viii
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STRATEGIES FOR TAKING STANDARDIZED TESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S1
PART 1: STRATEGIES FOR STUDYING GEOGRAPHY S2PART 2: TEST-TAKING STRATEGIES AND PRACTICE S6
RAND McNALLY ATLAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1
Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1 Looking at the Earth
1 The Five Themes of Geography 52 The Geographer’s Tools 10
GEOGRAPHY SKILLS HANDBOOK 14Reading a MapScaleUsing the Geographic GridProjectionsUsing Different Types of Maps
Thematic Maps
Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2 A Living Planet
1 The Earth Inside and Out 27
DISASTERS! Asteroid Hit! 302 Bodies of Water and Landforms 323 Internal Forces Shaping the Earth 374 External Forces Shaping the Earth 42
Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3 Climate and Vegetation
1 Seasons and Weather 492 Climate 543 World Climate Regions 59
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting Climographs 64
4 Soils and Vegetation 65
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4 People and Places
1 The Elements of Culture 712 Population Geography 783 Political Geography 834 Urban Geography 875 Economic Geography 91
Nanjing Road,Shanghai, China(p. 81)
Volcano inCosta Rica (p. 2)
ix
Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100• The Depletion of Resources• Urban Sprawl• Diverse Societies Face Change
UNIT 2 ATLAS 102REGIONAL DATA FILE 108
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Chapter OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5 A Land of Contrasts
1 Landforms and Resources 1172 Climate and Vegetation 1233 Human-Environment Interaction 127
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading a Highway Map 131
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6 Shaping an Abundant Land
1 History and Government of the United States 1352 Economy and Culture of the United States 1403 Subregions of the United States 145
DISASTERS! The Dust Bowl 150
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
7 Developing a Vast Wilderness
1 History and Government of Canada 1552 Economy and Culture of Canada 159
COMPARING CULTURES Transportation 1643 Subregions of Canada 166
Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
8 The United States and Canada
1 The Depletion of Resources 1732 Urban Sprawl 176
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS Reading a Bounded-Area Map 179
CASE STUDY
Diverse Societies Face Change 180
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Mesa VerdeNational Park,Colorado (p. 135)
Parliamentguards, Ottawa,Ontario (p. 158)
x
Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188• Rain Forest Resources• Giving Citizens a Voice• The Income Gap
UNIT 3 ATLAS 190REGIONAL DATA FILE 196
Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF LATIN AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
9 From the Andes to the Amazon
1 Landforms and Resources 201
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Precipitation Map 206
2 Climate and Vegetation 2073 Human-Environment Interaction 210
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF LATIN AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
10 A Blending of Cultures
1 Mexico 2172 Central America and the Caribbean 222
DISASTERS! Volcano on Montserrat 2283 Spanish-Speaking South America 2304 Brazil 236
COMPARING CULTURES Festivals and Holidays 240
Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
11 Latin America
1 Rain Forest Resources 245
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting Satellite Images 248
2 Giving Citizens a Voice 249
CASE STUDY
The Income Gap 252
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Chacobo Indianson the AmazonRiver, Bolivia (p. 186)
São Paulo,Brazil (p. 251)
Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260• Turmoil in the Balkans• Cleaning Up Europe• The European Union
UNIT 4 ATLAS 262REGIONAL DATA FILE 268
Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
12 The Peninsula of Peninsulas
1 Landforms and Resources 2732 Climate and Vegetation 278
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Bar Graph 281
3 Human-Environment Interaction 282
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
13 Diversity, Conflict, Union
1 Mediterranean Europe 289
DISASTERS! Bubonic Plague 2942 Western Europe 2963 Northern Europe 302
COMPARING CULTURES Geographic Sports Challenges 3084 Eastern Europe 310
Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
14 Europe
1 Turmoil in the Balkans 319
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Thematic Map 322
2 Cleaning Up Europe 323
CASE STUDY
The European Union 326
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The Eiffel Tower,Paris, France (p. 259)
The Wetterhorn,Switzerland (p. 310)
xi
xii
Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334• Regional Conflict• The Struggle for Economic Reform• The Soviet Union’s Nuclear Legacy
UNIT 5 ATLAS 336REGIONAL DATA FILE 342
Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF RUSSIA AND THE REPUBLICS. . . . . . . . 344
15 A Land of Extremes
1 Landforms and Resources 3452 Climate and Vegetation 3503 Human-Environment Interaction 353
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSUnderstanding Time Zones 357
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF RUSSIA AND THE REPUBLICS . . . . . . . . . . 360
16 A Diverse Heritage
1 Russia and the Western Republics 361
DISASTERS! Nuclear Explosion at Chernobyl 3682 Transcaucasia 3703 Central Asia 375
COMPARING CULTURES Homes and Shelters 380
Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
17 Russia and the Republics
1 Regional Conflict 3852 The Struggle for Economic Reform 388
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading Line and Pie Graphs 391
CASE STUDY
The Soviet Union’s Nuclear Legacy 392
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St. Basil’sCathedral,Moscow,Russia (p. 362)
Frozen LakeBaikal, Russia (p. 350)
xiii
Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400• Economic Development• Health Care• Effects of Colonialism
UNIT 6 ATLAS 402REGIONAL DATA FILE 408
Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
18 The Plateau Continent
1 Landforms and Resources 415
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading an Economic Activity Map 419
2 Climate and Vegetation 4203 Human-Environment Interaction 424
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
19 From Human Beginnings to New Nations
1 East Africa 431
DISASTERS! Famine in Somalia 4362 North Africa 4383 West Africa 442
COMPARING CULTURES Feasts 4464 Central Africa 4485 Southern Africa 453
Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
20 Africa
1 Economic Development 461
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading a City Map 464
2 Health Care 465
CASE STUDY
Effects of Colonialism 468
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MountKilimanjaro,Tanzania(p. 399)
Masai Girl,Kenya (p. 434)
Sahara Desert,North Africa (p. 420)
xiv
Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476• Population Relocation• Oil Wealth Fuels Change• Religious Conflict Over Land
UNIT 7 ATLAS 478REGIONAL DATA FILE 484
Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHWEST ASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
21 Harsh and Arid Lands
1 Landforms and Resources 4872 Climate and Vegetation 491
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading a Vegetation Map 494
3 Human-Environment Interaction 495
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHWEST ASIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
22 Religion, Politics, and Oil
1 The Arabian Peninsula 503
COMPARING CULTURES Religious Architecture 5082 The Eastern Mediterranean 5103 The Northeast 516
DISASTERS! Earthquake in Turkey 520
Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
23 Southwest Asia
1 Population Relocation 525
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Population Density Map 528
2 Oil Wealth Fuels Change 529
CASE STUDY
Religious Conflict Over Land 532
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Oasis on caravanroute from Yemento Palestine (p. 475)
Kurdish family,Turkey (p. 476)
xv
Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540• Population Explosion• Living with Extreme Weather• Territorial Dispute
UNIT 8 ATLAS 542REGIONAL DATA FILE 548
Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH ASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
24 The Land Where Continents Collided
1 Landforms and Resources 5512 Climate and Vegetation 556
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSReading a Weather Map 559
3 Human-Environment Interaction 560
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH ASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
25 A Region of Contrasts
1 India 5672 Pakistan and Bangladesh 573
DISASTERS! The Cyclone of 1970 5783 Nepal and Bhutan 5804 Sri Lanka and the Maldives 584
COMPARING CULTURES Musical Instruments 588
Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
26 South Asia
1 Population Explosion 593
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLS Reading a Population Pyramid 596
2 Living with Extreme Weather 597
CASE STUDY
Territorial Dispute 600
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Tea Plantation,Sri Lanka(p. 586)
Taj Mahal, Agra, India (p. 538)
xvi
Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608• The Ring of Fire• Trade and Prosperity• Population and the Quality of Life
UNIT 9 ATLAS 610REGIONAL DATA FILE 616
Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF EAST ASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
27 A Rugged Terrain
1 Landforms and Resources 619
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Contour Map 624
2 Climate and Vegetation 6253 Human-Environment Interaction 628
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF EAST ASIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
28 Shared Cultural Traditions
1 China 635
DISASTERS! Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) Flood of 1931 640
2 Mongolia and Taiwan 6423 The Koreas: North and South 6474 Japan 651
COMPARING CULTURES Masks 656
Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
29 East Asia
1 The Ring of Fire 661
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Proportional Circle Map 664
2 Trade and Prosperity 665
CASE STUDY
Population and the Quality of Life 668
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Mount Fuji,Japan (p. 607)
Potala Palace,Tibet (p. 619)
Crowded urban street,Hong Kong (p. 668)
xvii
Introduction PREVIEW: TODAY’S ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676• Aboriginal Land Claims• Industrialization Sparks Change• Global Environmental Change
UNIT 10 ATLAS 678REGIONAL DATA FILE 684
Chapter PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA,OCEANIA, AND ANTARCTICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68830 A Region of Extremes
1 Landforms and Resources 689
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Relief Map 693
2 Climate and Vegetation 6943 Human-Environment Interaction 698
Chapter HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA,OCEANIA, AND ANTARCTICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70431 Migration and Conquest
1 Southeast Asia 705
DISASTERS! Krakatoa 7102 Oceania 712
COMPARING CULTURES Regional Costumes 7163 Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica 718
Chapter TODAY’S ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
32 Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica
1 Aboriginal Land Claims 7272 Industrialization Sparks Change 730
RAND McNALLY MAP AND GRAPH SKILLSInterpreting a Cartogram 733
CASE STUDY
Global Environmental Change 734
C THE WAR ON TERRORISM US2
REFERENCESkillbuilder Handbook R1 Gazetteer R36English Glossary R16 Index R50Spanish Glossary R26 Acknowledgments R66
For more information on Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica . . .
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Ice Cliffs,Antarctica (p. 674) Fishing on
Cook Island(p. 714)
Uluru, or Ayers Rock,Australia (p. 729)
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