kjk ugha cfYd mlds
dkj.kkas dks tkudkj ik;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, euq"; dks vfrfjDr ÅtkZ dh vko';drk eglwl djrs
gSaA ftlls ÅtkZ vkidh vknrksa dk lkeuk dj ldsA
ys[kd Hk; ds çdkj crkrs gq, mu ij vius fopkj j[krs gSa& Hk; nks çdkj dk gksrk gS] 'kjhfjd Hk; vkSj
ekufld Hk; ¼;k euksoSKkfud Hk;½ ftl Hk; esa dkj.k Kkr gks] mls Kkr Hk; dgk tk ldk gS fdUrq
vKkr Hk; gekjs eu dh xgjh ijrksa esa Nqis gq, jgrs gSaA Kkr Hk; dh vis{kk vKkr Hk; dks le>uk
vR;Ur dfBu gSA ;g vKkr Hk; gekjs eu dh xgjkb;ksa esa fn, gksrs gSa] ftUgsa mn~?kfVr djuk mldh
ijrksa dks [kksyuk lEHko ugha gksrkA
ys[kd efLr"d dh iw.kZ foJkafr ds fy, liuksa dk u vkuk vPNk ekurs gSa] ftlls euq"; iw.kZ foJkafr çkIr
dj ldrk gSA
1-5 fpÙk tgk¡ Hk; 'kwU; ¼johUnzukFk Bkdqj½
Lkkjka'k– ;g dfork ukscy iqjLdkj ls lEekfur egku ys[kd johUnzukFk Bkdqj dh Ñfr ^xhrktafy ls
vorfjr gSA ;g dfork loZçFke ckaXyk Hkk"kk esa jfpr dh xbZ Fkh rRi'pkr~ mldk fgUnh Hkk"kk esa
:ikUrj.k fd;k x;kA çLrqr dfork esa dfo ijefirk ijes'oj ls çkFkZuk djrs gq, Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks
LorU=rk çkfIr ds fy, tkxzr djrs gq, dgr gS fd gs ijefirk ijes'oj! tgk¡ eu efLr"d esa dksbZ Hk;
ugha gks] tgk¡ Kku dh dksbZ lhek ugha gSaA tgk¡ lnSo 'kh'k Å¡pkbZ dh vksj mBrs gSaA tgk¡ olqU/kjk x`g –
çkphj ¼nhokj½ ls foHkkftr ugha gksrhA tgk¡ loZ= eu dh xgjkb;ksa ls lR; opu fu>Zj ¼cguk½ gksrs gSaA
tgk¡ Åij mBus ds fy;s ¼mRFkku gsrq½ vusd gkFk mBrs gSaA tgk¡ pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa lndeZ dh /kkjk cgrh
gSA tgk¡ gtkjksa ftUnfx;ksa dks thou dk mn~ns'; feyrk gSA tgk¡ uhp vkpj.k ekuo rks D;k çÑfr esa Hkh
ugha ik;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ pkjksa vksj lnSo vkuUn O;kIr jgrk gSA ,sls esjs LoxZ tSls ejs Hkkjr dks LorU=rk
dk eU= nksA loZ= ns'kokfl;ksa dks LorU=rk çkfIr ds fy, tkxzr dj nksA
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 5
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2-1 dNqvk /keZ ¼pUnz/kj 'kekZ ^xqysjh^½
Lkkjka'k– pUnz/kj 'kekZ xqysjhth ds dNqvk /keZ fucU/k ds ek/;e ls fuf'pr :i ls fgUnqLrkuh lH;rk vkSj
laLÑfr dks u;s fopkj.kh; vk;ke çnku fd, gSA ,d fopkjkRed fucU/k gSA xqysjhth us ;g Li"V :i ls
le>kus dk ç;kl fd;k gS fd e;kZnk vkSj lhek esa jgdj la;ksftr :i ls dk;Z djrs gq, ekuoh; ewY;ksa
dk laj{k.k djuk uSfrdrk] leUo;rk] lkSgknzZ tSls xq.kksa dks loZO;kih cukuk gekjk deZ gksuk pkfg,]
ysfdu bldk vk'k; ;g dnkfi ugha gS fd ge vU;k; vkSj vR;kpkj dks lgu djrs tk;] D;ksafd tc
rd ge dNqvk /keZ R;kx dj vU;k; ds fo:) vkokt ugha mBk;saxs rc rd ,d LoPN o lekt dh
dYiuk djuk fujFkZd gSA
dNqvk /keZ dh foLr`r O;k[;k djrs gq, xqysjhth us Li"V fd;k gS fd fgUnw lH;rk dNqvk /keZ dk ikyu
cgqr rYyhurk ds lkFk djrh gSA ftl çdkj dNqvk fo"ke o foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj la?k"kksZa esa viuk
flj fNik ysrk gS rFkk viuh ykSg leku ihB dks viuh <ky cukdj leL;k ls cp fudyus dh dksf'k'k
djrk gS] Bhd oSlk gh lekt ds dfri; yksx djus yxs gSaA os fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku djus dh vis{kk
mlls cp fudyus dk ekxZ fudkyrs jgrs gSaA ys[kd us euq"; dh Hkh: çofÙk tSls lR; dk lkFk uk nsuk]
vU;k; ds fo:) vkokt uk mBkuk] vuqfpr fLFkfr;ksa esa fcuk fojkss/kkHkkl ds lek;ksftr gks tkuk vkfn ij
dM+k çgkj djrs gq, ;g lans'k fn;k gS fd vius Lofoosd ls dke ysaA fdlh ds dgus ij 'kDdj dk
lsou cUn dj nsuk] dq,¡ ij iknjh }kjk ;g dg fn, tkus ij fd ^eSaus blesa rqEgkjk vHk{; Mky fn;k gS^
fcuk lksps le>s ty Qsad nsus dh vis{kk eqEcbZ tkdj i'pkrki djukA ;g lHkh ÑR; euq"; dh voLFk
ekufld fLFkfr dk fp= çLrqr djrs gSA
2-2 og rksM+rh iRFkj ¼lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh ^fujkyk^½
Lkkjka'k– ;g ,d çxfroknh dfork gSA egkdfo lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh ^fujkyk^ }kjk jfpr ;g dfork ,d
ekfeZd ,oa ân;Li'khZ dfork gSA dfork esa dfo us ,d uo;qorh et+nwj dk o.kZu fd;k gSaA dfo dgrs gSa
fd bykgkckn ds iFk ij ,d uo;qorh dks iRFkj rksM+rs ns[kk tgk¡ ij u rks dksbZ Nk;knkj isM+ Fkk] uk gh
dgha cSBdj og iy Hkj foJke dj lds u dksbZ vkSj vkJ; FkkA fpyfpykrh /kwi esa ';ke o.kZ dh ;g
efgyk gkFk esa cM+k Hkkjh gFkkSMs+ ls ckj&ckj iRFkjksa ij çgkj dj mUgsa rksM+ jgh gS] ogha lkeus isM+
vÍkfydk,¡] c¡xys gSa] tgk¡ yksx ,'kksvkjke esa jgrs gSaA dfo dg jgs gS fd tSls&tSls /kwi vius pje ij
igqp¡ jgh gS] xehZ c<+rh tk jgh gSA lw;Z Hkh rerek jgk gSA 'kjhj dks >qylkus okyh yw ¼xeZ gok½ py
jgh gSA Hkh"k.k xehZ esa /kjk :bZ ds leku ty jgh gSA pkjksa vksj /kwy dh fpUxkfj;k¡ QSy jgh gSa] fQj Hkh
og ;qorh iRFkj rksM+rh tk jgh gSA
tc oks efgyk dfo dks viuh vksj n;k dh nf"V ls fugkjrs gq, ns[krh gS rks lglk mldh utj lkeus
dh vksj [kM+s fo'kky Hkou dh vksj mBrh gS] ml Hkou ds fuekZ.k esa mlus viuk [kwu ilhuk cgk;k Fkk]
ysfdu vkt ml Hkou dh Nk;k esa nks iy Hkh vkjke djus dk vf/kdkj ugha gSaA ,d vksj rks Hkou esa ,d
,slk oxZ Hkh gS tks bl efgyk et+nwj ds ;ksxnku dks Hkwydj lq[ke; thou O;rhr dj jgk gSA ;g
vuqHko tSls gh ml efgyk dks gksrk gS oSls gh og vkgr gks tkrh gSA viuh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk
le>kSrk djrh gqbZ og efgyk et+nwj fQj vius dk;Z esa yhu ;g lksprh gS fd ;gh mldk HkkX; gS] ;gh
mldh fu;fr gSA ekuks og ,slk dg jgh gks ^eS rksM+rh iRFkj^ D;ksafd ;gh thou gSA
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 6
2-3 liuksa dh mM+ku & ,-ih-ts- vCnqydyke
15 vDVwcj 1931 dks rfeyukMw izkar ds jkes‛oje~ uked LFkku ij tUes MkW- dyke ,d fuEu e/;eoxhZ;
ifjokj ls laca/k j[krs FksA bathfu;fjax dh ijh{kk mRrh.kZ dj lu~ 1958 esa ,jkuksfVdy oSKkfud
bathfu;fjax esa fo‛ks’k n{krk gkfly dhA viuh vUos’k.k izfrHkk dks lkdkj djrs gq, mUgksaus fons‛k u
tkrs gq, ns‛k esa gh oSKkfud lsok,¡ nhA MkW- vkj o/kZjktu ds funsZ‛ku esa lqij lksfud VkjxsV ,;j
Øk¶V cukus dk dk;Z vkjEHk fd;kA bl {ks= esa mUgksaus vusd uohu rduhdksa dks [kkstkA blds ckn gksoj
Øk¶V dks fMtkbu djus dk dk;Z mUgsa lkSaik x;kA MkW- dyke lu~ 1962 ls 1983 ds chp bljksa esa vusd
inksa ij dk;Zjr~ jgsA muds dq‛ky ekxZn‛kZu esa 1980 esa jksfg.kh mixzg NksM+k x;kA vkius 1988 esa i`Foh]
1990 esa ukx ,oa vkdk'k 1998 esa f='kwy uked iz{ksikL= fodflr fd,A blfy, vkidks felkby esu ds
uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA lu~ 1998 ess iks[kj.k esa vusd ijek.kq foLQksV vkids funsZ‛ku esa fd, x, rFkk
18 tqykbZ lu~ 2002 esa vkidh fof‛k’V miyfC/k;ksa ds dkj.k fo‛o ds lcls cM+s x.kra= dk ckgjok¡
jk’Vªifr pquk x;kA vki lu~ 1890 eas in~e Hkw"k.k ls vyad`r fd, x, ,oa 25 uoEcj] lu~ 1997 dks Hkkjr
jRu tSlh xfjeke; mikf/k ls Hkh vyad`r gq,A
/kjrh ls tqM+dj LoxZ dk LoIu ns[kus okys dfo dykdkj] fopkjd lnk lQy gksrs gSA fo'o us ns'k]
tkfr /keZ vkfn dh ladh.kZ lhekvksa ls Åij mBdj mudk Lokxr fd;k gSA mUgsa ljkgk Hkh gSA gekjs ns'k
esa Hkh LoIun'khZ foHkwfr;ksa dh deh ugha jgh gS] ftUgksaus vius 'kqHk LoIu lkdkj dj vf[ky fo'o dks
izHkkfor fd;k gSA Hkkjr ds iwoZ jk’Vªifr MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke Hkh vk/kqfud Hkkjr dh ,slh gh
LoIun'khZ foHkwfr gSA mUgksaus liuksa dks lkdkj fd;k gSA cgqr ls lk/ku lEiUu yksx ftu dk;kasZ dks ugha
dj ikrs mUgsa lkekU; ls yxus okys yksx viuh yxu] v/;olk;] vkRefo'okl vkSj lw>cw> ls iw.kZ dj
fn[kkrs gSA gekjs iwoZ jk’Vªifr MkW- dyke ds lanHkZ esa Hkh ;g rF; iw.kZ:is.k lR; fl) gksrk gSA ,d
lkekU; ifjokj ds lnL; dk vius O;fDrRo ds cy ij jk’Vªifr cuuk fu'p; gh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk gSA tks
yksx viuh vlQyrkvksa dks <¡dus ds fy, lqfo/kkvksa vkSj lk/kuksa dh deh dk jksuk jksrs gS] mUgsa ,slh viwoZ
lQyrkvksa ls f'k{kk xzg.k djuk pkfg,A ,sls gh yksxksa dks fo'o us Hkh ljkgk gSA
2-4 phQ dh nkor ¼Hkh"e lkguh½
Lkkjka'k– çfl) miU;kldkj Hkh"e lkguh }kjk jfpr ^phQ dh nkor^ ,d ,slh dgkuh gS ftlesa ,d ek¡ us
vius csVs ds fy, thoui;ZUr la?k"kZ vkSj cfynku fn;k] mldk Hkfo"; laokjus ds fy, viuk loZLo
lefiZr dj fn;k] fdUrq LokFkhZ larku us mlds bl cfynku dk migkl djrs gq, mls dsoy inksUufr
çkIr djus dk ,d lk/ku ek= eku fy;kA
bl dgkuh esa 'kkeukFk xjhc ,oa vR;Ur NksVh ikfjokfjd i"BHkwfe ls fudyk ,d ,slk O;fDr gS] ftlds
firk dk nsgkUr gks pqdk gS] ek¡ us cM+h fodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mls vius xgus cspdj i<+k;k&fy[kk;k gSA
vc ,d fons'kh dEiuh esa vf/kdkjh gSA 'kkeukFk us inksUufr ds ykyp esa vius phQ dks çlUu djus ds
mn~ns'; ls vius ?kj ij nkor ij cqyk;k gSA nkor esa ik'pkR; lH;rk ds vk/kkj ij 'kjkc] ek¡l] eNyh]
rFkk fofo/k çdkj ds O;atuksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA 'kkeukFk dh iRuh us Hkh ?kj dks cgqr ltk;k gSA
'kkeukFk vkSj mudh iRuh dks cw<+h ek¡ cks> ds leku ut+j vk jgh gS D;ksafd os vius vki dks i<+s&fy[ks
lqlaLÑr vkSj ek¡ dks vlH; le>rs FksA mUgsa Mj Fkk fd dgha ek¡ dqN ,slk u dj ns ftlls dh phQ
ukjkt+ gks tk,A mudh iRuh vkSj os nksuksa ugha pkgrs Fks fd phQ dh n`f"V mu ij iM+s vkSj uk gh ;g
pkgrs Fks fd ek¡ lks tk, D;ksafd os [kjkZVsa ysrh FkhA ek¡ dks dqlhZ ij cSBus dks dgk vkSj vxj phQ dqN
loky djs rks Bhd <ax ls mÙkj nsus dks dgkA 'kke dks ikVhZ esa nkor gqbZA igys 'kjkc dk nkSj pyk] fQj
[kkuk [kkus ds fy, cSBd ls ckgj fudysA cjkensa esa ek¡ dqlhZ ij gh [kjkZVsa ys jgh FkhA 'kkeukFk dks Øks/k
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 7
vk jgk Fkk ysfdu /khjs ls ek¡ dks txk;k vkSj dksBjh esa tkdj lksus dks dgkA phQ us eqLdjkdj ^ueLrs^
dgk vkSj ek¡ ds çfr vknj Hkko çdV fd,A phQ us ek¡ ls yksdxhr xkus dks dgkA ek¡ us yksdxhr
lquk;kA phQ ds lkFk lHkh esgeku çlUu gksdj rkfy;k¡ ctkus yxsA phQ us iatkch nLrdkjh ds fo"k; esa
tkuuk pkgkA rc ek¡ us vius gkFk dh cukbZ Qqydkjh fn[kkbZ rc phQ cgqr [kq'k gq, vkSj vius fy,
Qqydjh cukus ds fy, dg x,A 'kkeukFk eu gh eu [kq'k Fkk] mldh nkor lQy gqbZ phQ ds tkus ds
i'pkr~ ek¡ dksBjh esa cgqr jksbZ A 'kkeukFk [kq'khiwoZd ek¡ ls feyus x;k tgk¡ ek¡ us mlls gfj}kj tkus dh
bPNk crkbZA bl ij 'kkeukFk us dgk & rqe pyh tkvksxh rks phQ ds fy, Qqydkjh dkSu cuk,xk\ esjh
rjDdh Hkh ugha gksxhA csVs rjDdh dh ckr lqudj ek¡ Qqydkjh cukus ds fy, lger gks xbZ vkSj csVs ds
Hkfo"; dh mTToy dkeuk djus yxhA
2-5 o.kZ foU;kl ¼O;kdj.kijd½ & MkW- fo'oukFk çlkn feJ
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa fgUnh la?k dh jktHkk"kk ds :i esa Lohdkj dh xbZ gSA lkFk gh vU; jkT;ksa dh
jkT;Hkk"kk ds :i esa Hkh ;g çfrf"Bd gSA fgUnh esa fyfi] orZuh o mPpkj.k ds Lo:i esa ,d :irk
ykus ds fy, o.kZ foU;kl fd;k x;kA O;kdjf.kd n`f"V ls Hkk"kk dks lqO;ofLFkr cukus o Hkk"kkbZ esa
o.kZ foU;kl dh jpuk dj fy;k x;kA lu~ 1966 esa f'k{kk ea=ky; us ekuo nsouxjh o.kZ ekyk
çdkf'kr dj fgUnh o.kZ foU;kl esa ,d :irk ykus dk ç;kl fd;kA
çk;% ns[kk x;k gS fd fgUnh fy[krs le; yksx nsouxjh o.kZekyk esa ç;qDr o.kksZa] ek=kvksa esa ,d
fuf'pr fn'kk i)fr dk fuokZg ugha djrsA o.kZ foU;kl fgUnh Hkk"kk esa ,d:irk ykus o Hkkjrh;
Hkk"kkvksa dks vf/k fudV ykus esa lnSo ç;Ru'khy jgk gSA
vuqLokj dk fyfi fpUg Loj ds Åij yxk;h tkus okyh fcanh gSA la;qDr O;atu dh jpuk esa tc
dksbZ ukflD; O;atu çFke lnL; ds :i esa vkrk gS] rks ml ukflD; O;atu ¼M~Û] ´] .k] u~] e~½ ds
fy, fu/kkZfjr fyfi dks u fy[kdj ml lqa;Dr O;atu ds iwoZ vk;s Loj ¼vFkok Loj;qDr O;atu½ ds
Åij fcanh j[k nsrs gSaA ;g iwoZ ds o.kZ ij j[kh xbZ fcanh vkxs ds O;atu esas la;qDr gksdj vk;h
ukflD; /ofu dks vfHkO;Dr djrh gSA
bl çdkj fgUnh ds vuqLokj O;atu xqPN esa vkus okyh ukflD; O;atu /ofu;ksa dk lwpd gS vkSj
;g ftl o.kZ ij vafdr fd;k tkrk gS mlds vkxs vk;s Lora= o.kZ ds ukflD; O;atu /ofu;qDr
la;qDr O;atu gksus dh lwpuk nsrk gSA
laLÑr ds dqN ,sls 'kCn fgUnh esa ;Fkkor~ vk x;s gSa] ftuds lanHkZ esa Åij foosfpr fl)kar ykxw
ugha gksrk] cfYd laLÑr esa çpfyr ekU;rk gh ykxw gksxh&Lo;a],oa] vga ¼,oe~] Lo;e~½A
fgUnh ds vuqlkj ik¡pksa ukflD; O;atu /ofu;ksa ds fy, ç;qDr gksrk gSA
¼M~Û½ daxu ¼dM~Ûxu½
¼´½ papy ¼ ½
¼&½ ¼.k~½ eqaMu ¼eq.Mu½
¼u~½ panu ¼pUnu½
¼e~½ daiu ¼dEiu½
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 8
vuqLokj fdlh Hkh fHkUu oxZ ds O;atu ds lkFk ugha vkrkA tgk¡ ,d oxZ ds ukflD; O;atu dk
nwljs oxZ ds fujuqukfld vFkok ukflD; O;atu ds lkFk la;ksx gksrk gS ogk¡ v/kZ ukflD; O;atu dk
gh ç;ksx gksrk gS] vuqLokj fpUg dk ughaaA vuqLokj fpUg dk ç;ksx djus ij xyrh gks tk,xh vkSj
vuqLokj dk mPpkj.k lac) ukflD; O;atu dh Hkk¡fr u gksdj vkxs vkus okys O;atu ds oxhZ;
ukflD; O;atu dh Hkk¡fr gksxk&
tUe ¼u~ $ e½ d.o ¼.k~ $ o½
fuEu ¼e~ $ u½ vUo; ¼u~ $ o½
dU;k ¼u~ $ ;k½ dUgS;k ¼,~ $ g½
lkSE; ¼e~ $ ;½ lkfUuf/k ¼u~ $ u½
vr% tgk¡ ukflD; O;atu fdlh vU; oxZ ds fujuqukfld vFkok ukflD; O;atu ds lkFk vkrk gS
ogk¡ u rks vuqLokj dk mPpkj.k djuk pkfg,] u gh vuqLokj ds fyfi fpUg fcanh dk ç;ksx djuk
pkfg,A
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 9
;wfuV&3 3-1 vkfnoklh /kjksgj ¼fuca/k½ & MkW-';kekpj.k nqcs Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj çkphu lHk;rk dk tc Hkkjr esa vk;ksZa ds lkFk vkxeu gqvkA rc vkfnokfl;ksa vkSj
vU; tkfr;ksa dk foy; gqvkA ,d uohu lekt dk fuekZ.k gqvk rc dqN vkfnoklh çtkfr;ksa us vius
ewY;ksa ,oa lH;rk dks thfor j[kkA
vkfnokfl;ksa dks tutkfr dgk tkrk gSA tutkfr og lewg gS tks çkphu lH;rk ds çfrekuksa ¼ewY;ksa½ ls
tqM+k gksrk gSA MkW- etqenkj ds vuqlk& ^tutkfr ifjokj ;k ifjokjksa ds lewg dk ladyu gSA ftldk
viuk ,d lkekU; uke gksrk gS] ftlds lnL; ,d fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx esa jgrs gSa] lkekU; Hkk"kk cksyrs gSa vkSj
fookg O;olk; ;k m|ksxkssa ds fo"k; esa dqN fu"ks/kksa dk iyu djrs gSaA
tutkrh; lekt dh Hkkjr esa ,d i`Fkd igpku gSA budh vusd lkaLÑfrd ijEijk,¡ gSaA [kku&iku]
jhfr&fjokt] thou 'kSyh] ifjos'k] fookg i)fr] jgu&lgu fHkUu gSA /khjs&/khjs budh ijEijkvksa esa cnyko
vko'; vk jgk gS] fdUrq vkt Hkh budh lkaLÑfrd igpku cjdjkj gSA
fo'ks"krk,¡&
1- gLrdkS'ky 2- la;qDr ifjokj ç.kkyh
3- ukjh dk lEeku 4- LokyEcu
5- cqtqxksZ dk lEeku 6- lkeatL; dh Hkkouk
Hkkjrh; tutkrh; leL;k,¡
1- iyk;u 2- ca/kqvk etwnjh
3- fgald tkuojkas ds geys 4- csxkjh
5- :X.rk 6- foLFkkiu dk ladV
7- _.kxzLrrk 8- vf'k{kk
9- 'kks"k.kxzLrr
3-2 ukjhRo dk vfHk'kki ¼fuca/k½& egknsoh oekZ lkjka'k % tc ijekRek dh d`ik ls l`f"V dk l`tu gqvkA rd Lo;a ijekRek us ukjh dks v/kkZafxuh dh
laKk nsdj czák.M esa ukjhRo ds egRo dks n'kkZ;k ysfdu nqHkkZX;o'k 'kuS% 'kuS% dks nqcZy ekudj bl lekt
us dHkh çrkM+ukvksa ds :i esa dHkh vR;kpkj ds :i esa rks dHkh cykRdkjh tSls f?kukSus ÑR; ds :i esa
mlds vfLrRo ij dqBkjk?kkr fd;kA egknsoh oekZ }kjk jfpr bl ys[k esa tgk¡ ,d vksj ukjh dh çkphu ls
orZeku rd dh dj.k] n;uh; vkSj vlguh; LFkfr dk ekfeZd fp=.k çLrqr fd;k gS ogha nwljh vksj
lekt esa fo/kok ukjh] ukjh vigj.k] ukjh LorU=rk rFk iq:"k ç/kku lekt dk ukjh ds çfr tks
udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k gS] ml ij Hkh viuh ys[kuh pykus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA
¼1½ egknsoh oekZ us ^ukjhRo dk vfHk'kki^ ds ek/;e ls mldh eqfDr dk ekxZ dks lqy>kus dk ç;kl
djrs gq, dgk gS fd ;fn ;s :f<oknh lekt viuh fuEu ekufldrk ls ijs mBdj efgyk dY;k.k
ds çfr viuk mÙkjnkf;Ro iw.kZ djs rks ukjh dh yxHkx çR;sd leL;k dk lek/kku 'kh?kzrk ls
laHko gSA dsoy vko';drk gS mldh osnku ;FkkFkZ vuqHko djus dh vkSj ,d ,sls nsO;kih
vkUnksyu dh] tks bl fn'kk esa ç;Ru'khy lkfcr gksA
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 10
¼2½ çLrqr fuca/k esa ysf[kdk ds vuqlkj ^L=h u Lora=;e vgZfr^ vFkkZr~ ukjh dgha Hkh Lora= ugha gSA
fookg ds iwoZ ukjh vius firk ,oa Hkkb;ksa ds fu;a=.k esa jgrh gS vkSj fookg ds i'pkr~ vius ifr
,oa lUrkvuksa ds fu;a=.k esa jgrh gSA pkgs og Lo.kZfiatj dh oafnuh gks pkgs ykSgfiatj dh] ijUrq
cafnuh rks og gS gh vkSj ,slh dh ftlds fudV Lora=rk dk fopkj rd iki dgk tk,xkA
3-3 czãk.M dh jpuk ¼oSKkfud ys[k½ t;Ur fo".kq ukyhZdj iqjkru dky ls ekuo vius pkjksa vkSj QSys cãk.k ds ckjs esa ftKklq jgk gSA czãk.M dgk¡ rd QSyk gS\
mldh mRifÙk dx gqbZ\ mldh jpuk ds fu;e dkSu ls gSa\ czãk.k dk Hkfo"; D;k gS\
,sls ç'uksa ij nk'kZfudksa] dfo;ksa vkfn fopkjoarksa us cgqr dqN fopkj&eaFk fd;k gSA mifu"knksa esa l`f"V ds
ckjs esa dbZ ewyHkwr ç'u iwNs x, gSaA czãk.k dks ,d vaMs dh miek gekjs iqjk.kksa esa nh xbZ & ,slk vaMk
ftlesa lc dqN lekfgr gSA mÙkj ;wjksi dh ukfMZd lH;rk esa ,d fo'kky o{k dh dYiuk dh xbZ ftldh
tM+ksa ls Mkfy;ksa rd lHkh Hkkxksa esa pk¡n] rkjs] tho] ouLifr] vkfn ik;s tkrs gSaA
czãk.k fdruk fo'kky gS bldk vHkko ekuo dks Øe'k% gh feyrk x;kA gtkj lky igys ekuo i`Foh dks
czkãk.k dk dsUnz LFkku ekurk FkkA losjs mn; gksus okys vkSj 'kke dks vLr gksus okys lw;Z ,oa jkr esa rkjksa
dh iwoZ ls if'pe tkus okyh d{kk,¡ ns[k mlus vuqek yxk;k fd lewpk czãk.k i`Foh dk pkjksa vksj
ifjHkze.k djrk gSA
ik¡poh lnh esa vk;ZHkV~V us bl er dk [k.Mu fd;kA vius xzaFk vk;ZHkV~Vh; esa mUgksaus fy[kk%
vuqykse xfrukSZLFk% i';R;pya foyksexa ;n~;r~A vpy
uko esa tkus okys dks rVorhZ fLFkr oLrq,¡ mYVh fn'kk esa tkrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa] mlh çdkj ¼viuh /kqjh dh
vksj ifjHkze.k djus okyh½ i`Foh ls ns[kus ij fLFkj rkjs if'pe dh vksj tkrs çrhr gksrs gSaA
vk;ZHkV~V dk ;g fl)kUr lgh Fkk] ij nqHkkZX;o'k misf{kr jgkA lksygoha lnhesa dksifuZdl us ;gh dgk
vkSj ;g Hkh dgk fd lHkh xzgksa lfgr i`Foh lw;Z dh ifjØek djrh gSA
tSls&tSls bl fl)kUr dh lR;rk Li"V gksus yxh] ekuo us ;g vuqeku fd;k fd mldh iFoh dk czãk.k
esa dksbZ [kkl LFkku ughaA fQj mlus lkspk fd ;g rstLoh lw;Z rks czãk.k esa vuwBk gSA mldk fo'okl Fkk
fd lw;Z gekjh vkdk'kxaxk ds dsUnz LFkku esa fLFkr gSA
ysfdu ;g vuqeku Hkh xyr lkfcr gqvkA gesa vkdk'kxaxk ,d /kwlj çdk'koku iV~Vs dh rjg vkdk'k esa
QSyh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA blesa okLro esa 200 vjc ds djhc rkjs gSaA lw;Z dk muesa dksbZ [kkl LFkku ugha gSA
mlls NksVs&cM+s] /kq/kys ] rstLoh vjcksa rkjs vkdk'kxaxk esa ekStwn gSaA
tc 1608 esa gkWySa< ds p'esa cukus okys gkUl ysi'ksZ us ySal dh nwjchu dk vUos"k.k fd;k rks ;g [kkst
[kxksy n'kZu ds fy, fdruh ykHknk;h gksxh bls tkuk bVyh ds oSKkfud xSyhfyvks usA xSyhfyvks igyk
oSKkfud Fkk tks yEcs oSKkfud fooknksa dks çR;{k ç;ksxksa ls fuiVkus esa eqLrSn FkkA nwjchu ds }kjk mlus
czãk.k ds fujh{k.k djus 'kq: fd;sA
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 11
viuh nwjchu ls xSyhfyvksa us dbZ egRoiw.kZ [kkstsa dha] tks rRdkyhu fopkj /kkj.kkvksa dks vk?kkr igq¡pkrh
FkhaA mlus lw;Z ij dkys /kCcs ,oa pk¡n ij xM~<s ns[ks ftuls ,slk çrhr gksrk Fkk fd ;s vkdk'kLFk oLrq,¡
lnks"k gSa----- tcfd ,slh /kkj.k Fkh fd Hkxoku~ us bu oLrqvksa dk vkn'kZ :i esa fuekZ.k fd;k gSA ml le;
dh /kkj.kk Fkh fd xzg rkjs vkfn lc i`Foh dh ifjØek djrs gSa] ij xSyhfyvksa us viuh nwjchu ls pkj
mixzg ns[ks tks xq: xzg dh ifjØek djrs FksA
fVIi.kh & 1- çdk'k o"kZ& çdk'k o"kZ ;g og nwjh gS tks çdk'k fdj.ksa ,d o"kZ esa r; djrh gSaA fdyksehVj ds
iSekus ij ;g nwjh gS djhc ukS gtkj vjc fd-eh-] dsUnz ls fudyk çdk'k ge rd igq¡pus esa rhl
gtkj o"kZ dh vof/k ysrk gSA
2- vkdk'kxaxk& gekjh vkdk'kxaxk Hkh ,d xSysDlh gh gSA jkr esa vkdk'k esa ,d f{kfrt rd fn[kus
okyh pkSM+h pedhyh iÍh ts i`Foh ls unh ds leku vkdk'k esa nhfIreku iÍh ds leku fn[kkbZ
iM+rh gS] vkdk'kxaxk dgykrh gSA vkdk'kxaxk esa yxHkx ,d [kjkc rkjs gSa gekjk lkSj ifjokj
vkdk'kxaxk dk lnL; gSA rkjksa ds e/; esa tks v¡/ksjh iÍh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] og [kxksyh; /kwy ds
dkj.k gS] tks nwljh ikj ls vkts rkjksa ds çdk'k dks jkd ysrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lw;ksZn; vkSj
lw;kZLr ds le; lw;Z yky fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] D;ksafd mldh jks'kuh ok;qe.M dh /kwy ls gksdj xqtjrh
gSA ;g lfiZy vkdkj dh xSysDlh gS] ftldk O;kl 1]00]000 çdk'k o"kZ gSA
3- rkjsa& xSlh; nzO; ds m".k o Lo;a nhfIreku czãk.k esa fLFkr [ksxksyh; fi.M gSaA tks çdk'k rFkk
fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k mRiUu djrs gSa] rkjs dgykrs gSaA budh ÅtkZ dk lzksr ukfHkdh; gksrk gSA
xSysDlh dk 98% Hkkx bUgha rkjksa ls cuk gSA Hkkj ds vuqlkj rkjs esa 70% gkbMªkstu] 28% ghfy;e]
1-5% dkcZu&ukbVªkstu&fuvkWu vkSj 0-5% vk;ju xzqi ds Hkkjh rRo gksrs gSaA lw;Z Hkh ,d rkjk gS]
tks i`Foh ds lcls fudV gSA çR;sd rkjk viuh Lo;a dh ped ls pedrk gS] tcfd xzg ,oa
punzek vkfn lw;Z dh jks'kuh ikdj pedrs gSaA vf/kdka'kr% rkjs lw;Z ls dbZ xquk cM+s gSa] ij
vR;f/kd nwjh ds dkj.k NksVs utj vkrs gSaA
3-4 izeq[k oSKkfud vkfo"dkj vkSj gekjk thou ekuo us viuh fodkl ;k=k esa izd`fr dh 'kfDr;ksa dk ,oa mi;ksx lnk ls gh foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh ds
oSKkfu
sa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
1- vkx dk vkfo"dkj &
[kkstk gksxkA taxy esa yxh Hk;adj vkx esa tys i'kqvksa dks ns[kdj Hkkstu idkuk lh[kkA fu%lansg
vkx dh [kkst ekuo lH;rk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ,oa izHkko”kkyh dne FkkA
2- 'kwU; ,oa n'keyo dk vkfo"dkj &
-iw- ^vkpk;Z fiaxys* us ^Nan&'kkL=*
esa fd;k gSA fdlh Hkh la[;k dks 'kwU; }kjk Hkkx nsus dh n
oha lnh ds izfl) egkure~ xf.krK ^HkkLdjkpk;Z* us fd;k FkkA
3- ckbflfdy dk vkfo"dkj &
ckbflfdy vkt loZlqyHk vkSj de ewY;oku lk/ku gSA lu~ 1839 esa baXyS.M ds ^ddZ iSfVªd
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 12
eSdfeyu* us bl nks lkbZfdy esa ifg, esa nksuksa vksj ik;nku yxk fn,A egRoiw.kZ lq/kkj v;kjyS.M
ds ^tku ck;M Muyi* us fd;kA mUgksaus nksuksa ifg;ksa esa jcM+ ds Vk;j ,oa gok Hkjs V~;wc yxkus dh
O;oLFkk dhA Hkkjr esa vkokxeu dk ;g egRoiw.kZ lk/ku gSA
4- jsyxkM+h dk vkfo"dkj & Hkki ds batu }kjk xkM+h pykus dk igyk iz;ksx lu~ 1769 esa Qzkal ds
,d bathfu;j fudksyl tkstQ dxukV us fd;k FkkA nwljk iz;ksx baXyS.M ds ^fofy;e eMZd* us
fd;kA lu~ 1808 esa iVfj;ksa ij Hkki ls pyus okyh jsyxkfM+;ksa dk lQy iz;ksx ^fjpMZ VªsfofFkd us
^tktZ LVhQsalu* Fks] mUgksaus 1814 esa ,slh
jsyxkM+h dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks dks;yk ykndj 6-5 fd-eh- izfr ?kaVs dh pky ls py ldrh FkhA
mUgksaus Hkki ds batu esa vusd lq/kkj fd,A ^tktZ* us viuh izFke jsyxkM+h dk izn'kZu 27 flracj]
1825 esa fd;kA
5- eqnz.k&;a= dk vkfo"dkj & teZu oSKkfud ^tkWu xqVuoxZ*
6- fo|qr dk vkfo"dkj & vesfjdh oSKkfud ^csatkfeu Ýasdfyu* us lu~ 1852 esa fo|qr dk
7- VsyhQksu vFkok nwjHkk"k dk vkfo"dkj & ^vysDtsaMj xzkge csy* tud dgk tkrk gSaA
8- Vsyhfotu dk vkfo"dkj & tku cs;MZ dks
izkIr gqvkA mUgksaus lu~ 1925 esa Vsyhfotu dk ,d ekWMy rS;kj fd;k vkSj og Vsyhfotu }kjk
fp= izsf
9- dEI;wVj dk vkfo"dkj & dEi;qVj vk/kqfud ;qx dk uohure peRdkj gSA pkYlZ cscst us 1821
esa bldh ladYiuk cuk;h rFkk 1833 esa bl ;a= dk fuekZ.k gqvkA ^izksQslj gkoMZ ,Qhu* us 1943
esa ekdZ&1 uke ds oS|qr ;kaf=dh; dEI;wVj dk fuekZ.k fd;kA lu~ 1939 esa vesfjdk ds ^tku oh-
,VuklkWQ* us bysDVªkWfud fMftVy dEI;wVj dk igyk ekWMy rS;kj fd;kA vr% 1950 esa
bysDVªkWfud dEI;wVj cuk okYo vkSj iap fd, gq, dkMksaZ dh txg vc ekbdzksizkslslj fpi us us
fy;kA
10- jsfM;ks dk vkfo"dkj & fcuk rkj dh lgk;rk ls lUns'k Hkstus dh fof/k csrkj ¼ok;jysl½ lUns'k
vFkok jsfM;ks lUns'k dgrs gsA jsfM;ksa dk vkfo"dkj ekjdksuh us fd;kA 3-5 laf/k vkSj lekl& laf/k vkSj lekl nksuksa esa nks inksa esa esy fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS] ijarq nksuksa esa Li"V varj gSA
laf/k esa nks fudVLFk o.kksZ dk esy gksrk gS vkSj lekl esa nks ;k vf/kd inksa dkA
laf/k esa o.kksZa ds esy ds dkj.k /ofu esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk gS] lekl esa ,slk ugha gksrkA
lekl esa nks inks ads chp ds izR;;] ijlxZ] ;kstd vkfn dk yksi gksrk gS] laf/k esa ughaA
lekl dh izfØ;k laiUu gksus ds ckn cus inksa esa laf/k gks ldrh gSA tSls &
lekl laf/k ft+yk/kh'k ft+ys dk v/kh'k ¼ftyk$vf/k$bZ'k½
egkRek egku gS tks vkRek ¼egk$vkRek½
lekl ds izdkj 1- }U} lekl& }U} dk vFkZ gS & tksM+k] ;qXeA }U} esa nksuksa gh in iz/kku gksrs gSaA inks ads chp ls
vkSj] rFkk] ,oa ;k] vFkok esa ls fdlh ;kstd dks gVkdj mudk ;qXe cuk;k tkrk gSA tSls &
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 13
leLr in foxzg lq[k&nq[k lq[k vkSj nq[k
:i;k&iSlk :i;k vkSj iSlk
myVk&lh/kk myVk vkSj lh/kk
gkFkh&?kksM+s gkFkh vkSj ?kksM+s
jke&y{e.k jke vkSj y{e.k
ty&ok;q ty vkSj ok;q
osn&iqjk.k osn vkSj iqjk.k
/kekZ/keZ /kekZ ;k /keZ
gkj&thr gkj ;k thr
nks&pkj nks ;k pkj
FkksM+k&cgqr FkksM+k vFkok cgqr
gkfu&ykHk gkfu vFkok ykHk
2- rRiq:"k lekl& rRiq:"k lekl esa mRrj in iz/kku gksrk gS vkS nksuksa inks ds chp ls foHkfDr fpg~u
¼ijlxZ½ dks yksi gksrk gS ¼us dks NksM+dj½ tSls&
leLr in foxzg gLrfyf[kr gkFk ls fyf[kr
/kughu /ku ls ghu
jksxxzLr jksx ls xzLr
jkg[kpZ jkg ds fy, [kpZ
ns'kHkfDr ns'k ds fy, HkfDr
;qn~/kHkwfe ;qn~/k ds fy, Hkwfe
izlaxkuqdwy izlax ds vuqdwy
jkeHkDr jke dk HkDr
ijk/khu ij ds v/khu
LokLF;j{kk LokLF; dh j{kk
x`gLokeh x`g dk Lokeh
Okuokl ou esa okl
vkichrh vki ij chrh
?kqM+lokj ?kksM+s ij lokj
xzkeokl xkze esa okl
Ekkyxksnke eky ds fy, xksnke
xaxkty xaxk dk ty
ty/kkjk ty dh /kkjk
fljnnZ flj esa nnZ
HkkjrjRu Hkkjr dk jRu
Pkk;iRrh Pkk; dh iRrh
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 14
ouokl ou esa okl
3- deZ/kkj; lekl& deZ/kkj; lekl ogk¡ gksrk gS] tgk¡&
iwoZ fo'ks"k.k gks vkSj mRrjin fo'ks";] tSls&uhyxk;] jDrdey nksuksa inksa esa ,d mies; vkSj nwljk mieku] tSls&/ku”;ke] iq:"kflag
leLr in foxzg uhy xk; uhy gS tks xk;
deyu;u dey ds leku u;u
uhykcaj uhyk gS tks vacj
va/kfo'okl va/kk gS tks fo'okl
egknso egku gS tks nso
uhyxxu uhyk gS tks xxu
4- f}xq lekl& f}xq lekl esa iwoZin la[;kokph fo”ks"k.k gksrk gS vkSj leLr in lewg dk cks/k djkrk
gSA tSls&
leLr in foxzg f=Hkqou rhu Hkqouksa dk lewg
lIrf"kZ Lkkr _f"k;ksa dk lewg
pkSjkgk pkj jkgksa dk lewg
lrlbZ lkr lkS dk lewg
nksigjh nks igjksa dk lewg
uoxzg ukS xzgksa dk lewg
f=os.kh rhu osf.k;ksa dk lewg
f=Qyk rhu Qyksa dk lekgkj
lIrkg lkr fnuksa dk lewg
ckjknjh ckjg njksa ¼njoktksa½ dk
lewg
5- vO;;hHkko lekl& vO;;hHkko lekl esa iwoZin vO;; gksrk gS vkSj leLr in Hkh vO;; gks tkrk gSA
tSls &
leLr in foxzg ;Fkkle; le; ds vuqlkj
HkjisV isV Hkj
xyhxyh izR;sd xyh esa
fuLlansg fcuk lansg ds
vkthou thou Hkj
vktUe tUe Hkj
euekuk eu ds vuqlkj
?kM+h&?kM+h izR;sd ?kM+h
B.Com 2nd Year Subject- Hindi
45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 15
6- cgqczhfg lekl & bl lekl esa nksuksa gh inksa dk egRo ugha gksrk gS fdlh rhljs in dh egRrk gksrh
gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] iwjk leLr in fdlh vU; in ds fy, :<+ gksrk gSA tSls& n'kkuu = n'k$vkuu
jko.k
;gk¡ u rks iwoZin n”k ¼nl½ dk vFkZ nl gS] u mRrjin vkuu ¼eq[k½ dkA nksuksa in feydj jko.k ds fy,
:<+ gks x, gSaA blh izdkj &
leLr in foxzg f=u;u rhu gS u;u ftlds vFkkZr~ ¼f'ko½
prqjkuu Pkkj gSa vkuu ¼eq¡g½ ftlds vFkkZr
¼czg~ek½
egkohj egku gS tks ohj vFkkZr ¼guqeku½
yacksnj yack gS mnj ftldk vFkkZr ¼x.ks'k½
uhydaB uhyk gS daB ftldk vFkkZr ¼f'ko½
pØ/kj pØ dks /kkj.k djs tks vFkkZr ¼fo".kq½
?ku ds leku ';ke gS tks vFkkZr
¼d`".k½
prqHkqZt pkj Hkqtk,¡ gSa ftldh vFkkZr ¼fo".kq½
in~ekluk in~e ¼dey½ vklu gS ftldk vFkkZr
¼ljLorh½
xksiky xk;ksa dks ikyus okyk vFkkZr ¼d`".k½
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