8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
1/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint Lectures forBio logy, Seventh Edit ion
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero
Bab 35
Struktur tumbuhan,
pertumbuhan danperkembangan
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
2/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Konsep 35.1: Tubuh tumbuhan tersusun atasorgan, jaringan dan sel.
Tumbuhan seperti pada hewan multiselular
mempunyai organ yang tersusun oleh jaringan
yang berbeda dan masing masing tesusun oleh
sel
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
3/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tiga organ dasar tumbuhan : akar , batang, dan daun
Morfologi dasar tumbuhan berpembuluh
Menunjukkan sejarah evolusinya sebagaiorganisme terestrial . Suatu tumbuhan darat
harus menempati dua lingkungan yang sangat
berbeda : di atas permukaan dan di bawah
permukaan tanah.
Tanah menyediakan air dan mineral , udara
merupakan sumber utama CO2. cahaya tdk
mampu menembus tanah solusi
evolusioner ada diferensiasi tubuh tumbuhan
menjadi dua sistem : sistem akar dan sistem
tunas
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
4/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tiga organ dasar yang terlibat : akar, batang dan
daun. Organ tersebut terorganisasi kedalam dua sistem
yaitu : sistem akar dan sistem pucuk
Figure 35.2
Rep
roductive shoot (flower)
Terminal bud
Node
Internode
Terminal
bud
Vegetative
shoot
Blade
Petiole
Stem
Leaf
Taproot
Lateral roots Root
system
Shoot
system
Axillarybud
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
5/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Akar
Merupakan organ yang menambatkantumbuhan di tanah
Menyerap air dan mineral
Kadang-kadang menyimpan bahan organik
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
6/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Secara umum tumbuhan
Penyerapan air dan meneral terjadi dekatujung akar, dimana banyak terdapat rambut
akar yang menambah area permukaan akar.
Figure 35.3
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
7/54Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Beberapa tumbuhan mempunyai modifikasi
akar.
Figure 35.4ae
(a) Akar tiang (b) Akar
penyimpan
Cadangan
(c) Akar aerial
(d) Akar papan (e) Pneumatophores
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
8/54Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Batang
Organ batang terdiri dari :
Sistem berselang-seling yang terdiri dari buku(nodus) , titik dimana daun melekat dan
Ruas (Internodus), bagian batang diantara
buku-buku.
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
9/54Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tunas aksiler
Struktur yang memiliki potensi untukmembentuk suatu tunas cabang
Tunas terminal
Dekat dengan ujung tunas dan menyebabkan
pemanjangan tunas muda. Adanya pucuk
sedikit banyak bertanggungjawab thd
terhambatnya pertumbuhan tunas aksiler suatu fenomena yg disbt dominansi apikal
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
10/54Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Batang yang termodifikasi
Figure 35.5ad
Rhizomes.The edible base
of this ginger plant is an example
of a rhizome, a horizontal stem
that grows just below the surface
or emerges and grows along the
surface.
(d)
Tubers.Tubers, such as these
red potatoes, are enlarged
ends of rhizomes specialized
for storing food. The eyes
arranged in a spiral pattern
around a potato are clusters
of axillary buds that mark
the nodes.
(c)
Bulbs.Bulbs are vertical,
underground shoots consisting
mostly of the enlarged bases
of leaves that store food. Youcan see the many layers of
modified leaves attached
to the short stem by slicing an
onion bulb lengthwise.
(b)
Stolons.Shown here on a
strawberry plant, stolonsare horizontal stems that grow
along the surface. These runners
enable a plant to reproduce
asexually, as plantlets form at
nodes along each runner.
(a)
Storage leaves
Stem
Root Node
Rhizome
Root
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
11/54Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Daun
Daun
Organ fotosintesis utama sebagian besartumbuhan berpembuluh
Daun umumnya terdiri dari :
Helai daun yang pipih dan tangkai daun
(petiol) yang menyambungkan daun dengan
buku batang.
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
12/54Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Daun Monokotil dan dikotil
Berbeda dalam hal susunan tulang daunutamanya
Daun monokotil
Memiliki tulang daun paralel (sejajar) yang
menjalar sepanjang helai daun.
Daun dikotil
Memiliki banyak percabangan pd tulang daun
utama.
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
13/54Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Klasifikasi angiosperm
Ahli Taksonomi menggunakan morfologi daun untuk membantu
mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasi tumbuhan
Figure 35.6ac
Petiole
(a) Simple leaf.A simple leafis a single, undivided blade.
Some simple leaves are
deeply lobed, as in an
oak leaf.
(b) Compound leaf.In a
compound leaf, the
blade consists ofmultiple leaflets.
Notice that a leaflet
has no axillary bud
at its base.
(c) Doubly compound leaf.
In a doubly compound
leaf, each leaflet is
divided into smaller
leaflets.
Axillary bud
Leaflet
Petiole
Axillary bud
Axillary bud
LeafletPetiole
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
14/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Beberapa tumbuhan mempunyai daun yang
termodifikasi
Figure 35.6ae
(a) Tendrils.The tendrils by which this
pea plant clings to a support are
modified leaves. After it has lassoed
a support, a tendril forms a coil that
brings the plant closer to the support.
Tendrils are typically modified leaves,
but some tendrils are modified stems,
as in grapevines.
(b) Spines.The spines of cacti, such
as this prickly pear, are actuallyleaves, and photosynthesis is
carried out mainly by the fleshy
green stems.
(c) Storage leaves.Most succulents,
such as this ice plant, have leaves
modified for storing water.
(d) Bracts.Red parts of the poinsettia
are often mistaken for petals but areactually modified leaves called bracts
that surround a group of flowers.
Such brightly colored leaves attract
pollinators.
(e) Reproductive leaves.The leaves
of some succulents, such as Kalanchoe
daigremontiana,produce adventitious
plantlets, which fall off the leaf and
take root in the soil.
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
15/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tiga sistem jaringan: Dermal, Vascular, dan jaringan dasar
Setiap organ tumbuhan
Mempunyai jaringan dermal, vaskular, dasar
Figure 35.8
Dermal
tissue
Ground
tissue Vascular
tissue
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
16/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sistem jaringan dermal
Tersusun oleh epidermis dan periderm
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
17/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sistem jaringan vaskular
Tranpor materi jarak jauh antara akar danpucuk
Terdiri dari dua jaringan yaitu, xilem dan
phloem
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
18/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Jaringan dasar
Meliputi sel-sel yang terspesialisasi sebagaifungsi penyimpan, fotosintesis, dan penyokong
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
19/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tipe sel tumbuhan
Seperti organisme multiselular
Tumbuhan ditandai dengan diferensiasi selular ,sel yang terspesialisasi dalam struktur dan
fungsi
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
20/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Beberapa jenis sel tumbuhan yang utama :
Parenkima
Kolenkima
Sklerenkima
Sel pengangkut air - xilem
Sel pengangkut hasil fotosintesis - phloem
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
21/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Parenkima, kolenkima, dan sklerenkima
Figure 35.9
Parenchyma cells60 m
PARENCHYMA CELLS
80 m Cortical parenchyma cells
COLLENCHYMA CELLS
Collenchyma cells
SCLERENCHYMA CELLS
Cell wall
Sclereid cell
in pear25
Fiber cells
5 m
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
22/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Sel pengangkut airxilem dan sel pengangkut
hasil fotosintesis - phloem
Figure. 35.9
WATER-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE XYLEM
Vessel Tracheids 100 m
Tracheids and vessels
Vessel
element
Vessel elements with
partially perforated
end walls
Pits
Tracheids
SUGAR-CONDUCTING CELLS OF THE PHLOEM
Companion cell
Sieve-tube
member
Sieve-tube members:
longitudinal view
Sieve
plate
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Companion
cell
30 m
15 m
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
23/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Konsep 35.2: Meristem menghasilkan sel-sel
untuk organ baru
Meristem Apikal
Terletak di ujung akar dan ujung tunas
Memperbesar tunas dan akar melalui
pertumbuhan primer
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
24/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maristem Lateral
Menambah tebal kayu melalui pertumbuhansekunder
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
25/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Petumbuhan primer dan sekunder
Figure. 35.10
In woody plants,
there are lateral
meristems that
add secondary
growth, increasing
the girth of
roots and stems.
Apical meristems
add primary growth,
or growth in length.
Vascular
cambium
Corkcambium
Lateral
meristems
Root apical
meristems
Primary growth in stems
Epidermis
Cortex
Primary phloem
Primary xylem
Pith
Secondary growth in stems
PeridermCork
cambium
Cortex
Primary
phloem
Secondary
phloemVascular cambium
Secondary
xylem
Primaryxylem
Pith
Shoot apical
meristems
(in buds)
The cork
cambium adds
secondary
dermal tissue.
The vascular
cambium adds
secondary
xylem and
phloem.
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
26/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pada tumbuhan berkayu
Pertumbuhan primer dan sekunder terjadisecara simultan tetapi berbeda lokasi
Figure 35.11
This years growth(one year old)
Last years growth
(two years old)
Growth of two
years ago (three
years old)
One-year-old side
branch formed
from axillary bud
near shoot apex
Scars left by terminalbud scales of previous
winters
Leaf scar
Leaf scar
Stem
Leaf scar
Bud scale
Axillary buds
Internode
Node
Terminal bud
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
27/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Konsep 35.3: Pertumbuhan primer panjang
akar dan tunas
Pertumbuhan primer menghasilkan tubuh
primer, bagian yang dihasilkan sistem akar dan
tunas yang dihasilkan oleh meristem apikal
P t b h i k
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
28/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pertumbuhan primer akar
Ujung akar ditutupi olfh tudung akar, yang secara fisik
melindungi meristem yang rapuh pada saat akar
memanjang menembus tanah yang abrasif
Figure 35.12
DermalGround
Vascular
Key
Cortex Vascular cylinder
Epidermis
Root hair
Zone of
maturation
Zone of
elongation
Zone of cell
division
Apical
meristem
Root cap
100 m
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
29/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pertumbuhan primer akar
Menghasilkan epidermis, jaringan dasar,
jaringan pembuluh
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
30/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organisasi jaringan primer akar muda
Figure 35.13a, b
Cortex
Vascular
cylinder
Endodermis
Pericycle
Core of
parenchyma
cells
Xylem
50 m
Endodermis
Pericycle
Xylem
Phloem
Key
100 m
VascularGround
Dermal
Phloem
Transverse section of a root with parenchyma
in the center.The stele of many monocot roots
is a vascular cylinder with a core of parenchyma
surrounded by a ring of alternating xylem and phloem.
(b)Transverse section of a typical root.In the
roots of typical gymnosperms and eudicots, as
well as some monocots, the stele is a vascular
cylinder consisting of a lobed core of xylem
with phloem between the lobes.
(a)
100 m
Epidermis
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
31/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Akar Lateral
Muncul dari perisikel, lapisan terluar darisilinder pembuluh
Figure 35.14
Cortex
Vascular
cylinder
Epidermis
Lateral root
100 m
1 2
3 4
Emerging
lateral
root
P t b h i k
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
32/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pertumbuhan primer pucuk
Meristem apikal pucuk
Sutu massa sel berbentuk kubah yangmembelah pada ujung tunas terminal
Figure. 35.15
Apical meristem Leaf primordia
Developing
vascular
strand
Axillary bud
meristems
0.25 mm
O i i j i b t
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
33/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organisasi jaringan batang
Pada gymnospermae dan sebagian besar
dikotil
Jaringan pembuluh membentuk berkas pembuluh
yang tersusun seperti lingkaran
Figure 35.16a
XylemPhloem
Sclerenchyma
(fiber cells)Ground tissue
connecting
pith to cortex
Pith
Epidermis
Vascular
bundle
Cortex
Key
Dermal
Ground
Vascular1 mm
(a) A eudicot stem.A eudicot stem (sunflower), withvascular bundles forming a ring. Ground tissue toward
the inside is called pith, and ground tissue toward the
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
34/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ground
tissue
Epidermis
Vascular
bundles
1 mm
(b) A monocot stem.A monocot stem (maize) with vascular
bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue. In such an
arrangement, ground tissue is not partitioned into pith and
cortex. (LM of transverse section)
Figure 35.16b
Batang monokotil
Berkas pembuluh tersusun tersebar diseluruh jaringan dasar dan tidak tersusun
dalam lingkaran
Organisasi jaringan daun
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
35/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organisasi jaringan daun
Epidermislapisan pertahanan pertama yangmelawan kerusakan fisik dan organisme
patogen.
Terdapat stomata, - memungkinkanpertukaran gas
Jaringan dasar daun
Diapit oleh epidermis atas dan bawah
Jaringan pembuluh
Sambung menyambung dengan jaringanpembuluh batang
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
36/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Key
to labels
Dermal
Ground
Vascular
Guard
cells
Stomatal pore
Epidermal
cell
50 m
Surface view of a spiderwort
(Tradescantia) leaf (LM)
(b)Cuticle
Sclerenchyma
fibers
Stoma
Upperepidermis
Palisade
mesophyll
Spongy
mesophyll
Lower
epidermis
Cuticle
Vein
Guard
cells
Xylem
Phloem
Guard
cells
Bundle-
sheath
cell
Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues(a)
Vein Air spaces Guard cells
100 mTransverse section of a lilac
(Syr inga) leaf (LM)
(c)Figure 35.17ac
Anatomi daun
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
37/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Konsep 35.4: pertumbuhan sekunder
menambah tebal akar dan batang tumbuhan
berkayu
Terjadi pada batang dan akar tumbuhan
berkayu
Tubuh sekunder tumbuhan
Tersusun oleh jaringan yang dihasilkan
kambium pembuluh dan kambium gabus
Kambium pembuluh dan jaringan pembuluh sekunder
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
38/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Kambium pembuluh dan jaringan pembuluh sekunder
Kambium pembuluh
Sel meristemselapis tebalnya
Berkembang dari sel parenkim
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
39/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vascular cambium
Pith
Primary xylem
Secondary
xylem
Vascular
cambium
Secondary
phloem
Primary
phloem
Periderm
(mainly cork
cambia
and cork)
Pith
Primary
xylem
Vascular
cambium
Primary
phloem
Cortex
Epidermis
Vascular cambium
4 First cork cambium
Secondary
xylem (two
years of
production)
Pith
Primary xylemVascular cambium
Primary phloem
2
1
6
Primary
xylemSecondary xylem
Secondary phloem
Primary phloem Cork
Phloem ray3
Xylem
ray
Bark
8 Layers of
periderm
7 Cork5 Most recent
cork cambium
CortexEpidermis
9
In the youngest part of the stem, you can see the primary
plant body, as formed by the apical meristem during primary
growth. The vascular cambium is beginning to develop.
As primary growth continues to elongate the stem, the portion
of the stem formed earlier the same year has already started
its secondary growth. This portion increases in girth as fusiform
initials of the vascular cambium form secondary xylem to the
inside and secondary phloem to the outside.
The ray initials of the vascular cambium give rise to the xylem
and phloem rays.
As the diameter of the vascular cambium increases, the
secondary phloem and other tissues external to the cambium
cannot keep pace with the expansion because the cells no
longer divide. As a result, these tissues, including the
epidermis, rupture. A second lateral meristem, the cork
cambium, develops from parenchyma cells in the cortex. The
cork cambium produces cork cells, which replace the epidermis.
In year 2 of secondary growth, the vascular cambium adds to
the secondary xylem and phloem, and the cork cambium
produces cork.
As the diameter of the stem continues to increase, the
outermost tissues exterior to the cork cambium rupture and
slough off from the stem.
Cork cambium re-forms in progressively deeper layers of the
cortex. When none of the original cortex is left, the cork
cambium develops from parenchyma cells in the
secondary phloem.
Each cork cambium and the tissues it produces form a
layer of periderm.
Bark consists of all tissues exterior to the vascular
cambium.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Secondary phloem
(a) Primary and secondary growth
in a two-year-old stem
Pertumbuhan Primer dan sekunder batang
Figure 35.18a
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
40/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Secondary phloem
Vascular cambiumLate wood
Early woodSecondary
xylem
Cork
cambium
Cork
Periderm
(b) Transverse section
of a three-year-
old stem (LM)
Xylem ray
Bark
0.5 mm0.5 mm
Figure 35.18b
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
41/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Potongan melintang kambium pembuluh
Silinder kambium pembuluh tampak sepertisuatu cincin, yang membagi menjadi inisial
fusiform dan inisial lempengan
Figure 35.19a, b
Vascular
cambium
C
Types of cell division.An initial can dividetransversely to form two cambial initials (C)
or radially to form an initial and either a
xylem (X) or phloem (P) cell.
(a)
Accumulation of secondary growth.Although shown here
as alternately adding xylem and phloem, a cambial initial usually
produces much more xylem.
(b)
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
42/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pohontumbuhan berkayu
Lapisan sekunder yang lebih tua heartwood,sudah tidak mengangkut air dan mineral
Lapisan luar - sapwood, masih mampu
mengangkut air dan mineral
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
43/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Growth ring
Vascular
ray
Heartwood
Sapwood
Vascular cambium
Secondary phloem
Layers of periderm
Secondary
xylem
Bark
Figure 35.20
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
44/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Kambium gabus dan produksi Periderm
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
45/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Kambium gabus dan produksi Periderm
Kambium gabus
Menghasilkan lapisan pelindung tubuhsekunder - periderm
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
46/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Periderm
Tersusun oleh kambium gabus dan sel gabus
Tersusun oleh semua jaringan eksternal diluar
kambium termasuk floem sekunder dan
periderm
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
47/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Konsep 35.5: pertumbuhan, morphogenesis,
dan differensiasi
Pertumbuhan : pembelahan sel dan ekspansi sel
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
48/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Pertumbuhan : pembelahan sel dan ekspansi sel
Bertambahnya jumlah sel
Pembelahan sel meristem menambah potensiuntuk pertumbuhan
Ekspansi sel
Bertambahnya ukuran tumbuhan
Arah dan simetr i pembelahan sel
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
49/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Arah dan simetr i pembelahan sel
Arah dan simetri pembelahan sel
Penting dalam menentukan bentuk tumbuhan
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
50/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bidang pembelahan sejajar dengan
pembelahan pertama
Terbentuk selapis sel
Figure 35.22a
Division in
same plane
Plane of
cell division
Single file of cells forms
Cube forms
Nucleus
Cell divisions in the same plane produce a single file of cells, whereas cell divisions in three planes give rise to a cube.(a)
Division in
three planes
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
51/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bidang pembelahan random
Pembelahan asimetri
Figure 35.22b
Unspecialized
epidermal cell
cell division
Asymmetrical
Unspecialized
epidermal cellGuard cell
mother cellUnspecialized
epidermal cell
Developing
guard cells
(b)An asymmetrical cell division precedes the development of epidermal guard cells, the cells that border
stomata (see Figure 35.17).
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
52/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Orientasi cytoskeleton
Mempengaruhi arah pemanjangan sel denganpengendalian orientasi mikrofibril selulusa di
dalam dinding sel
Figure 35.24
Cellulose
microfibrils
Vacuoles
Nucleus
5 m
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
53/54
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Diferensiasi selular
Figure 35.28
When epidermal cells border a single cortical
cell, the homeotic gene GLABRA-2is selectively
expressed, and these cells will remain hairless.
(The blue color in this light micrograph indi-
cates cells in which GLABRA-2is expressed.)
Here an epidermal cell borders two
cortical cells. GLABRA-2is not expressed,
and the cell will develop a root hair.
The ring of cells external to the epi -
dermal layer is composed of root
cap cells that will be sloughed off as
the root hairs start to differentiate.
Cortical
cells
20 m
8/10/2019 struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
54/54
Perubahan morfologi
Leaves produced
by adult phaseof apical meristem
Leaves produced
by juvenile phase
of apical meristem
Figure 35.29
Top Related