AP Human Geography Unit 3a: Language Guided Reading Mr. Stepek
Directions: This guided reading covers Chapter 5 (Rubenstein) and Chapter 6 (de Blij). Follow the page guidance in order to complete this organizer. The manner in which the material below is organized does not necessarily match the order that it is presented in the chapter.
Rubenstein p 134 – 137 (Introduction)1. What is a language?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________a. What term refers to a “system of written communication”? ____________________________________________b. How are official languages used (also see de Blij p 194 – 195)? __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. With what PROCESS (which we have already studied) is the spread of language closely related ? ______________2. According to Ethnologue, how many languages are spoken in the world (round to the nearest thousand)?
__________a. What 11 languages (2011) are spoken by more than 100 mil. people? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Rubenstein p 137 – 143 (Origin and Diffusion of English)3. Through what process and to what areas did English diffuse?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Complete the timeline below to detail how English became the predominant language of the British Isles When? Contributing group(s) Impact on England/Dev. of English
2000 BCoriginal language overtaken by Romans and later Germanic invasions in AD 450To where were they pushed?
A.D. 450 Why did English diverge from other Germanic languages?
9th century
A.D. 1066
What was the official language? For how long? Who spoke it?
Who spoke English?What did this result in? How is this reflected in the words we use?
5. (de Blij p 180) What criterion have linguists rejected to differentiate between a language and a dialect? _______________________________ Why is this a problem? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ What are some examples of this problem? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. What is a dialect (Rubenstein p. 139 – 141, de Blij 180 – 181)? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a. How do linguists view the distribution of dialects across space? Describe. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b. What do geographers call a word usage boundary? ___________________________________________________
7. What is considered the standard dialect of the English-speaking world? _____________________________________a. With what group of people is this most associated? ___________________________________________________b. What caused the differences in American and British English? ___________________________________________c. In what three ways do American and British English differ? _____________________________________________
8. What are the three original Eastern dialects spoken in the American colonies? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________a. Which of these contained the most geographic and ethnic diversity? _____________________________________b. Which of these three became the standard pronunciation throughout the American West? ___________________
9. Indo-European Branches (from reading Rubenstein p 143 – 148 AND using the language tree on p 154 - 155) Language Family Language Branch
(de Blij = “subfamilies”)Language Group Languages
when did they separate?
Indo
-Eur
opea
n
Indo-Iranian
Indic (Eastern) “Indo-Aryan” (list the 5 Indo-Aryan lang. spoken by > 50 million) (see 154 – 155)
Iranian (Western)
Germanic
Usi
ng fi
gure
6.2
(de
Blij)
col
or c
ode
the
map
of E
urop
e (n
ext p
age)
show
ing
the
dist
ributi
on o
f la
ngua
ge b
ranc
hes w
ithin
Eur
ope
(als
o in
clud
e th
e lo
catio
n of
thes
e ex
cepti
ons t
o In
do-E
urop
ean
dom
inan
ce in
Eur
ope
: the
Ura
lic a
nd A
ltaic
/Tur
kic
fam
ilies
and
the
“Oth
er L
angu
ages
” (B
asqu
e) .
West Germanic
North Germanic
Balto
-Sla
vic
Baltic (p 221 top paragraph)
East Slavic
West Slavic
South Slavic Serbo-Croatian
Romance
Evolved from what ancient language? _____________What dialect in particular?______________________
Celtic (p 157 – 159)
Goidelic
Brythonic
Other
See map on page 144. What languages are Indo-European but have not been classified above?
de Blij (Language Formation p 184 – 189)10. According to de Blij, the process by which new languages are formed because spatial interaction between speakers
has broken down is called what (p 185)? _____________________________________________________________a. What is the first step or process that happens in language divergence (de Blij p 184)? _______________________b. What technique is used to trace the above changes back to an extinct common ancestral language (de Blij p 185)?
____________________________________________________________________________________________c. What term refers to the general process in which two languages combine to form a new language (de Blij p 185)?
____________________________________________________________________________________________i. What is a pidgin language (de Blij p 193)? ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ii. What is a creole language (de Blij p 194, DO NOT USE the Rubenstein, it is wrong!)? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. What is Proto-Indo-European (de Blij p 184 - 185)? _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________a. Some linguistics have hypothesized that there is an even older common root for many different language families
including Indo-European, Uralic-Altaic, Dravidian and Afro-Asiatic. This is called what? ______________________Rubenstein p 149 – 151 (The Origin and Diffusion of the Indo-European Language Family) 12. Based on linguistic analysis, what is assumed about the geographic hearth of the Indo-European language family? Why?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________13. Complete chart comparing the theories regarding the origin and diffusion of the Indo-European language family.Theory on the origin of
Indo-EuropeanNomadic Warrior Thesis
(de Blij calls this the ____________ Theory)Sedentary Farmer Thesis
de Blij = “agriculture theory”Proposed byHearth
Dates of migration
Path of migration
Result of migration
How it became the dominant language? (de Blij p 187 – 188)
(lecture) We will discuss how this relates to the dispersal theory (de Blij p 187).
Rubenstein p 156 – 164 (Key Issue 4: Why do People Preserve Local Languages?)14. What is an extinct language?
_______________________________________________________________________ a. How many languages today are considered to be nearly extinct? _______________________________________b. Why is Hebrew an exception to a typical extinct language? ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Describe some of the methods that have been used to preserve endangered languages (read the section on the Celtic languages and list some of the methods being used). ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. What is a monolingual state (de Blij p 194)? List some examples ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. What are multilingual states? ______________________________________________________________________
17. Provide details on Multilingual states in Western Europe
Countries Belgium Switzerland
Languages/regions
Future? (read de Blij p 172 – 176 for more on Belgium)
18. What is an isolated language? _____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________a. What language spoken in SW Europe would be considered an isolated language? _________________________
19. What is lingua franca (use de Blij p 193)? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20. What is a global language? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ What language serves as the closest thing to a global language today? _______________a. In what areas is English used as a way of cross-cultural communication? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21. Distribution of Other Language Families (Use pages 151 – 156 including the “tree” chart on 154 – 155). Language Family Where found?
(based on map on page 153 and text
describe distribution)
% world pop.p 152
Major languages w/in family(use figure 5-17 and the Rubenstein p. 151 - 156)
I have incl. some that may be historically significant
Other facts(Answer or provide detail according to
Rubenstein p 151 – 156)
Indo-European (done for you)
Europe, South Asia, Americas, former colonies in Asia and Africa
46%sp
oken
>
140m
Hindi Bengali Single largest family, spread thru colonialization and migration. Includes European languages and those of Iran and South Asia. See #7-11 for more.
English Portuguese
Spanish Russian
Sino-TibetanChina, Taiwan, Burma
Most spoken native language in world?
Ideograms are:
Afro-Asiatic
? Hausa (in Nigeria)
Why are so many non-Arabic speakers familiar with Arabic?
Berber HebrewWhat book is in Hebrew?
AustronesianIncl > 20 mil. What is odd about this family’s distrib.?
Niger-Congo
Incl > 10 mil. What % of sub-Saharan Africans?What role does Swahili play (see pg. 162)?
What vocabulary term describes this?
DravidianIncl. > 50 million people Orig. to Indus Valley Civ. pushed S. by Aryans
(Indo-Europeans). Substrate = influences/lends many words to Indo-Euro spoken in N. India
Altaic Central Asian languages suffered under what process we previously learned about?Central Asia Languages
(Kazakh, Uzbek, etc.)
Japanese What culture has influenced both?What family might Korean be related toKorean
Austro-Asiatic Uses Roman alphabet brought by Catholic missionaries in 17th century (book error)
Uralic
Com
b. #
is le
ss
than
5%
of g
loba
l Magyar = Hungarian. What mountain range was hearth? Estonian
Nilo-SaharanKhoisan
Caucasian Georgian Chechen Mountains cause linguistic fragmentation
Tai-Kadai Thai Lao
p o pOther Examples:
22.Use
the powerpoint called “Language Families” to color code the map on the following page. PLEASE, PLEASE, PLEASE, DO NOT use the maps in the textbooks or online, they are overly complicated. You need to know about the distribution of language families at the level of specificity of the powerpoint. Don’t confuse yourself. Add any NEW details from the powerpoint to the graphic organizer on the previous page.
Rubenstein p 162 – 164 (Global dominance of English)23. Why do some governments and students believe learning English is important?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________a. As evidence for above, What percentage of students in the EU learn English in middle or high school? _________
24. How has the diffusion of English changed in recent years since the end of the British Empire? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25. What is Ebonics? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________a. Why is Ebonics considered controversial? Against: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________For: __________________________________________________________________________________________b. What other dialect has similar arguments being made for and against its use? ____________________________
26. What are three “pidgin” languages being created thru mixing with English? _________________________________a. Which has received the most official resistance? Why? _______________________________________________b. Which is especially widespread in popular culture? __________________________________________________
de Blij p 197 – 200 (What Role Does Language Play in Making Places?) 27. List the ten different types of toponymns?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
28. Complete the following chart detailing four common reasons why toponyms change.Reason Explanation (What is the goal of this toponym change?) Examples
Post-Colonial
Post-Revolution
Memorial
Commodification
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