S1
Supporting Information
Flexible Salt-Rejecting Photothermal Paper Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and
Hydroxyapatite Nanowires for High-Efficiency Solar Energy-Driven Vapor Generation
and Stable Desalination
Zhi-Chao Xiong,†,‡ Ying-Jie Zhu,*,†,‡ Dong-Dong Qin,†,‡ and Ri-Long Yang†,‡
† State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure,
Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
‡ Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
*Corresponding author (Ying-Jie Zhu).
E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 0086-21-52412616. Fax: 0086-21-52413122.
S2
Figure S1. Digital images of the testing device for solar energy-driven vapor generation.
S3
Figure S2. Digital images of aqueous suspensions. (a) Ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires
(HNs); (b) graphene oxide (GO); (c) GO/HN nanocomposite.
S4
Figure S3. (a–d) Digital images of the fabrication process of the GO/HN paper with a
diameter of 20 cm using a commercial paper sheet former by the vacuum-assisted filtration
method, and a free-standing GO/HN paper is obtained after drying at 95 oC for 10 min.
S5
Figure S4. Digital images and SEM images of the GO and rGO membranes. (a) A the
vacuum-assisted filter for preparing the GO membrane; (b) the as-prepared GO membrane on
a filter paper; (c, d) the surface and cross-section SEM micrographs of the GO membrane; (e,
f) the surface and cross-section SEM micrographs of the rGO membrane.
S6
Figure S5. (a, b) TEM micrographs of the as-prepared HNs; (c, d) the surface and cross-
section SEM micrographs of the HN paper containing 20 wt.% glass fibers.
S7
Figure S6. XRD patterns of HNs, GO/HN, and hydroxyapatite (JCPDS No. 09–0432).
S8
Figure S7. SEM micrographs: (a, b) glass fibers; (c, d) the surface SEM images of the
GO/HN paper containing 18 wt.% glass fibers.
S9
Figure S8. TEM micrograph of GO nanosheets.
S10
Figure S9. Mechanical properties of the HN paper, GO/HN paper, rGO/HN-I photothermal
paper, and rGO/HN-II photothermal paper. (a) Stress-strain curves; (b) ultimate tensile
strength; (c) strain at failure.
S11
Figure S10. FTIR spectra of ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires (black curve) and GO/HN
paper (red curve).
S12
Figure S11. XPS patterns of the GO/HN paper (black curve), rGO/HN-I paper (red curve),
and rGO/HN-II paper (blue curve).
S13
Figure S12. FTIR spectra of GO (black curve), rGO obtained after thermal treatment of GO
at 150 oC for 2 h (rGO-I, red curve), and rGO obtained after thermal treatment of GO at 150
oC for 6 h (rGO-II, blue curve).
S14
Figure S13. Surface and cross-section SEM images of the rGO/HN photothermal paper. (a–c)
The rGO/HN-I photothermal paper; (d–f) the rGO/HN-II photothermal paper.
S15
Figure S14. (a–d) Digital images of the wetting process of the rGO/HN-I photothermal paper
in contact with a wet air-laid paper for different times, the top surface of the rGO/HN-I paper
can be wetted rapidly by water. (e–g) Digital images of the rGO/HN-II photothermal paper in
contact with a wet air-laid paper for different times, the top surface of the rGO/HN-II paper
cannot be wetted by water. (h) Digital image of the bottom surface of the rGO/HN-II paper
after being in contact with a wet air-laid paper for 5 min, water drops can adhere to the bottom
surface of the rGO/HN-II paper.
S16
Figure S15. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. (a) The GO/HN paper; (b) the
rGO/HN-I photothermal paper; (c) the rGO/HN-II photothermal paper. The corresponding
surface roughness value is measured to be 57.3, 52.0, and 58.5 nm, respectively.
S17
Figure S16. IR thermal images of paper samples over time under one sun illumination in air
for 600 s. (a) The HN paper; (b) the GO/HN paper; (c) the rGO/HN-I photothermal paper; (d)
the rGO/HN-II photothermal paper.
S18
Figure S17. IR thermal images of paper samples over time during the water evaporation
process under one sun illumination. (a) The HN paper; (b) the GO/HN paper; and (c) the
rGO/HN-II photothermal paper.
S19
Figure S18. Cumulative mass change of water in the presence of the rGO/HN-I photothermal
paper sheets with different rGO contents versus solar light irradiation time under one sun
illumination.
S20
Figure S19. (a–c) UV-vis absorption spectra and (d) corresponding digital images of aqueous
solution of congo red, rose bengale, and brilliant green, and the collected water after solar
energy-driven water purification.
S21
Figure S20. (a) Concentrations, (b) rejection percentages and (c) corresponding digital
images of aqueous solution containing Fe3+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ ions, and the collected water after
solar energy-driven water purification.
S22
Figure S21. Digital images and SEM micrographs of the rGO/HN-II photothermal paper
before (a) and after (b) continuous solar energy-driven desalination of the actual seawater
sample for 20 days (8 h light irradiation each day) under one sun illumination.
S23
Table S1. Calculation results of energy conversion efficiency under one sun illumination
[R1] Dortmund Data Bank Software & Separation Technology, DDBST GmbH, Oldenburg
2016.
Materials m (kg m-2 h-1) hLV (kJ kg-1) [R1] η (%)
HN paper 0.36 2340 15.6
GO/HN paper 1.29 2352 76.5
rGO/HN-I paper 1.48 2361 89.2
rGO/HN-II paper 1.25 2358 74.1
S24
Table S2. Comparison of solar vapor generation performance of some previously reported
photothermal materials and the rGO/HN photothermal paper under one sun illumination
Materials Evaporation rate
(kg m-2 h-1)
Energy
efficiency (%)
Reference Year
Graphene oxide membrane 1.45 80 S1 2016
Reduced graphene oxide-sodium alginate-
carbon nanotube aerogel
1.622 83 S2 2017
Carbonized mushrooms 1.475 78 S3 2017
Plasmonic Wood 1.1 67 S4 2017
3D printed porous carbon black/graphene oxide
composite
1.27 87.5 S5 2017
Graphene oxide/SBA-15 1.31 83 S6 2017
Three-dimensional gold nanoflower gel 1.356 85.6 S7 2018
Graphite-coated wood 1.15 80 S8 2018
Carbon black/ polymethylmethacrylate/
polyacrylonitrile membrane
1.3 72 S9 2018
3D graphene foam 1.3 87 S10 2018
Geopolymer-biomass mesoporous carbon
composite
1.58 84.95 S11 2018
Reduced graphene oxide-wrapped plant fiber
sponges
1.375 88.8 S12 2018
Carbonized moldy bread 0.96 71.4 S13 2018
Reduced graphene oxide-multi-walled carbon
nanotubes composite membrane
1.22 80.4 S14 2018
Hollow carbon nanotubes aerogel 1.44 86.8 S15 2019
Three dimensional MXene architecture 1.41 88.7 S16 2019
Nitrogen-doped hydrophilic graphene
nanopetals with hydrophobic graphene foam
1.27 88.6 S17 2019
Biomimetic MXene textures 1.37 90.1 S18 2019
Wood-polypyrrole composite 1.27 88.6 S19 2019
Vertically aligned Janus MXene aerogel 1.46 87 S20 2019
Reduced graphene oxide/hydroxyapatite
nanowires photothermal paper 1.48 89.2 This work
S25
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