Susan Hovorka *Christine Doughty**
and Mark Holtz*
*Bureau of Economic Geology,Jackson School of Geosciences
University of Texas at Austin** Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
TESTING EFFICIENCY OF TESTING EFFICIENCY OF STORAGE IN THE STORAGE IN THE
SUBSURFACE: FRIO BRINE SUBSURFACE: FRIO BRINE PILOT EXPERIMENTPILOT EXPERIMENT
Texas Gulf CoastTexas Gulf Coast
Frio Brine Pilot Research TeamFrio Brine Pilot Research Team
• Funded by US DOE National Energy Technology Lab: Karen Cohen/Charles Byrer• Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School, The University of Texas at Austin: Susan
Hovorka, Mark Holtz, Shinichi Sakurai, Seay Nance, Joseph Yeh, Paul Knox, Khaled Faoud• Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, (Geo-Seq): Larry Myer, Tom Daley, Barry Freifeld, Rob Trautz,
Christine Doughty, Sally Benson, Karsten Pruess, Curt Oldenburg, Jennifer Lewicki, Ernie Major, Mike Hoversten, Mac Kennedy; Don Lippert
• Oak Ridge National Lab: Dave Cole, Tommy Phelps • Lawrence Livermore National Lab: Kevin Knauss, Jim Johnson • Alberta Research Council: Bill Gunter, John Robinson• Texas American Resources: Don Charbula, David Hargiss• Sandia Technologies: Dan Collins, “Spud” Miller, David Freeman; Phil Papadeau • BP: Charles Christopher, Mike Chambers • Schlumberger: T. S. Ramakrishna and others • SEQUIRE – National Energy Technology Lab: Curt White, Rod Diehl, Grant Bromhall, Brian
Stratizar, Art Wells • University of West Virginia: Henry Rausch • USGS: Yousif Kharaka, Bill Evans, Evangelos Kakauros, Jim Thorsen• Praxair: Joe Shine, Dan Dalton• Australian CO2CRC (CSRIO): Kevin Dodds• Core Labs: Paul Martin and others
•Demonstrate that CO2 can be injected into a brine formation without
adverse health, safety, or environmental effects
•Determine the subsurface distribution of injected CO2 using a
diverse monitoring technologies
•Demonstrate validity of conceptual and numerical models
•Develop experience necessary for success of large-scale CO2
injection experiments
How can we demonstrate that geologic How can we demonstrate that geologic storage is an effective method of storage is an effective method of reducing emissions of COreducing emissions of CO22 to the to the
atmosphere?atmosphere?
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Saline Formations
Focus on the Gulf CoastFocus on the Gulf Coast#
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Sources (dot size =release) Refineries and chemical
plants Electric power plants
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Selected oil fieldthat could benefit from EOR
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Existing CO2
pipeline
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Future CO2 pipeline
Frio Brine Pilot
Status of Frio Brine PilotStatus of Frio Brine Pilot
1) site selection, with general characterization and scoping modeling;
(2) geologic characterization; (3) modeling and experimental-design refinement; (4) permitting; (5) site preparation; (6) detailed site characterization; (7) baseline monitoring; (8) injection and syninjection monitoring; 9/27(9) postinjection monitoring: 10/04 to 3/05
Site SettingSite Setting
Photo: SDH BEG
Observation WellInjection Well
Frio Brine PilotFrio Brine Pilot
• Injection interval: 24-m-thick, mineralogically complex Oligocene reworked fluvial sandstone, porosity 24%, Permeability 2-3 Darcys
• Seals numerous thick shales, small fault block
• Depth 1,500 m• Brine-rock system, no
hydrocarbons• 190 bar
Injection interval
Oil production
Porosity
Fault planes
Monitoringinjection and monitoring
Monitoring wellInjection well
Reservoir ModelReservoir Model
500 m
100m
Core has been slabbed Core has been slabbed while still frozen, and while still frozen, and
samples cut for samples cut for petrophysical, petrophysical,
petrographic, and petrographic, and geochemical analysisgeochemical analysis
Open Open Hole Hole logslogs
Injection well Observation well
Top A ss
Top B ss
Top C ss
Proposed injection zone
Log Permeability Calibrated with Plug Log Permeability Calibrated with Plug PermeabilityPermeability
Log Interpretation, Shinichi Sakurai
Injection Zone
Frio Pre-Injection GeophysicsFrio Pre-Injection Geophysics
VSP- Designed for monitoring and imaging- 8 Explosive Shot Points (100 – 1500 m offsets)- 80 – 240 3C Sensors (1.5 – 7.5 m spacing)
Cross Well- Designed for monitoring and CO2 saturation estimation- P and S Seismic and EM- > 75 m coverage @ 1.5 m Spacing (orbital-vibrator seismic source, 3C geophone sensor)- Dual Frequency E.M.
P-Wave
S-wave
P-Wave
Denser spacing inreservoir interval
Reflection
From Tom Daley, LBNL
How Modeling and Monitoring will Assess COHow Modeling and Monitoring will Assess CO22
PerformancePerformance
• Modeling has identified variables which appear to control CO2 injection and post injection migration.
• Measurements made over a short time frame and small distance will confirm the correct value for these variables
• Better conceptualized and calibrated models will be used to develop larger scale longer time frame injections
Residual gas saturation of 5%
Residual gas saturation of 30%
TOUGH2 simulations C. Doughty LBNL
Capillary Character Demonstrates Residual Capillary Character Demonstrates Residual SaturationSaturation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Wetting-phase “water” saturation(percent)
Cap
illa
ry p
ress
ure
(p
si)
Drainage, wetting phase being replaced by non wetting phase
Imbibition, wetting phase replacing nonwetting phase
SwirrSgrm All porous media
Pore-Scale Gas TrappingPore-Scale Gas TrappingSnap-offSnap-off
• Oh and Slattery, 1976– Snap-off model
Capillary force cause non-wetting phase to snap-off into
pore
Aspect ratio =Pore radius
Pore throat radius
Residual Residual SaturationSaturation
- key - key parameterparameter
Case 1 Case 2
Impact of Residual Saturation on COImpact of Residual Saturation on CO22
DistributionDistribution
Frio Brine Pilot SummaryFrio Brine Pilot Summary
• MMV demonstration in high permeability sandstone
• Comparison of diverse MMV technologies
• Better understanding of CO2 behavior though model matching
• Invitation for participation • Updates: www.gulfcoastcarbon.org
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