1.Nya Ullevi Stadium, Gothenburg, SwedenSummer 1985People on the pitch and inside the stadium building experienced excessive vibrations. The upper parts of the stands moved so violently that some of the audience left their places. The stands closest to the stage vibrated substantially. Beneath the stands in the north east part of the stadium where the organisers offices were located some people left the rooms for fear of structural collapse. Damage was limited to three items. One of the plates in the ceiling supporting an attachment for the wires was deformed . A window frame in the wall below the upperstands was broken . The window had to be repaired immediately. A waste pipe was believed to have been broken during the concerts.1)A. Bodare and S. Erlingsson, "Rock music induced damage and vibration at NYA Ullevi stadium" ( June 1, 1993). InternationalConference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. Paper 7.2.Armand Csari Stadium, Bastia, Corsica5 May 1992Before the game, the stand collapsed, killing 18 and leaving over 2,300 injured. Structural problems, such as instability, were noticeable in the hourbefore the match. An investigation was opened into the disaster. The investigation concluded there had been a number of violations of rules concerning the construction of the temporary terrace, and in the management of ticketing, and that the attitude of sporting and municipal executives had been problematic.1)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Cesari_Stadium_disaster3.Solferino in Paris, 1999Until the beginning of the new millennium, engineering consultants and scientists were only concerned with vertical response of footbridgessubject to pedestrian crowds. In The British Standard, BS 5400 (BS 5400, 1978), which was the first code to deal specifically with serviceability of pedestrian structures due to walking excitation, did not have any provisions for checking lateral responses and to the authors knowledge, neither did any other international codes of practice.Pont de Solfrino in Paris suffered from excessive lateral vibrations and had to be closed for public shortly after their inauguration in 1999.1)Einar Thr Inglfsson; Pedestrian-induced lateral vibrations of footbridges :Experimental studies and probabilistic modelling; DTU Civil Engineering Report R-231 (UK); January 20114.Millenium Bridge in London, 2000On the opening of the Millennium Bridge in 2001, the bridge began to sway laterally. The hundreds of people walking over the bridge at that moment had to adjust their pace to be able to stand in equilibrium. At first the wobble was attributed to people walking synchronously with the motion of the bridge - the phenomenon was called Synchronous Lateral Excitation. However simple models of the human gait as an inverted pendulumwith instantaneous transfer of supprt from one foot to the other have shown that the wobbles can be explained with no synchronisation between themovement of the bridge and the walking frequency of pedestrians. 1)http://www.bristol.ac.uk/civilengineering/bridges/Pages/NotableBridges/LondonMillennium.html#What12)Iemke Roos; HUMAN INDUCED VIBRATIONS ON FOOTBRIDGES - Application and comparison of pedestrian load models;5.Fernbank Science Center, AtlantaThe existing vibration level produces an image distortion of about 0.2 percent. The higher level of vibrations due movement of trucks on proposedhighway could increase the image distortion to about 8 percent. A topographic barrier to reduce the vibration levels was also considered. it wasfound that even the largest practical topographic barrier will not be adequate to bring down the estimated vibration levels to acceptable values.The proposed highway was not built.Case Histories Man-Made VibrationsVijay K. PuriJames P. Lee6.Qwest Field, Seattle, WashingtonJanuary 8, 2011When New Orleans Saints met Seattle Seahawks at Qwest Field, Seattle, Washington on January 8, 2011, it was later determined that crowd activity and noise was so great, specifically during game-clinching touchdown run, that a nearby Pacific Northwest Seismic Network station registered a small tremor located at Qwest Field.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_Quake#cite_note-47.Tiger Stadium, Baton Rouge, LouisianaOctober 8, 1988The Earthquake Game is the name given to a college football game when LSU tigers met Auburn Tigers on Oct 8, 1988.The game's name resulted from the reaction of the crowd after the final pass. It registered as an earthquake by a seismograph located in LSUs Howe-Russell Geoscience Complexaround 1,000 feet (305 m) from the stadium.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_Game8.Williams-Brice Stadium, Columbia, SCThe new east upper deck created some controversy during the 1983 season. To this day, the east upper deck still sways when fans jump up and down. In addition, several parts of the stadium have been known to vibrate due to the decibel levels generated during a typical game.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams-Brice_Stadium9.Morumbi stadium, Sao Pauo, BrazilIn Morumbi stadium, a arrangement composed by a servo hydraulic shaker with 4.200 kg fixed on it, displacement limit of 400mm was adopted. The natural frequencies were in the range from 1 to 9 Hz, that is the same band induced byrooters on football stadium structures. This fact explains partially vibration induced on these structures during the football games where rooters develop movements like jumping synchronously, which caused relative discomfort to football spectators. 10.Maracan stadium, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil On Maracan stadium a hammer was used to develop free vibration tests on the structure and structural responsewas measured with micro-accelerometers. The natural frequencies were in the range from 2 to 10 Hz, that is the same band induced byrooters on football stadium structures. This fact explains partially vibration induced on these structures during the football games where rooters develop movements like jumping synchronously, which caused relative discomfort to football spectators. Rodrigues, J. F. S. & Almeida P. A. O.; MODELING OF ACTION INDUCED BY CROWDS ON BRAZILIAN FOOTBALL STADIUM; LSE Laboratrio de Sistemas EstruturaisLtda Conference: 2006 IMAC-XXIV: Conference & Exposition on Structural Dynamicshttp://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2007-11-30/news/stadium30_1_stadium-ucf-louie