Ross Oke
Green Asia Network
Sustainable Regional
Development Model (SRDM)
The Climate Technology Centre and Network
• Operational arm of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism
• Consortium of organizations from all regions + Network
• Mission to stimulate technology cooperation and enhance the development and deployment of
technologies in developing countries
• Technologies include any equipment, technique, knowledge and skill needed for reducing greenhouse
gas emissions and for adapting to climate change effects
• Core services include:
o Technical assistance to developing countries
o Knowledge platform on climate technologies
o Support to collaboration and partnerships
Country-driven
• Any organization from developing countries can express need
• Request endorsed and submitted by the NDE
Fast and easy access to assistance
• User-friendly access: 4-pages submission, in all UN languages
• Appraisal of request within 1-2 weeks and response design within 2-8 weeks
CTCN selects and contracts relevant experts
• Assistance provided through Consortium and Network (value up to 250,000 US$)
• Collaboration with financial organizations to trigger funding
CTCN Technical Assistance
Support to remove barriers to technology transfer (financial, technical, institutional)
Identification of needs and prioritization of technology, depending on country context
Technical recommendation for design and implementation of technology
Feasibility analysis of deploying specific technologies
Support to scale up use and identify funding for specific technologies
Support legal and policy frameworks
Networking and Collaboration
Join our network! Easy and free of cost.
Access commercial opportunities: respond to competitive bidding for
delivery of CTCN technical assistance services
Create connection: network with national decision makers and other
network members to expand your partnership opportunities and learn
about emerging areas of practice
Increase visibility: broaden your organization or company’s global reach,
including within UNFCCC framework
Exchange knowledge: keep updated on the latest information and share
via the CTCN’s online technology portal
Examples of collaboration
• Co-host climate related events
• Twinning arrangements with research institutions
• Engage in new technology projects
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Green Asia Network
Sustainable Regional
Development Model
Content slide Overview of Green Asia Network’s Activities
• Afforestation & sustainable land
management
• Building eco-villages
• Eco-tours
• Policy research
• Environmental education
Content slide Sustainable Regional Development Model
History
Developed to address: • Lack of sustainable land management skills • Lack of environmental awareness • Challenges in sustainability of projects • Low survival rate of trees • Poverty
Content slide
• Solutions must be participatory
• Projects target those affected by climate change and environmental
degradation
• Projects must improve both the environment and the lives of people
• Projects aim to create conditions for sustainability as Green Asia
Network will eventually turn over everything to the participants
• Work with a variety of stakeholders including local governments,
local universities and institutions and communities
Enhance community involvement through education, awareness and
engagement
Integrate conservation with income generation
Develop stable streams of income for self-sufficiency and
sustainability
Integrating livelihood and conservation goals
Introduction
Content slide Sustainable Regional Development Model
Society
● Monthly meetings with the community ● Job training and education ● Event organizing ● Community development training to create community cohesion
Content slide Sustainable Regional Development Model
Environment
● Programs include mitigation and adaptation to climate change ● Afforestation ● Agroforestry
Content slide Sustainable Regional Development Model
Economy
● Job creation ● Cash crop cultivation ● Creating revenue streams ● Establishing community fund for reinvestment
Content slide Eco-tour
Content slide SRDM Implementation
Content slide Mongolia
● 450,000 trees planted across six sites ● 2,800 jobs helping an estimated 14,000 people ● Mobilized 25,000 volunteers
Content slide Myanmar
Situation in Myanmar
Forest area has been
reduced from
approximately 140
million hectares (73%
of land area) in 1973
to under 100 million
hectares (51%) in
2009 (green color), a
31% decrease (in red)
Content slide
Long-term decline in forests due to:
Change of land use, commercial timber harvesting, etc
Laws
• Common criticisms:
• More focused on extracting resources to drive development
• Too broad to be effective
4 Barriers to conservation:
Poverty and subsistence needs
Policy fragmentation
Lack of resources
Conflicting priorities
Situation in Myanmar
Content slide
Dependence on foreign expertise and international
institutions to design and implement policies
External pressure to satisfy growing external demand
for forest products
New technology to expand arable land to increase
food production
Intensification of agriculture and employment
Heavy reliance on coal and kerosene even in urban
areas
Rural poor rely on fuelwood
Situation in Myanmar
Content slide
• Wood meets majority of energy consumption as most of the population
lives in forested areas
• Wood reliance may be less of issue if laws enforced and its sustainable
• In 20 of Myanmar’s Protected Areas, illegal activity (logging, grazing, fuel
wood extraction and hunting) recorded in 85% of the areas
• 40% had significant gaps in infrastructure management and insufficient
staff
• Population growth, agricultural expansion, industrialization and rising
levels of poverty lead to pressures on unsustainably harvesting forests
• Govt. budget allocations may be insufficient
• Low staffing and training means only 1/3 of forests protected effectively
• Staff lacks scientific training to design M&E tools; dependency on foreign
expertise
Situation in Myanmar
Situation in Myanmar
Continuous participation found to be encouraged by providing
fuelwood, poles, posts and cash income to participants
Social and institutional factors can mediate negative effects and
found to have strongest influence on participation and economic
factors
Promoting decision-making and awareness in planting crops and
trees
Good participatory leadership involvement
Monitoring and participation
Ignoring participation and focusing only on economic factors can lead
to problems
Conservation programs that don’t address income and livelihood nor
community exclusion can result in environmentally destructive
practices
Content slide
Community Forestry Instruction (CFI) issued in 1995 to promote CF
Promoted by international donors and Forest Dept.
Now 572 Forest User Groups managing 104,146 acres of forest
Highest in Shan, Rakhine, Magway and Mandalay
Based on CF study, CDZ FUGs struggling with low survival rates (36% and 54%)
Elite capture issues
Local participation and decentralization of forest management
Total land area of CF scheme
4,000 ha in 2001
35,000 ha in 2009 with most sites in Central Dry Zone
Farmers more interested in cultivating crops
Forest Department primarily concerned with greening and producing fuelwood
Dependence on resources has positive and
important effect on participation when necessary to livelihoods
Community Forestry
Content slide
Community participation in decision-
making process, including in
developing operational rules
Previous experience in afforestation,
irrigation, forest management, etc.
Members participation in CF
management, including
resource use,
forest protection and
decision-making
Success Factors
Content slide
Population: 1000 people divided into 207 households
1 primary school with 6 teachers and more than 100 students
1 community health center and 2 monasteries 41 tube wells 2 small shops Main livelihood – Farming Limited natural resources Community members travel outside the Low level of awareness of climate change and
other current issues in Myanmar Most villages need to spend an hour to retrieve
drinking water
Case Study: Tayah Village
Planning
Orientation to village leaders and community,
including advocacy to local government
Planning workshop
Formation of project work committee (20
members)
12 male and 8 female
Public talk for community members on
environmental issues and climate change
Installation of bio-gas plant
Bio-gas plant construction and electricity line
installation
Water supply
Water tank (10,000 gallons), tube well, water
pump and pipelines (86,000 ft) installed
Training on climate change and eco-village
design (3 days)
12 men and 16 women participated
60% of the alumni formed a group to continue
community garden and afforestation activity
Content slide
Electricity provided for 3 hours each night to 50 households, village roads, monasteries, clinics and schools Safe water distributed to 180
households, a school and 2 monasteries and 3 plots of community forest Multi-purpose community garden with
3000 wind breaker trees, 1000 fruit trees and a vegetable garden for the community Tree festival
Results of Tayah Village Project
Content slide
Stakeholders schedule – Project duration didn’t align with the participants time Unplanned activities, such as
coordinating with foreign volunteers, caused delays Requires high capacity in problem
analysis, community organizing and development and communication Community organizing requires time
Challenges
References
Baynes, J., Herbohn, J., Smith, C., Fisher, R., & Bray, D. (2015). Key factors which influence
the success of community forestry in developing countries. Global Environmental Change, 35,
226-238.
Calkins, P., & Thant, P. P. (2011). Sustainable agro-forestry in Myanmar: from intentions to
behavior. Environment, development and sustainability, 13(2), 439-461.
Hlaing, E. E. S., & Inoue, M. (2013). Factors affecting participation of user group members:
comparative studies on two types of community forestry in the Dry Zone, Myanmar. Journal of
forest research, 18(1), 60-72.
Khaine, I., Woo, S. Y., & Kang, H. (2014). A study of the role of forest and forest-dependent
community in Myanmar. Forest Science and Technology, 10(4), 197-200.
Sovacool, B. (2012). Environmental conservation problems and possible solutions in
Myanmar. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, 34(2),
217-248.
Tint, K., Springate-Baginski, O., & Gyi, M. K. K. (2011). Community Forestry in Myanmar:
Progress and Potentials. Yangon: ECCDI.
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