States of Matter
Ms Rochford
First Year Science
In this topic:
• Properties of solids, liquids and gases
• Using a Bunsen burner
• Changing states:
– Melting
– Condensation
– Evaporation
• Diffusion
States of Matter
• Matter: anything that occupies space and has mass
• 3 main states:
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
Properties of the states
• What do I mean by “Properties”?
• The qualities that make an object
what it is
– What it looks like
– What it is made of
– What it feels like
– What it can do
– ……..
What are they made of?
• All matter is made up of tiny particles
• Known as ATOMS
• Groups of atoms join to form MOLECULES
• Would need a really really powerful microscope to see them
Solids
• Molecules packed closely together
• Lattice structure
• Doesn’t flow
• Can’t be compressed
• Strong structure
Investigating properties of Solids
• Can you compress it
or make it smaller?
• Can you pour it or
make it flow?
Liquids
• Weaker bonds between molecules
• More freedom to move & slide
• Flows
• Take shape of what they are put
into
• Can’t be compressed
Investigating properties of Liquids • Does the water flow?
• Does it change shape?
• Does it change
volume?
• Can we compress it?
Gas • Very weak bonds between
molecules
• Complete freedom to move
• Move very fast
• Flows
• Moves to fill space
• Can be compressed
Investigating properties of gases • Does the gas flow?
• Does it change
shape?
• Can we compress
it?
Summary
SOLID LIQUID GAS
Definite shape No definite shape
No definite shape
Definite volume Definite volume No definite volume
Can’t be compressed
Can’t be compressed
Can be compressed
Cannot flow Can flow Can flow
Bunsen Burner
How to light a bunsen burner
1. Put on safety glasses and tie back hair
2. Plug into gas supply
3. Make sure the air hole is fully closed
4. Light match
5. Partner turn on gas
6. Pass lighter or match slowly over top of bunsen burner
Bunsen Burner
3 different flames:
1. Yellow safety flame
2. Quiet blue
3. Loud blue
Safety first…..
• No faces or arms near top of bunsen burner
• Leave on yellow “safety flame” when not in use
• Use tongs and test tube holders for hot equipment
• Don’t heat an empty glass object
Bunsen Burner: hottest part of flame
Matter can change states
• We know that water can be:
– solid (ICE),
– liquid (WATER) and
– gas (STEAM)
Melting
Melting: the changing of a solid to a liquid
Melting point: the temperature when a solid turns into a liquid
Melting point
• Melting point of water = 0 °C
• Melting point of alcohol = -114 °C
Evaporation
• Can be through boiling
• Or from heat from the sun
Evaporation: the changing of a liquid to a gas
Boiling
Boiling point: the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas through the liquid
• Boiling point of water = 100 °C
• Boiling point of alcohol = 78.5 °C
Condensation
Condensation: the changing of a gas into a liquid
Freezing or solidification
• Freezing point of water: 0 °C
• Freezing point of alcohol: -114.6 °C
Freezing/solidifying: the changing of a liquid to a solid
Activity 2: Changes of state
Activity 2: Part 1
Continue heating until it bubbles
1. What happens to the ice?
2. What do we call this?
3. What does the water turn into?
4. What is the name of this change?
• Hold a dry test tube above the beaker
• Observe for about 20 seconds
5. What has formed on the test tube?
6. What do we call this change?
Part 2
• Keep hot water • DO NOT LET BOIL DRY • Place a test tube with
some wax into the hot water
7. What change occurs? 8. To what state does it
change?
• Turn off bunsen burner
• Use test tube holder
• Place hot test tube into the test tube rack
• Leave for a while
9. What does it change to?
Summary of changes of state
Changing states
MELTING Solid Liquid 1.
Liquid Gas 2. EVAPORATION
Gas Liquid 3. CONDENSATION
Liquid Solid 4. FREEZING /
SOLIDIFICATION
Diffusion
• Where is the smell coming from & how does it spread?
What is Diffusion?
• Move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Diffusion: the way in which particles in gases and liquids spread out
Can you explain why….
1. Diffusion occurs both in liquids and gases but hardly at all in solids?
2. Diffusion happens more quickly for gases than for liquids.
Chapter 17: Solids, Liquids and Gases
DONE!!
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