INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & URBANIZATION
Standard 6
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION VOCAB Industrialization Urbanization Laissez-Faire Socialism Communism Labor Union Capitalism Stock
James Watt Karl Marx Cotton Gin Social Darwinism "Robber Baron" Scramble for Africa Berlin Conference
(1884)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION’S SHIFT The major shift of the Industrial
Revolution is from making goods by hand to making goods with the help of machines
THE STEAM ENGINE Was a major invention of the Industrial
Revolution because it allowed you to generate power without using manpower
It went through many models with varying levels of efficiency, making it difficult to pinpoint one single inventor
We do know that one of the earliest models was developed by Thomas Newcomen, but James Watts was the man whose version of the steam engine took root in Europe
THE STEAM ENGINE
GREAT BRITAIN LAUNCHES THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Great Britain was a natural location for the Industrial Revolution to begin because it had three necessary components: land, labor, & capital
In addition, the government was stable and supported economic growth
THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY The textile industry is a great microcosm of the
Industrial Revolution; it involves an industry where machines accelerated growth and altered society
Before the IR, Great Britain used the putting-out system, also called the cottage industry. Raw cotton was shipped out to peasant families who hand-spun it into cloth
Gradually, inventions like Eli Whitney’s cotton gin sped up the production of textiles and large machines allowed for people who didn’t know how to spin cloth to work.
Eventually, large buildings called factories sprang up around water sources (which steam engines needed) & production skyrocketed
A REVOLUTION IN TRANSPORTATION This revolutionizing of industry spread to
other areas like transportation. The invention of the steam locomotive
(by men like George Stephenson) in the early 1800’s pushed the growth of railroads which would move people and goods faster.
GROWTH & THE 2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
After Great Britain’s initial industrialization, other nations began a “race” to industrialize faster based on who had access to necessary materials (coal, iron, workers, etc.)
This “race” would later lead to an increase in imperialistic moves by various nations seeking to acquire raw materials that they did not have available
INVENTIONS OF 2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Steel- Process developed by Henry Bessemer Dynamite- Alfred Nobel Electric Power- Michael Faraday’s dynamo &
Thomas Edison’s light bulb Assembly Line Production/Interchangeable Parts Automobiles- Nikolaus Otto, Karl Benz, Gottlieb
Diamler, Henry Ford Airplanes- Orville & Wilber Wright Radio Communication:
• Telegraph- Samuel Morse• Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell• Radio- Guglielmo Marconi
THE RISE OF THE CITY The Industrial Revolution led to rapid urbanization
(growth of cities) as cities formed around factories. Because machines were easy to operate without
specific knowledge, cheap labor became popular and unskilled workers began to replace skilled ones
Unfortunately, this lack of specific knowledge led to harsh conditions for workers. People who worked in factories on average worked 14 hours a day 6 days a week around dangerous machinery with no rights or minimum wage
Child labor was also prominent as children were used to fix machinery; as a matter of fact one of the reasons for compulsory public education was the need to get children out of the factories
LAISSEZ-FAIRE ECONOMICS
Belief that government should not interfere in the economy- “hands off”
Originally introduced by Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations
Held that a free market with unregulated exchanges would eventually help everyone, not just the rich
It would produce more goods at lower prices, so they were affordable for all
SOCIAL DARWINISM A sociological theory that sociocultural
advance is the product of intergroup conflict and competition and the socially elite classes (as those possessing wealth and power) possess biological superiority in the struggle for existence
Used to support Laissez-Faire economics Thought that wealth and money came
through success and equality
SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM These problems with workers led to new
ideas about workers and their role in the world. People began to feel that perhaps the life of an unskilled workers wasn’t fair
People who felt like this would support socialism, a government type where the people as a whole own and operate means of production for the good of everyone, instead of private individuals
SOCIALISM & COMMUNISM (cont.) Karl Marx released his pamphlet The
Communist Manifesto (co-written with Friedrich Engels); the main idea of this book was that workers formed a poor class (proletariats, “have nots”) that were constantly take advantage of by the rich class (bourgeoisie, “haves”) and eventually the have-nots would rise up and take power
The have-nots would then create a society with no classes at all where the community owns every means of production; this is the basic idea of communism
LABOR UNIONS Workers soon grew to resent the harsh
conditions of factories and the injuries/deaths that resulted from them.
Soon they banded together in labor unions to protest poor conditions & demand better
They could go on strike, or refuse to work, as a leverage tactic against supervisors• Some supervisors countered this by bringing in
replacement workers The first group to do so was the Luddites, a
group of textile workers who sabotaged machinery and burned factories
SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA A period of rapid colonization of Africa by
European powers The European Countries
• Great Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, and Ottomans
Causes• End of Slavery• Exploration• Capitalism• Politics• Steam Engine & Iron Hulled Boats• Military Innovations• Medical Advances
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