Sprawl, Inequity and Sprawl, Inequity and Economic Opportunity in Economic Opportunity in
OhioOhio
Jason Reece, AICP Jason Reece, AICP
Senior ResearcherSenior Researcher
Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & EthnicityKirwan Institute for the Study of Race & Ethnicity
The Ohio State UniversityThe Ohio State University
Presentation to: Presentation to: The McSweeney Ohio Land Use ConferenceThe McSweeney Ohio Land Use Conference
The Ohio State University Extension Land Use The Ohio State University Extension Land Use TeamTeam
September 14th 2007September 14th 2007
2
Today’s DiscussionToday’s Discussion
►How does land use and sprawl impact How does land use and sprawl impact inequity in Ohio?inequity in Ohio?
►What is the societal cost of inequity and What is the societal cost of inequity and poor land use decisions in Ohio?poor land use decisions in Ohio?
►Urban and rural OhioUrban and rural Ohio Shared challenges and linked fatesShared challenges and linked fates
►Producing ChangeProducing Change Regional equity, cooperation and Regional equity, cooperation and
opportunityopportunity
3
What’s at StakeWhat’s at Stake
Ohio is at a Ohio is at a crossroads: it can crossroads: it can either embrace a either embrace a
bold new bold new commitment to commitment to
regional cooperation, regional cooperation, sustainable land use sustainable land use policy, fairness, and policy, fairness, and opportunity for all, opportunity for all,
or continue on a path or continue on a path of inequitable of inequitable
growth—and risk growth—and risk being left behind in being left behind in
the 21st century the 21st century global economyglobal economy
4
Unemployment rate is sixth Unemployment rate is sixth highest in nationhighest in nation
Significant job lossSignificant job loss Ohio leads the nation in Ohio leads the nation in
foreclosures and is second in foreclosures and is second in personal bankruptciespersonal bankruptcies
► Population in poverty increase Population in poverty increase from 12% to 17%from 12% to 17%
► Ohioans receiving food stamps Ohioans receiving food stamps rise 29%rise 29%
► Economic growth rate ranked Economic growth rate ranked 4545thth in the nation in the nation
The State’s Economic The State’s Economic Challenges: 2000 to 2005 Challenges: 2000 to 2005
Population and Job Growth: Ohio and the Nation 2000 to 2005
1.0%
-3.5%
5.3%
1.3%
-4.0%
-2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
Population Growth Job Growth
Ohio Nation
5
Comparative Regional Socio-Economic Comparative Regional Socio-Economic Health: Health:
Great Lake StatesGreat Lake States
Ranking calculated from a 8 indicator index measuring various economic, population and socio-economic conditions for the metropolitan regions.
Many Ohio regions fare poorly in
respect to socio-economic health
when compared to other large Midwestern
regions.
Metropolitan Area RankBest Conditions Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI MSA 1
Columbus, OH MSA 2Nassau-Suffolk, NY PMSA 3Indianapolis, IN MSA 4Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI MSA 5Chicago, IL PMSA 6Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN PMSA 7Akron, OH PMSA 8Philadelphia, PA-NJ PMSA 9Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI PMSA 10St. Louis, MO-IL MSA 11Rochester, NY MSA 12Detroit, MI PMSA 13New York, NY PMSA 14Gary, IN PMSA 15Pittsburgh, PA MSA 16Toledo, OH MSA 17Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria, OH PMSA 18Dayton-Springfield, OH MSA 19Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY MSA 20
Worst Conditions Flint, MI PMSA 21
Index Factors: Business Starts, Job Change, Poverty, Educational Attainment, Unemployment, Population Growth, Housing Development, Vacancy
6
Urban Ohio’s Problems Urban Ohio’s Problems are Everyone’s Problemsare Everyone’s Problems
► The health of Ohio is intricately tied to the The health of Ohio is intricately tied to the health of its metro regions & rural areashealth of its metro regions & rural areas
► …….and the health of its regions and rural areas are .and the health of its regions and rural areas are impacted by sprawling land use patterns and impacted by sprawling land use patterns and racial/social inequitiesracial/social inequities
► The fate of all Ohioans are linked together The fate of all Ohioans are linked together and we must collectively address Ohio’s and we must collectively address Ohio’s urban challengesurban challenges We will not have a healthy Ohio without We will not have a healthy Ohio without
equitable and vibrant cities/regions and equitable and vibrant cities/regions and sustainable rural areassustainable rural areas
► You can not save Ohio’s farms without saving its citiesYou can not save Ohio’s farms without saving its cities
How does land use and sprawl impact inequity
in Ohio?
8
Land Use and InequityLand Use and Inequity
► What is sprawl? What is sprawl? Uncoordinated, disjointed, low density and Uncoordinated, disjointed, low density and
inefficient development/land use policyinefficient development/land use policy► Sprawl is not natural but a reflection of poor and Sprawl is not natural but a reflection of poor and
outdated policyoutdated policy
A disorganized movement of the state’s A disorganized movement of the state’s investment from existing communities to a few investment from existing communities to a few select communitiesselect communities
► The favored quarterThe favored quarter
A government subsidized/supported A government subsidized/supported redistribution of Ohio’s wealth and resourcesredistribution of Ohio’s wealth and resources
9
The Side Effects of Sprawl The Side Effects of Sprawl ►Sprawl has many Sprawl has many
documented side effectsdocumented side effects Environmental degradationEnvironmental degradation Displacing agricultureDisplacing agriculture Quality of life impactsQuality of life impacts Segregation and inequitySegregation and inequity
►By pushing good jobs, stable By pushing good jobs, stable housing, and educational housing, and educational opportunities further into the opportunities further into the suburbs, sprawl creates suburbs, sprawl creates segregated, impoverished segregated, impoverished areasareas
10
Segregation, Inequity & Segregation, Inequity & SprawlSprawl
► Sprawl actively works to disconnect Sprawl actively works to disconnect marginalized communities from opportunitymarginalized communities from opportunity Pushing limited resources away from existing Pushing limited resources away from existing
communitiescommunities Segregating people from opportunitySegregating people from opportunity
► ““Space is how race plays out in American society-and Space is how race plays out in American society-and the key to solving inequities in housing, transportation, the key to solving inequities in housing, transportation, education, and health care…Sprawl is the new face of education, and health care…Sprawl is the new face of Jim Crow.” -- john powellJim Crow.” -- john powell
This is not a natural phenomena or just the free This is not a natural phenomena or just the free market in action, it is a result of policymarket in action, it is a result of policy
11
Policies Enforcing Inequity:Policies Enforcing Inequity:Historical Government RoleHistorical Government Role
““If a neighborhood is to retain If a neighborhood is to retain stability, it is necessary stability, it is necessary that properties shall that properties shall continue to be occupied by continue to be occupied by the same social and racial the same social and racial classes. A change in social classes. A change in social or racial occupancy or racial occupancy generally contributes to generally contributes to instability and a decline in instability and a decline in values.” values.”
––Excerpt from the 1947 Excerpt from the 1947 FHA underwriting FHA underwriting manualmanual
12
Policies Enforcing Inequity: Policies Enforcing Inequity: Contemporary Government RoleContemporary Government Role
► The exclusion and segregation produced by The exclusion and segregation produced by sprawl is not natural or neutral; it results from sprawl is not natural or neutral; it results from government policies, such as: government policies, such as: Zoning laws prevent affordable housing in many Zoning laws prevent affordable housing in many
growth areasgrowth areas Housing policies concentrate subsidized housingHousing policies concentrate subsidized housing Municipalities subsidize the relocation of businesses Municipalities subsidize the relocation of businesses
out of the cityout of the city Transportation and infrastructure spending favoring Transportation and infrastructure spending favoring
highways, metropolitan expansion and urban sprawlhighways, metropolitan expansion and urban sprawl Court decisions prevent metropolitan school Court decisions prevent metropolitan school
desegregationdesegregation School funding is tied to property taxesSchool funding is tied to property taxes
► These factors support racial/social segregation These factors support racial/social segregation and isolation from opportunityand isolation from opportunity
13
14
Why Care About Why Care About Segregation?Segregation?
► Because neighborhoods conditions impact our Because neighborhoods conditions impact our lives in significant ways…lives in significant ways…
► Where you live is more important than what Where you live is more important than what you live in…you live in… Housing, in particular its location, is the primary Housing, in particular its location, is the primary
mechanism for accessing opportunity in our societymechanism for accessing opportunity in our society
Housing location determines the quality of schools Housing location determines the quality of schools children attend, the quality of public services, access to children attend, the quality of public services, access to employment and transportation, health risks, access to employment and transportation, health risks, access to health care and public safetyhealth care and public safety
For those living in high poverty neighborhoods these For those living in high poverty neighborhoods these factors can significantly inhibit life outcomesfactors can significantly inhibit life outcomes
15
Housing location determines access Housing location determines access to schools….to schools….
16
jobs…jobs…
17
neighborhood amenities…neighborhood amenities…
18
How Does Sprawl and Segregation How Does Sprawl and Segregation Impact Marginalized Populations?Impact Marginalized Populations?
►Sprawl and segregation cause Sprawl and segregation cause detrimental impacts to urban detrimental impacts to urban marginalized communities in multiple marginalized communities in multiple waysways EducationEducation Disinvestment & neighborhood qualityDisinvestment & neighborhood quality Economic OpportunityEconomic Opportunity
►Producing opportunity deprived Producing opportunity deprived neighborhoodsneighborhoods
19
50 years after the 50 years after the Brown Decision, Brown Decision,
America’s schools America’s schools have re-segregated have re-segregated into affluent white into affluent white districts and poor districts and poor
under-funded under-funded African American African American
and Hispanic and Hispanic districtsdistricts
SprawlProduces Dysfunctional Schools
Segregation
Sprawl, Inequity & Sprawl, Inequity & EducationEducation
20
Economic Segregation and Racial Segregation
in Public Schools:
Cleveland and Akron
High Poverty Schools (Red and Yellow) are
Concentrated in African American
Neighborhoods (Areas in Gray)
21
Cycle of School SegregationCycle of School Segregation
Lower EducationalOutcomes for Urban
School Districts
Increased Flightof Affluent
Families fromUrban Areas
Neighborhood (Housing)
Segregation
SchoolSegregation(Economic)
22
Sprawl and Disinvestment in Sprawl and Disinvestment in Urban CommunitiesUrban Communities
► Decades of suburban Decades of suburban flight have drained flight have drained low income inner city low income inner city neighborhoods of neighborhoods of people, business and people, business and investmentinvestment
► High vacancy rates High vacancy rates and poor investment and poor investment harms the quality of harms the quality of life for inner city life for inner city residents and limits residents and limits the resources (tax the resources (tax base) for low income base) for low income communitiescommunities
23
Sprawl without GrowthSprawl without Growth
► Ohio is developing Ohio is developing rapidly without the rapidly without the population growth to population growth to justify the rapid justify the rapid expansionexpansion
► This creates too This creates too much surplus much surplus housing and further housing and further exacerbates the exacerbates the vacancy problemvacancy problem
24
Measures of Ohio’s sprawl Measures of Ohio’s sprawl
25
Disinvestment and Disinvestment and AbandonmentAbandonment
► In Ohio’s 6 largest regions In Ohio’s 6 largest regions the average African American the average African American neighborhood has neighborhood has approximately 2x the amount approximately 2x the amount of vacant housing than the of vacant housing than the average white neighborhoodaverage white neighborhood
26
Jobs have moved away from the labor pool in Jobs have moved away from the labor pool in many metropolitan areas, making connecting many metropolitan areas, making connecting job-seekers with jobs a challenge which is job-seekers with jobs a challenge which is compounded by poor public transportationcompounded by poor public transportation
► 40% of all suburban jobs cannot be reached by 40% of all suburban jobs cannot be reached by public transportationpublic transportation
► Public investment disproportionately favors Public investment disproportionately favors highways over public transportationhighways over public transportation
► Over half of the African American population is Over half of the African American population is physically segregated from employment physically segregated from employment opportunitiesopportunities
Sprawl, Inequity and Economic Sprawl, Inequity and Economic OpportunityOpportunity
27
28
Projected Job Growth Franklin County Projected Job Growth Franklin County AreaArea
29
Quantifying and Mapping Quantifying and Mapping Communities of OpportunityCommunities of Opportunity
►We understand what is indicative of a We understand what is indicative of a high quality community or high quality community or neighborhoodneighborhood Employment opportunitiesEmployment opportunities Stable, safe environmentsStable, safe environments Good schoolsGood schools
►We can also look at this with data and We can also look at this with data and map out areas of high and low map out areas of high and low opportunity in our Stateopportunity in our State
30
31
Similar Similar Trends Can Trends Can Be Seen in Be Seen in
the the Columbus Columbus
AreaArea
What is the cost of inequity and poor land use policy in
Ohio?
33
Inequities Impact EveryoneInequities Impact Everyone
► The health of our cities, the sustainability of The health of our cities, the sustainability of the regions/rural areas, and the wellness of the regions/rural areas, and the wellness of its people are all relatedits people are all related
► Gaps in educational attainment impair the Gaps in educational attainment impair the State’s competitiveness in the new global State’s competitiveness in the new global skill-based economyskill-based economy Unjust policies and racial and economic isolation Unjust policies and racial and economic isolation
deplete opportunities for residents in our citiesdeplete opportunities for residents in our cities The competition between cities and suburbs The competition between cities and suburbs
produces an economically dysfunctional Stateproduces an economically dysfunctional State
34
Inequities Impact EveryoneInequities Impact Everyone
► How do disparities harm our State? How do disparities harm our State? Wasted Creative CapacityWasted Creative Capacity. The wasted creative . The wasted creative
capacity associated with a lack of social, capacity associated with a lack of social, economic and educational opportunity drags economic and educational opportunity drags down the competitive strength of the entire Statedown the competitive strength of the entire State
Fragmented Economic VoiceFragmented Economic Voice. To attract . To attract investment in the global economy, regions/States investment in the global economy, regions/States must act collectively to promote themselves, and must act collectively to promote themselves, and they must align key infrastructure and assets to they must align key infrastructure and assets to be more innovative, efficient and competitivebe more innovative, efficient and competitive
35
Inequities Impact EveryoneInequities Impact Everyone
► How do disparities harm our State?How do disparities harm our State? Paying for ExclusionPaying for Exclusion. The residential segregation . The residential segregation
in our metropolitan regions is fueled by in our metropolitan regions is fueled by exclusionary housing policies, but these policies exclusionary housing policies, but these policies come at a price for all residentscome at a price for all residents
Inefficient Infrastructure and Government Inefficient Infrastructure and Government ServicesServices. Regions that are highly fragmented into . Regions that are highly fragmented into hundreds of local governments are often hundreds of local governments are often inefficient with respect to infrastructure and inefficient with respect to infrastructure and government services government services
36
Inequities Impact EveryoneInequities Impact Everyone
► How do disparities harm our State?How do disparities harm our State? Sprawl and Quality of LifeSprawl and Quality of Life. As the State becomes . As the State becomes
more polarized between opportunity-rich and more polarized between opportunity-rich and opportunity-poor communities, residents keep opportunity-poor communities, residents keep moving in order to chase the elusive moving in order to chase the elusive opportunities left in the Stateopportunities left in the State
► The environmental impact of greenfield development, The environmental impact of greenfield development, and increased traffic congestion (and fuel cost) impairs and increased traffic congestion (and fuel cost) impairs the quality of life for everyone in the region the quality of life for everyone in the region
The Central City’s Untapped PotentialThe Central City’s Untapped Potential. Urban . Urban areas are often our cultural, educational and areas are often our cultural, educational and medical centers and a signpost of regional health medical centers and a signpost of regional health and identityand identity
Urban and Rural Ohio:
Shared Challenges and Linked Fates
38
Rural and Urban OhioRural and Urban Ohio
►Rural and Urban OhioRural and Urban Ohio Different symptoms, shared challengesDifferent symptoms, shared challenges
►Urban communities are not the only areas Urban communities are not the only areas dealing with disinvestment or being disrupted dealing with disinvestment or being disrupted by the dynamics of sprawl (examples)by the dynamics of sprawl (examples)
Growing rural areas which are being disrupted by Growing rural areas which are being disrupted by growth and developmentgrowth and development
Rural areas facing disinvestment and limited access Rural areas facing disinvestment and limited access to opportunities such as: jobs, high quality to opportunities such as: jobs, high quality education, infrastructureeducation, infrastructure
►This presents a unifying theme to build This presents a unifying theme to build coalitions to address the State’s dysfunctional coalitions to address the State’s dysfunctional land use and development patternsland use and development patterns
39
Shared Shared Challenges: Challenges:
Viewing Areas of Viewing Areas of Educational Educational
Opportunity in the Opportunity in the State of OhioState of Ohio
The following map presents areas of high (dark colors) and low
(light colors) educational opportunity in the State.
(Based on index of school quality and
assessment of barriers to educational attainment).
Note that many rural and urban communities face similar education
challenges. Map Prepared by the Kirwan Institute for The
Ohio State Economic Access Initiative
40
41
EducationEducation
►Better educational attainment can Better educational attainment can benefit all Ohioan’s by increasing the benefit all Ohioan’s by increasing the state’s ability to attract and retain state’s ability to attract and retain economic investment and spurring economic investment and spurring innovation from Ohio’s populationinnovation from Ohio’s population Structural impediments (funding, Structural impediments (funding,
concentrated school poverty) reduce the concentrated school poverty) reduce the educational outcomes for many Ohio educational outcomes for many Ohio students, impacting the entire statestudents, impacting the entire state
►A diverse coalitions will be needed to A diverse coalitions will be needed to create the political will needed to create the political will needed to reform Ohio’s educational structurereform Ohio’s educational structure
Producing Change:An Opportunity
Oriented Model of Land Use Policy and
Community Development
43
What is the Alternative?What is the Alternative?
► A number of policies and models could A number of policies and models could improve the future of Ohio by addressing improve the future of Ohio by addressing racial/social inequity and guiding growth racial/social inequity and guiding growth and developmentand development Expanding our view of the problemExpanding our view of the problem
► Understanding the linkage between Ohio’s urban and Understanding the linkage between Ohio’s urban and rural areasrural areas
► Understanding the “linked fate” of all Ohio communitiesUnderstanding the “linked fate” of all Ohio communities► Looking at factors outside of land use (ex. Education)Looking at factors outside of land use (ex. Education)
Regional cooperation and regional equityRegional cooperation and regional equity An opportunity oriented model of developmentAn opportunity oriented model of development
44
► Regional efforts must be fair – advocate for Regional efforts must be fair – advocate for equitable investments in all people, in all equitable investments in all people, in all communitiescommunities Combat segregation, isolation, disconnection Combat segregation, isolation, disconnection
from opportunityfrom opportunity► Regionalism does not require regional Regionalism does not require regional
government (municipal consolidation) but government (municipal consolidation) but requires regional foresight and cooperationrequires regional foresight and cooperation What is the “opportunity cost” of doing What is the “opportunity cost” of doing
nothing? Continued sprawl, disinvestment, nothing? Continued sprawl, disinvestment, economic and educational disparities – all of economic and educational disparities – all of which make our State unattractive to which make our State unattractive to knowledge workers and companiesknowledge workers and companies
Regional cooperation and Regional cooperation and growth growth
45
Principles for Equitable Principles for Equitable RegionalismRegionalism
► The success of equitable regionalism for The success of equitable regionalism for Cleveland rests on the following principles: Cleveland rests on the following principles: Create and grow communities of opportunity in Create and grow communities of opportunity in
distressed areasdistressed areas Work to reduce the destructive, inefficient Work to reduce the destructive, inefficient
competition among communities in the Statecompetition among communities in the State Cooperatively manage sprawling development so Cooperatively manage sprawling development so
as not to subsidize dysfunctional growth patternsas not to subsidize dysfunctional growth patterns Improve the educational outlook for all of the Improve the educational outlook for all of the
State’s children State’s children
46
Examples of Smart Growth or Regionalism Examples of Smart Growth or Regionalism that Promotes Racial and Regional Equity that Promotes Racial and Regional Equity
(1)(1)► Housing InitiativesHousing Initiatives
Inclusionary zoning, opportunity based Inclusionary zoning, opportunity based housing, workforce housinghousing, workforce housing
► Growth Control InitiativesGrowth Control Initiatives Growth management (that preserves Growth management (that preserves
affordable housing in areas of opportunity)affordable housing in areas of opportunity)► Tax Sharing InitiativesTax Sharing Initiatives
Tax base sharing, income tax strategiesTax base sharing, income tax strategies► Public Infrastructure InitiativesPublic Infrastructure Initiatives
Reinvestment in existing communitiesReinvestment in existing communities Removing subsidies associated with sprawlRemoving subsidies associated with sprawl
47
Examples of Smart Growth or Regionalism Examples of Smart Growth or Regionalism that Promotes Racial and Regional Equity that Promotes Racial and Regional Equity
(2)(2)► Transportation InitiativesTransportation Initiatives
Equitable transportation spending, public Equitable transportation spending, public transit investments transit investments
► Public Education InitiativesPublic Education Initiatives Regionalized school districts, economic Regionalized school districts, economic
integration, magnet schools, school mobilityintegration, magnet schools, school mobility Reducing reliance of property taxes for schoolsReducing reliance of property taxes for schools
► Inner City RedevelopmentInner City Redevelopment Land bank programs, increasing Land bank programs, increasing
homeownership, minority and small business homeownership, minority and small business developmentdevelopment
48
Questions or Comments? Questions or Comments? For More Information Visit Us On-For More Information Visit Us On-
Line:Line:
www.KirwanInstitute.orgwww.KirwanInstitute.org
Top Related