TARABA STATE POLYTHECNIC SUNTAI,
JALINGO CAMPUS
SLT ND II COURSE NOTE
COURSE CODE: STB 211
COURSE TITLE:
PEST AND PEST CONTROL
LECTURERS: MRS VICTORIA ADAMS BAMBUR
AND
MRS RUTH SUNDAY
STB 211 : PEST AND PEST CONTROL
Pest is an organism which is regarded as unwanted or injurious, or unwanted, it can also be referred to as an insect or small animals that damages plants. This is most often because it causes damage to agriculture through feeding on crops or parasitizing livestock, such as codling moth (insect that fly by night), or ball weevil (insects that eat and destroy fibres and cotton).
An animal can also be a pest when it cause
damage to a wild ecosystem (household) or
carries germ (micro-organisms that causes
disease) within human habitats. Example of
these include those organism with vector
(transmit) disease on human such as rats and
fleas (an insect that feeds on human feces)
which carry the plague disease, or mosquito
which vector malaria
The term pest may be used to refer specially to
harmful animals but is also often taken to
mean all harmful organisms including fungi
and viruses. It is possible for an animal to be a
pest in one setting but beneficial or
domesticated in another
ANIMAL PHYLA CONTAINING PEST
This include:
i. phylum: Nematoda (roundworms)
ii. Phylum: Mollusca
iii. Phylum: Arthropoda
iv. Phylum: chortdata
Phylum: nematoda (roundworms)
Nematodes commonly parastic on humans include whipworms,
hookworms, pinworms ascaris and filarids the species
a. Trichinella spiralis: commonly known as the trichana worm,
occurs in rats, pigs and humans and is responsible for disease
trichonosis
b. Baylisascaris: usually in fest wild animals but can be deadly to
humans as well.
c. Haemonchus contortus: is one of the most abundant
infectious agents in sheep around the world, causing great
economy damage to sheep forms.
In contrast, entomthogenic nematodes
parasitize insects are consider by humans to be
beneficial
Plant parastic nematodes include several
groups causing severe crops losses. The most
common general are:
Aphelen choides (foliar nematodes)
Meloidgyne (root-knot nematodes)
Heterodera, globodera (cyst nematodes) such as the potato cyst
Naccobus, pratylenchus (lesion nematdes)
some nematodes species transmit viruses through their feeding activity on roots. One of them is xiphinema index, vector of GFLV (Grapevine Fan Leaf Virus), an important disease of grapes.
PHYLUM: MOLLUSCA
The members of the phylum mollusca posses
soft bodies and hard external shells e.g snails
and snugs. They also possess a single flat
muscular foot for movement, possess head and
anus too.
The posterior part of the members is seen to
have a mantle cavity which has opening of
kidney and reproductive structures.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
(SNAIL)
They are soft bodied un-segmented.
Bodies differentiated into head, ventral, muscular foot for locomotion and a burrowing and a dorsal visceral lump covered by a fold of skin.
Some are aquatic while others are terrestrial.
Some possess tentacles on their head
They have eyes on the tentacle which is used for sensitivity
PHYLUM: ARTHROPODA
arthropoda are animals with a hard,
outerskeleton a jointed body and limbs this
make upaphylum of invertebrates that include
insects such as ants, beetles and butterflies;
crustaceans; such as lobsters, shrimps and
crabs; and arachinds include; scorpion, spiders
and ticks artropodes are adopted to life on
land, at sea and in the air.
as plant pollinators, nutrients recyclers and prey for other animals, they are essential members of the web of life. Many arthropodes, including, shrimps, lobsters and crabs are harvested as food for people through out the world. other arthropods provide the ingredients for fabric dyes, wood preservatives and medicines members of one arthropodes class in particular-insectar can be formidable pest, devouring crops destroying wood structures, spreading malaria and other life threatening disease
arthropoda is divided into three living
subphyla: chelicetra, crustacea and unirama.
examples are water fleas, woodlice, scorpions,
spiders tick, mites, cockroaches, house flies,
grasshoppers, mosquito, centipedes,
millipedes.
PHLUM: CHORDOTA
chordate, common name for animals of the phylum chordota, which include vertabrates as well as some invertebrate that possess at least for some time in their lives, a stiff rod called a notchord lying above the gut and beneath a single, hollow dorsal nerve chord. About 43,700 living species are known, making the chordates the third largest animal phylum. Three subphyla exist: cephalochordata, the fishlike lancelets with 25 species,
tunicata, the highly modified tunicates, with
about 2,000 species and vertebrate, animals
with backbones made up of vetebrae examples
are rats, mice squirrels, elephant, warthogs
e.t.c.
ARTHROPOD PEST
i. Class:insecta
insects are a major group of arthropods and
the most diverse group of animals on the earth,
with over a million describe species. Insects
may be found in nearly all environment on the
planet, although only a small number of
species occur in the oceans. Insects possess
segmented bodies supported by an exoskeleton
A hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organised into three distinctive but interconnected units or tagmata: head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compounds eyes, one or three simple eyes (“o’cell’”) and three sets of variously modified appendages that from the mouth parts. The thorax has six segmented legs (one pair each for thee prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax segments making up the thorax)
And two or four wings. The abdomen (made up of
eleven segments some of which may be reduce or
fused) has most of the digestive, respiratory,
excretory and reproductive internal structures. The
mouth part is fort chewing, sucking or lapping they
are seperated sexes i.e male and female differs.
a. subclass: apterygota (without metamorphosis).
order: collembola e.g garden flea, this damages
young vegetable.
b. Subclass: pterygota (they are winged and have
metarmophosis)
order: orthoptera e.g grasshoper, cricket,
cockroaches
Dermaptera e.g earwigs
Isoptera e.g termites
Mallphaga e.g chewing lice
Anoplura e.g sucking lice
Pscoptera e.g booklice
Hemiptera e.g truebugs
Homoptera e.g aphids
Thysanptera e.g thrips
Lepidoptera e.g moths and butterflies
Diptera e.g flies, mosquitoes
Coleoptera e.g beetles, weevils
ii. Class symphala
they are about 6mm long. They are white,
have no eyes, and have antennae, jaws and 2
pairs of maxillae. Adult have 12 pairs f legs.
They are found in damp places with humus e.g
garden centipede. It injures seed and young
shoots or sugar beets, and other crops.
iii. Class: Arachinda
their abdomen lacks locomptory appendages. They have only simple eyes, no compound eyes. The cuticle is often with sensory hairs or scales. They are mostly oviparous with nometamorphosis.
Order: scorpionida eg. Scorpions`
Araneae eg. Spiders
acarina e.g. Mites and ticks
Iv. Class : Diplopoda – Their body is long and
cylinderical. Their head is with two pair of
segmented antennae, Jaws and maxillae. Their
abdoment is with 1 – 100 segments each with
two pairs of legs. Their development is direct,
they are found in moist places eg. Millipede.
V. Class: crustacea – their head is with two
pairs of antennae, a pair of jaws, two pairs of
maxillae. Their body is with a dorsal carapace.
They have a larval stage development eg.
Woodlice, crayfish.
NEMATODE PEST
The nematodes or roundworms are of Phylum
nematoda, and are one of the most common
phyla of animals, with over 80,000 different
described species. They live in fresh water,
marine and terrestrial environments, where
they often outnumber other animals in both
individual and species count. They are many in
parastic forms, including pathogens, in most
plant, animal and also in humans.
Roundworms are bilaterally symmetric and
triploblastic protostomes with a complete
digestive system, no circulatory or respiratory
system, so they use diffuse to breath. Nutrients
are transported throughout the body via fluid in
the pseudocoelon. Most free living nematodes
are microscopic, generally eat bacteria, fungi
and protozoans although some are filter
feeders.
From an agricultural perspective, there are two categories of nematodes; 1
1. predatory nematode which will kill garden eg. Cutworm
2. pest nematode which attack plants like the root-knot nematode. Rotation of plants with nematode resistant species or varieties are one means of managing parasitic nematode infections.
CASE STUDY: GLOBADERA ROSTOCHIENSIS
Classification:
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Nematoda
Order – Tylenchide
Class – secernentea
Subclass – Diplogasteria
Super family – Tylenchoidea
Family – Heteroderidea
Subfamily – Heteroderinea
Genus – Globodera
Species – rostochiensis.
Potato cyst nematode (PCN) are 1mm long roundworms. They
belong to the Genus Globodera with about 12 species. They
live in roots of plants of the family Solanaceae eg. Potatoes and
tomatoes. The PCN cause growth retardation and damage to
the roots and early senecence of plants. Fields are from PCN
until an introduction occurs, after which the typical patches, or
hot spots, occur on the farmland. These patches become full
field infestations when unchecked. Yield reductions can be up
to 60% at high population density. The PCN can survive in any
environmemt where potatoes can be grown. A period of 38 –
48 days, depending on the soil temparature, for complete life
cycle of the potato nematodes.
LIFE CYCLE OF GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS
Eggs remain dormant within the dead female’s body (i.e. cyst) until the proper stimulus to hatch is received i.e. A chemical stimuli released by the roots of the host plat (solanoedepine). Eggs can remain dormant and viable within the cyst for 30years
While in dormant stage, the nematodes are more resistant to nematicides.
When soil temperatures are warm enough (above 10degreesC), and the proper hatching signals are received, then the second stage juveniles hatch from the eggs, escape from the cyst and invade the tips of the root and establish a feeding site.
Egg hatch is stimulated by host root diffusate (60-80) and only about 5% hatch in water some eggs do not hatch until subsequent years
Host plant cells within the root cortex are stimulated to form special cells which transfer nutrients to nematodes.
After feeding commences, the juvenile grows and undergoes 3 more molts to become an adult.
Females grow and become round, breaking through the roots
and exposing the posterior portion of their body t the external
environment.
Male juvenile remain active feeding on the host plant till
maturity
Adult do not feed
Sex is determine by food supply
They reproduce sexually
Nematode may mate several times
The eggs can survive for up to 20 years inside these cyst.
MAJOR CROPS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO
NEMATODE ATTACK.
Abouut 2000 pla nts are suscetible to infection
by root knot nematode and they cause
approximately 5% of global crop loss.
Examples are : citrus cotton, cowpea , peanuts ,
rice, soybean, cucumber, pepper, flowers,
tomatoes, banana, carrots, ginger, grape,
strawberries, lotus, pawpaw, passion, fruits
pine apple, pumpkin etc.
Citrus: several nematode species are associated with citrus the most devastating one is citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) cause the diseases- slow declineof citrus
Coconut: the most destructive diseases affecting the crop is red ring disease, caused by the red ring nematode (Rhadinaphe lenchus cocophilus). Nematode ivades through root tissue, stem and leaves.
Corn: lesion nematodes and corn cyst nematode(Heterodera zeae) causing severe damage to corn.
Cotton: The two most important root diseases of cotton are root-knot caused by root knot nematode and fusarium wilt caused by fungus
Food legumes: several parasitic nematode are associated with legumes crops; pea cyst; stem nematode, root cyst and reniform nematodes.
CONTROL MEASURES BY WHICH NEMATODE
CAN BE REDUCED IN THE SOIL
Soil solization (specific nematode to specific crop)
Fallowing period
Pesticide
Sanitation
Planting resistant variety e.g tomato (VFN
Verticulum Fusarium Nematode)
Crop rotation
Suppressive plants.
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF THE ORDERS OF
INSECT OF AGRICULTURE
The orders of insect in agriculture are: orders hemiptera,
lepidoptera, coleoptera and hymenoptera
i. hemiptera(bugs) this include true bugs, stink bugs, aphids it is
divided into three sub-orders
a. geocrriza(terrestrial bug)
b. Amphibicorzae(semi aquatic or shore inhibiting bug)
c. Hydrocorizae(aquatic bug)
they have sucking, piercing mouth parts.
ii. order: lepidoptera- butterflies and moths are similar
animals. But they have some general differences.
Butterflies have knobs on tips of antennae moths
have thread like, feathery antenna. Butterflies and
moths are similar animals, but have the following
differences:-
Butterflies Moths
It has knobs (round shape) or
clubs (heavy shape) on the tip
of antennae
Moths has threat like
shape
Butterflies fly only in the day
time
Moths are active in the
night.
SIMILARITIES OF BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS
Their mouth parts are for chewing in larval stage and sucking in
adult stage.
They have no mandible and maxillae jointed as coiled tube
(probosis) for sucking fluids.
They have large eyes.
They have long antennae.
They have membranous wings, broad with few cross vein.
Their larva (catapillar) is worm like with 3 legs pairs on
abdomen.
2 silk (a thin smooth cloth made from fibre) on lambium
iii. Order coleptera
These are the beetles
They are the largest group of animals on earth.
Coleoptera come from Greek words coeos(sheath) and ptera (wing) this refers to its characteristics of beetles.
They have chewing mouth parts.
Some have snout (long nose) like.
Their forewings are thick (elytra)
Their hind wings are membranous (thin) with few veins.
Most beetles can fly while some live on the ground due to loss of their ability to fly.
Some beetle live in the nest of ants and termites forming mutually beneficial relationship.
Beetle feeds on particular species of plant; are scavengers; predator and prey.
ORDER DIPTERAL
Their forewings are trabsparent, with few veins
Their hind wings are represented by short knobbed (round
shape) halters
Some are wingless
Their mouth is for piecing and sucking or sponging with
proboscis.
Their larvas are usually footless
Examples of Diptera are: black flies, sand flies, bee flies, tsetse
flies, mosquitoes etc.
ORDER: HYMENOPTERS
Hymen (membrane) Ptera (wing).
They are insect that are more than 1000,000 spp eg. Ants, bees,
wasp,sawflies, chalcids and ichneumons
The have chewing mouth part or biting
In bees, their mouths are modified to draw nectar from flowers
They have 2 pairs of membranous wings.
Some re wingless
The ovipositor(end of the abdomen) in female is used depositing eggs.
The ovipositor in some higher female is used for stinger only, i.e. for
defence.
Their larva are like caterpillar or legless
DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF BIRDS AND ANIMALS
BIRD:
Bird belongs to the class Aves
They have a vertebral column and a skull
They are warm blooded animals i.e they
maintained their body temperature at a
constant level and above that of their
surroundings
EXTERNAL ANATOMY (FEATURES) OF BIRDS
They are covered with feathers
Their forelimbs are modified as wings, usually adapted for flight
Their hind limbs are use for walking, patching or swimming and with 4 toestheir feathers consist of a shaft with rows of fine filaments (bobs) on each side.
They have true digestive and respiratory system
They usually lay eggs.
USE OF RESISTANT VARIETIES OF CROPS TO
OVERCOME PEST
Development of resistance line seen to offer
the best prospects of crop protection,
particularly, if this is combined with the use of
healthy, clean seed, efficient weed control and
crop rotation.
BIOLOGICAL METHOD OF PEST CONTROL
Biological control of pest is the use of natural enemies of pest to control it,
instead of chemical agents like insecticides and herbicides eg. Ants, Lady
beetle and lacewings, paracitoids, pathogens.
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Conservation: Adpted to targeted environment and to th target pest.
Classical biological control: introduction of natural enemies to a new locality
Augumentation: This involves the supplement or continous release of
natural enemies (paracitoids
CULTURAL METHODS ADPTED TO CONTROL
PEST
It involves variationS of standard horticultural or animal husbandry
practices. This control usually modify the relationships between a pest
population and its natural environment.
TYPES OF CULTURAL CONTROL OF PEST
Crop isolation
Planting density and spacing
Mixed cropping
Timing of seedlings and planting
Crop rotation
Destruction of volunteer plant
Management of alternate hosts
Management of trap crops
Other cultural methods are ; management of nursery crps, cultivation/
tillage, fertilization and manuring, timing f defoliation, irrigation drainage,
sanitation, mulches, timing harvest and strip harvest.
ADVANTATEGES OF CULTURAL CONTROL
They are the cheapest of all
They do not require extra labour
They are dependable
They are specific
They are not detrimental or effect of pesticides
They have no undesirable residues in food.
DISADVANTAGES OF CULTURAL CONTROL
They require long time planning for greater effectiveness
They need careful timing
They substitute knowledge
They require skills or energy demanding
They cause erosion.
CHEMICAL METHODS OF PEST CONTROL:
This is the use of manufactured chemical compound, which is applied to
control a pest species eg. Herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides. etc.
Chemical control form the foremost methods for management of insect
pest of agriculture.
PESTICIDES
A pesticide is a mixture of substance used to kill a pest. The pesticide may
be chemical substance of biological agents and antimicrobial disinfection or
devise used against pest.
USES OF PESTICIDES
For most cropping system and in some case insect vectored disease,
pesticides are the only practical technology.
Pesticides have rapid curative action in preventing loss of crop yield or
protecting human/ animal health
Pesticides offer wide range of properties, uses method of application to pest
situation
Economic return-cost ratio for pesticides use is generally favourable.
CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES:
Pesticides are commonly classified in several ways:
chemical class
target organism
mode of action
application on timing or usage
PESTICIDES AND THEIR TARGET
TERMS - TARGET
Algaecide - Algae
Avicide - Birds
Bactericide - Bacteria
Defoliant - Cropfoliage
Deciccant - Crop plant
Fungicide - Fungi
Herbicide - plant (weeds)
Miticide - mites
Molluscicide - molluscas
Nematicide - nematodes
Plant growth regulator - Crop plants
Rodenticide - Rodents
Piscicide - Fish
Lampricide - Lamprey
Wood preservative - Wood destroying pest
TARGET CLASSIFICATION MAY ALSO SPECIFY GROWTH STAGES
Ovicides – eggs
Larvicides - Larvae
Adulticides - Adult
MODE OF ACTION EXAMPLES
Broad spectrum
Contact poison
Disinfectant (Eradicant)
Germination Inhibitor
Non-selective
Nerve Poison
Protectants
Repellants
Systemic
Stomach Poison
CLASSIFICATION BY TIMING
ANNUAL CROPS
Seed Treatment: Pesticides coats or is absorbed into seed.
Pre-plant-Pesticide: Pesticide applied anytime before planting.
At –planting: Pesticide applied during planting operation.
In furrow: In the planting row, direct contact with crop seed.
Side-dress: Next to the row, no direct contact with crop seed.
Broadcast: Distributed over soil surface.
Pre-emergent: before the crop has emerged from the ground.
Post-emergent: After the crop has emerged from the ground.
Lay-by: Final operation before harvest sequence.
PERENIAL CROPS:
Dormant: Applied during water.
Bud break: Applied as dormancy is broken.
HARVEST-RELATED TIMING:
Pre-harvest: just before crop is harvested.
Post-harvest: After crop is harvested.
BENEFITS OF PESTICIDES
Inexpensive.
Greater control confidence.
Effective and rapid.
Therapeutic.
Management efficiency.
Can enable other management practices.
DISADVANTAGES:
Cost of pesticide.
Greater human health threat.
Greater environmental cost.
Detrimental effects on non-target species.
Less sustainable.
SAFETY PRECAUTION IN APPLYING OF
PESTICIDE
Use the correct pesticide (Read the labelling on the container).
Deal with any emergency exposure
Know the first aid procedure for pesticide use
Prepare for accidental split-clay, charcoal.
Hydrated lime should be available for decontamination of spill surface.
Keep plenty of soap/detergent or water or anything suggested on the label.
Change of clothing is necessary i.e have extra clothes.
Move pesticide safely to avoid brokage of container. Follow the best way to
transport container.
Children must not be allowed to ride on or near the pesticide.
Never allow livestock to feed near the pesticides.
Secure all pesticide Container.
Thank you
Wishing you the best.
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