Status of Renewable & Energy Conservation Technologies
Rob Gwillim.Centre for Alternative Technology
www.cat.org.uk
INFORSE-Europe Pan-European SeminarSeptember 30 - October4 2003, CAT, UK.
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 2/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Status of Renewable & Energy Conservation Technologies
n Energy Consumption n CO2 Emissionsn Energy Conservation Strategiesn RE technologies
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 3/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Where Our Energy Comes From?World Primary Energy Consumption 2001
Excluding Biomass (Approx 445EJ).
Biomass12%
Coal22%
Natural Gas21%
Nuclear Energy
6%
Oil33%
Hydro electric6%
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 4/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
World Energy Consumption
0.01000.02000.03000.04000.05000.06000.07000.08000.0
1965
1969
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
World Primary Energy Consumption (mtoe).
North America S. & Cent. America Europe Middle East Asia Pacific
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 5/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
The Need for Change
n World resources are finite and will not last for ever.
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 6/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Who Uses Our The EnergyEnergy Consumption Developed/developing 2001
(9124mtoe)
Developed World67%
Developing World33%
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 7/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
UK Energy Consumption By Sector 1971- 2001
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
kto
e
Domestic Other final users (9) Industry (2) Transport
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 8/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
The Need for Change
n Standard of living is associated with energy use
n Developing countries will need more energy (50% increase by 2020)
UK Primary Energy and GDP
-
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1,000.0
1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998
mto
e a
nd
£ b
illi
on
Primary Energy. GDP
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 9/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Where We Use Our Energy
UK Energy Consumption (8750 PJ/annum).Domestic
30%
Indusustry23%
Services14%
Transport33%
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 10/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
In The Home
Average Domestic Energy Use. (36.5 MWh/Annum).
Space heating
66%
Electricity10%
Cooking8%
Hot water16%
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 11/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Commercial Sector
Commercial Energy Use.
Ventilation and Cooling
30%
Space and Water Heating
50%
Lighting20%
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 12/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
UK CO2 Emissions
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 13/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
CO2 Sources in the UK.
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 14/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Global Warming
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 15/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Energy Conservation the First Renewable
n It is almost always cheaper to conserve than to generate.
n The UK could reduce it’s energy consumption by 60% using existing technologies and strategies.
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 16/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
UK Mechanisms
n Carbon Levyn Building Regulationsn HECAn Energy Advice
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 17/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Climate Change Levy
n Tax on energy used by nearly all non-domestic consumers
n Electricity 0.43p/kWhn Gas and Coal 0.15p/kWhn LPG 0.07p/kWhn Industry can get up to 80% discount in
return for agreed energy savings
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 18/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Building Regulations
n Now apply to building extensions and conversions
n Moving towards assessing carbon emissions
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 19/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Home Energy Conservation Act
n Places obligation on local authorities to reduce energy consumption
n A 30% reduction was considered achievable by 2008
n By 2002 figures of varying between 1-20% for different authorities
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 20/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Energy Advice
n Energy Advice Centresn Action Energyn Energy Saving Trust
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 21/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Government Support for Renewable Energyn Renewable Obligation Certificates
(ROC’s) n 1MWh/ month minimumn Levy Exemption Certificates (LEC’s) n 10MWh minimumn Capital Grants for emerging technologies
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 22/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Conventional Hydroelectricn Large Commercial
Resource(1240TWh/annum).
n Only 50% harnessed world wide to date. Most potential in developing countries
n Low electricity cost in long term
n European resource already utilised (70%)
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 23/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Micro-Hydron UK could double
existing hydro production
n Produce Electricity at 0.045-0.06 Euro/kWh
n Run of river so intermittent supply.
n Small and distributed generation. 1-1000kw
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 24/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Wind
n Large Resource 1200TW world wide
n UK has best European resource 3 times UK electricity requirement
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 25/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Onshore Windn Very low impact.n Produce Electricity at
0.029-0.038 Euro/kWhn One of the fastest
growing sectors of the generation market
n Much misinformation from objectors
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 26/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
UK Windfarm Sites
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 27/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 28/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
UK Offshore Sites
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 29/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Wave Power
n Large resource n UK 24-70 kW/m of
waven New technologyn Intermittent Supply n Becoming commercially
viable.
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 30/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Pelamis
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 31/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Tidal Current
n Limited Site Availabilityn New technology
maturing over next 10 years.
n Reasonable economics when sites available.
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 32/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Stingray
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 33/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Solar Thermal (Domestic Hot Water)n Provides up to 60% of
domestic hot water supply in U.K conditions.
n Many different types to suit most applications and sites
n Target temperatures range from 25oC (swimming pool)-60o+C(domestic hot water and industry)
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 34/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Flat Plate Production in Europe
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 35/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Flat Plate Production in Europe
UK Absolute Potential 233million m2
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 36/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Solar Thermal (Electric)
n Requires concentrator to achieve temperatures over 100OC
n Appropriate in clear climates such as deserts
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 37/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Solar Photovoltaic
n Usable resource approximately 266TWh in UK
n Small installation size (10W-100kWp).
n Energy Payback in 3-5 years.
n Easily building integrated
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 38/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Solar Photovoltaic
n Low efficiency 5-15%
n High Costs £5/Wn Two technological
generations away from a low cost high efficiency module
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 39/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
World PV Manufacture
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 40/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Cost of PV PanelsSource Messenger and Ventre
• Costs fallen to $3-4/Wp
•Electricity Cost $0.30-0.50/kWh
Source Renewable Energy World
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 41/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Biomass (Combustion)
n Fuels in the UK include: forest residue, woodchip, pellets, short rotation coppice (SRC), straw.
n UK potential largely untapped
n Lack infrastructure
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 42/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Biomass (Costs And Efficiency)
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 43/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Biomass (Anaerobic digestion)
www.inforse.org/europe/seminar03 44/44R. Gwillim © CAT 2003
Conclusions
n The potential is hugen Progress in RE and Energy Conservation is not
progressing quickly enoughn RE supplies are often intermittent n New strategies will be required for distribution and
demand management in the future
Top Related