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24
23
22
21
T19
T16-T17
1
2
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89
10
11
12
13 14
1516
17-18
222324-2526
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28
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31
32-35
36-37
40-4143-45 42
38-39
29
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53-54
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99-101
T15
T14
T12
T10-T11
T9
T7T8
T6
T4-Y5
T2-T3
T1
T22
T21
T20
T13
T18
25-26
27
28
D1D2
D4
D3
29
3031
32
33
34-35
1-3
4
5-67
8-14
15-22
23-28
3637
38-394041
42
A11
A10
A9
A7
A6
A5A4A3
A2
1
2
3
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5
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10
11-12
13
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2425-26
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2830
31
32
33
35-37
38-39
40-41
42-4334
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29
A1
A8
43-46
48
49
47
Chi
nese
-Vie
tnam
ese m
ariti
me
boun
dary
Indo
nesi
an-M
alay
sian
mar
itim
e bo
unda
ry
Phili
ppin
e (K
alay
aan)
cla
im
Bruneian continental shelf claim
Chinese claim
Chi
nese
cla
im
Chi
nese
cla
imC
hin
ese
cla
im
Chin
ese
clai
m
Chi
nese
cla
im
Chin
ese
cla
im*
Chi
nes
e cl
aim
Chin
ese
cla
im
Chinese claim
1979 Malaysian-claimed continental shelf limit
Ind
onesia
n- M
alay
sian m
aritim
e b
ound
ary
HongKong
Special AdministrativeRegion
MacauSpecial
AdministrativeRegion
Thai-Vietnam
ese
maritim
e boundary
Malaysian-VietnameseJoint Economic
Development Zone
Malaysian-ThaiJoint Development
Area
1958
Brit
ish
boun
dary
Chinese-Vietnamese hypothethical
equidistant line
Indonesian-Vietnamese maritime boundary
1979 Malaysian-claimedcontinental shelf limit
1979 Malaysian-claimed
continental shelf limit
1979 Malaysian-claimed
continental shelf li
mit
Vie
tna
m c
laim
s the
Pa
rac
el a
nd
Sp
ratly
Islan
ds. H
ow
ever, the extent o
f their c
laim
ha
s no
t be
en
de
limite
d.
Malaysian-Vietnamese joint CLCS southern
submission
Malaysian-Vietnamese joint CLCS southern
submission
Indonesian-Malaysian
maritim
e boundary
I n d o n e s i a
Malaysia
Brunei
Vietnam
C a m b o d i a
Thailand
Thai.
C h i n a
Philippines
Malaysia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Singapore
Laos
( Ja p a n )
Taiwan
I n d o n e s i a
Malaysia
Brunei
Vietnam
C a m b o d i a
Thailand
Thai.
C h i n a
Philippines
Malaysia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Singapore
Laos
( Ja p a n )
Taiwan
112
130
131
132
5-3 5-2
129
113
Tropic of CancerTropic of Cancer
1010
110
110
00 EquatorEquator
20 20
120
120
TanjungBinar
TanjungDondo
TanjungMangkalihat
TanjungSambar
TunggilioDako
TandjungDatu
TanjungSirik
Cape Bojeador
CapeBolinao
Cape Buliluyan
CapeSan Agustin
O-luanPi
Tanjung Labian
Iligan Point
PalananPoint
PalimbanPoint
TablePoint
TarigitPoint
TinacaPoint
Mao-piT’ou
MuiCa Mau
Mui Nay
Mui Ron
Leizhou
Bandao
BangarKualaBelait
Muara
Seria
Tutong
StœngTrêng
Ampana
Ketapang
Luwuk
Soroako
Melak
Muaratewe
Pangkalanbuun
Poso
Sambas
SanggauSintang
Sungaipakning
Tanjungredep
Ban Nape
LouangNamtha
MuangPakxan
MuangPhôn-Hông
Phongsali
ThakhèkNakhonPhanom
Mersing
Simanggang
Bantayan
Basco
Roxas
San Fernando
Siasi
Taytay
Tinambac
Virac
Son La
Kâmpóng Cham
KâmpóngChhnang
KâmpóngSaôm Kâmpôt
Krâchéh
KrongKaôhKong
Pouthisat
Sisophon
Pingxiang
Chang’an
Xinjing
Bontang
Palopo
Sampit Tanjungpandan
Louangphrabang
Pakxe
Salavan
Savannakhet
XamNua
KampongKemaman
KualaDungun
Kudat
Kulai
Lahad Datu
Pekan
Port Dickson
Sarikei
Segamat
Semporna
Victoria
Aparri
Balanga
Bislig
Butuan
Calbayog
Carcar
Daet
Digos
Dipolog
Isabela
Laoag
Masbate
Mati
Ormoc
Oroquieta
Pagadian
Pinamalayan
PuertoPrincesa
SanJose
Sorsogon
Surigao
Tabaco
Tagbilaran
Toledo
TuguegaraoCity Vigan
Lo-tung
Chaiyaphum
Chanthaburi
Narathiwat
SakonNakhon
Surin
Cao Bang
ChauDoc
Dong Hoi
Ha Giang
Sa Pa
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Batdâmbâng
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Luxu
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Bose
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Chuxiong
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Muar
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Angeles
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Baguio
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Cagayande Oro
Calamba
Cebu City
Cotabato
Dagupan
Davao
Dumaguete
GeneralSantos
Iligan
Iloilo
Jolo
Legaspi
LipaLucena
Marawi
Minglanilla
Naga
Olongapo
OzamizCity
RoxasCity
SanFernando
SanPablo
SantaCruz
Tacloban
Tagum
Tarlac
Zamboanga
Chia-i
Chi-lung-shih
Hsin-chu-shih
Hua-lien
P'ing-tung
T'ai-nan T'ai-tung
T'ao-yüan
KhonKean
NakhonRatchasima
Rayong
UbonRatchathani
UdonThani
BacLieu
Buon MaThuot
CaMau
Cam Pha
Cam Ranh
CanTho
DaLat
Da Nang
Ha Long Haiphong
Hue
LongXuyen
My Tho
Nam Dinh
NhaTrang
Phan Rang-Thap Cham
PhanThiet
Pleiku Quy
Nhon
RachGia Soc
Trang
ThaiNguyen
Thanh Hoa
Thu DauMot
Vinh
Vung Tau
Dongguan
Foshan
Guangzhou
Haikou
Huizhou
Kunming
Liuzhou
Nanning
Shantou
Shenzhen Shiqi
Xiamen
Zhuhai
Palembang
QuezonCity
Kao-hsiung
T'ai-chung-shih
Taipei
Ho Chi MinhCity
BANDARSERI
BEGAWAN
PHNOMPENH
VIENTIANE
KUALALUMPUR
MANILA
SINGAPORE
HANOI
Lumut
TanjongSalirong
Basuo
Yulin
Chaozhou
Dongshan
GuangdongTerminal
HuizhouNansha
Huangpu
HuizhouTerminal
LiuhuaTerminal
LufengTerminal
Macun
Munin
Panyu4-2/5-1
Qinglan
Qinglanshan
Shanwei
Shekou
Shuidong
Weizhou10-3
Wenchang
Xijiang23-1 Xijiang
30-2
Xiuyu
Yangpu
YantianZhongshan
AnoaTerminal
BekapiTerminal
BelanakBelida
Terminal
Bengkalis
Buatan
Dumai
JabungTerminal
Kakap NatunaMarine Terminal
Kijang
LalangTerminal
Lawe-LaweTerminal
MangkasaOil Terminal
Namlea
Pangkalbalam
Pantoloan
PulauBaai
PulauBunyu
Pulau Sambu
SangattaTerminal
SantanTerminal
Selat Panjang
SenipahTerminal
Tanjung bara
TanjungPemancingan
TanjungUban
Tiaka
UdangNatuna
WiduriMarine Terminal
Abu
ArmadaPerkasa
Bunga Kertis/Lukut
CendorTerminal
DulangTerminal
Angsi
KertehTerminal
KikehTerminal
Kimanis Sabah Oiland Gas Terminal
TanjungGelang
Kunak
Labuan
PortKlang
Sepangar BayTerminal
Sungai Udang
Tanjung LangsatTanjungPelepas
Atimonan
Bais
Claveria
Currimao
AlfonsoPalencia/Guimaras
Isabel
Rafael Ramos/Mactan
JosePangbaniban
Limay
Leovigildo Gantioqui/San Miguel
Heracleo Alano/Cavite
Jose Francisco/Bonifacio
MalampayaTerminal
Mariveles
Masao
Masinloc
Nasipit
Pagbilao
Polloc
Margosatubio
Felix Apolinario/Davao
Romulo M. Espaldon/Zamboanga
PortIrene
Camilo Osias/San Vicente
Pulupandan
Carlito Cunanan/Ulugan
Apolinario Jalandoon/Puerto Princesa
Narciso Del Rosario/Balabac
Juan Magluyan/Batu-Batu
SanCarlos
Santa Cruz
Ernesto R.Ogbinar/Poro Point
SubicBay
Tandoc
Julhasan A. Arasain/Legazpi
Dioscoro Papa/Tacloban
Anping
Keelung
Suao
Makung
Mai-Liao
Sha Lung
Taichung
Ta-Lin-Pu
Yun-anTsoying
BenchamasTerminal
BongkotTerminal
ErawanTerminal
JasmineVenture Terminal
PlatongTerminal
SrirachaHabour
TantawanTerminal
Ba Ngoi
Ba Vi Terminal
Chan May
Chi Lang Terminal
Chi Linh Terminal
Dai Hung
Dam Mon
DoanXa
Dong Nai
Dung Quat
Rong Doi(MV 12)
HonGai
Hon Khoi
Long An
MyThoi
Nghe Tinh
Phu My
Rang Dong 1
Ruby
Song Doc
Su Tu DenTerminal
Su Tu Vang
Te Giac Trang
Van Phong Bay
VietsovpetroTerminal
Vinashin
Vung Ang
Vung Ro Ph
il
ip
pi
ne
T
re
nc
h
Na
ns e
i - s ho
t o T
r en
ch
Pa
la
wa
n
Tr
o
ug
h
Banda Sea
CeramSea
Strait ofMalacca
Gulf of
Thailand
SuluSea
Celebes Sea
Molucca
SeaTeluk Tomini
Makassar Strait
IndianOcean
South
China
Sea
Phil ippine
Sea
Java Sea
Gulf of Tonkin
TaiwanStrait
TelukBone
TelukSukadana
Teluk LahadDatu
Babuyan Channel
Balabac Strait
Balintang Channel
Bashi Channel
Bohol Sea
LamonBay
LeyteGulf
DavaoGulf
LagonoyGulfRagay
Gulf
PanayGulf
Lingayen Gulf
Luzon
Strait
ManilaBay
MindoroStrait
Moro Gulf
Sibuyan
Sea
VisayanSea
Samar
Sea
Mouths of t
he M
ekon
g
Tonle Sap
Mekong
Mek
ong
Mekong
Mekong
Selat Berhala
Singapore Strait
Selat Serasan
IliganBay
SibugueyBay
IllanaBay
TelukLabuk
Hainan Strait
Alice C
hannel
Selat Karimata
Lam Nam Chi
Red
Batang Rajang
Sungai Kapua
s
Sun
gai B
arito
Sungai Sampit
Sungai M
ahakam
Sunga
i Kay
an
Air
Mus
i
Batang Hari
Black
Zuo Jiang
You Jiang
Rong Jiang
Yu Jiang
JiangL
iu
Hongshui He
Xi Jiang
Xun Jiang
Qian Jiang
Bei
Jia
ng
Song M
a
Mae Nam Mun
Mae
Nam
Pa
Sak
Ta
bla
s S
tra
it
Cuy
o W
est P
ass
Tapaan Passage
Sibutu Passage
Cuy
o E
ast P
ass
Sel
at
Gel
asa
Pahang
Sungai
Tônlé
Kon
g
Tônlé San
Tônlé Sab
Tônlé Srêpôk
Song Ky Cung
Dong Jian
g
Cag
ayan
Song Bang Giang
Nanpan Jiang
Nanpan Jia
ng
Han
Jia
ng
Tao
Jia
ng
Xia
o S
hui
Linapacan Strait
S A B A H
S A R A W A K
K A L I M A T A N
KaohKong
Kaoh Pring
Kaoh Rung
Kaoh RungSamlœm
KaohTang
Donghai Dao
Naozhou Dao
HailingDao
HainanDao
ShangchuanDao
WeizhouDao
Bangka
Belitung
B o r n e o
S u m at r a
Sulawesi(Celebes)
KEPULAUANANAMBAS
KEPULAUANBANGGAI
KEPULAUANBAWOKA
KEPULAUANLINGGA
KEPULAUANTUJUH
KEPULAUANBADAS
KEPULAUANNATUNASELATAN
KEPULAUAN RIAU
KEPULAUANTAMBELAN
KEPULAUANTOGIAN
KEPULAUANBALABALAGAN
Panebangan
PulauPengiki Besar
PulauLemukutan
PulauMurih
PulauBruit
PulauPejantan Datu
PulauAirabu
PulauBanggai
PulauBangkurung
PulauBatam Pulau Mapur
PulauBintan
PulauBunyu
PulauJemaja
PulauKarimata
PulauLaut
PulauLepar
PulauLiat
PulauLingga
Pulau Matak
PulauMaya
PulauMidai
PulauNatunaBesar
PulauPanjang
PulauPeling
PulauSerasan
PulauSiantan
PulauSingkep
PulauSubi
PulauLaut
PulauSebuku
PulauSebatik
PulauAur
PulauTinggi
PulauBalambangan
PulauBanggi
PulauSipadan
PulauLigitan
PulauJambongan
PulauMalawali
PulauMantanani
Besar
PulauMengalum
PulauPemanggil
PULAUPERHENTIAN
PulauRedang
PulauTenggul
PulauTiga
PulauLabuan
PulauTioman
HelenShoal
MacclesfieldBank
PratasIsland
Saint EspritShoal
ScarboroughReef
BabuyanIsland
BABUYANISLANDS
Balabac Island
Basilan Island
BATANISLANDS
Bohol
BuriasIsland
CAGAYANSULU ISLANDS
CALAMIANGROUP
CamiguinIsland
CatanduanesIsland
Cebu
CUYO
ISLANDS
DalapuriIsland
DumaranIsland
FugaIsland
JoloIsland
LubangIsland
LUBANGISLANDS
PARACEL
ISLANDS
S P R AT LY
I S L A N D S
Luzon
Marinduque
MasbateIsland
Mindanao
Mindoro
Negros
Palawan
Panay
PANGUTARANGROUP
POLILLOISLANDS
SAMALESGROUP
SIBUTUGROUP
SibuyanIsland
TablasIsland
TAPIANTANAGROUP
TAPUL GROUP
TURTLEISLANDS
Lan Yü
Lü Tao
PESCADORES
KoChang
KoKut
Con Son
Cu Lao Cham
Cu Lao Coni
Cu LaoMa Nha
Cu LaoPoulo Gambir
Cu Lao Re
Cu LaoThu
Dao BachLong Vi
DaoCon Co
HonMe
Dao PhuQuoc
Dao ThoChu
Ko Losin
Dao VìnhThuc
Hon Cha La
HonChuoi
HonGio
HonKhoai
Hon La
HonMat
HonRai
Hon Trau
Hon Tre
QUAN DAOAN THOI
QUANDAO
BA LUA
QUAN DAOCO TO
QUAN DAOLONG CHAU
QUAN DAONAM DU
ScawfellShoal Charlotte
Bank
Tawi TawiIsland
CAGAYANISLANDS
CALAGUAISLANDS
BusuangaIsland
MagadosIsland
GuimarasIsland
RomblonIsland
TicaoIsland
Y’AmiIsland
Batan Island
SabtangIsland
CalayanIsland
ItbayatIsland
Liu-ch’iuYü
TubbatahaReefs
PulauMaratua
S UL U
AR C
HI P
E L AG
O
AmboynaCay
ARDASIERREEFS
BarqueCanadaReef
PigeonReef
CommodoreReef
CoronationBank
CuarteronReef
PearsonReef
SwallowReef
MarivelesReef
Fiery CrossReef
FlatIsland
Gaven Reefs
Half MoonShoal
INVESTIGATORSHOAL
Itu Aba Island
JohnsonReef
South
Julia Shoal
Loaita Island
LONDON REEFS
LouisaReef
RoyalCharlotte
Reef
JamesShoal Madalene
Shoal
ComusShoal
SeahorseBreakers
SierraBlanca
RichmondReef
BuckReef
StigantReef
AcisShoal
MischiefReef
BombayShoal
Namyit Island
Nanshan Island
NARESBANK
NORTHDANGER
REEF
NORTH
LUCONIA
SHOALS
SOUTH
LUCONIA
SHOALS
PrinceConsort
Bank
Prince ofWalesBank
REED
TABLEMOUNT
RIFLEMANBANK
Sin Cowe Island
DiscoveryGreat Reef
SpratlyIsland
SubiReef
ThituIsland
Woody Island
THITUREEFS
LOAITABANK
TIZARD BANK
UNION REEFS
VANGUARDBANK
West YorkIsland
WINCHESTERSHOALS
ELIZABETHSHOALS
HaitanDao
KEPULAUAN NANUSA
KEPULAUAN
SANGIHE
KEPULAUAN SULA
KEPULAUAN
TALAUD
PulauBuru
Pulau Buton
Halmahera
PulauKarakelong
PulauMiangas
PulauSanana
Pulau SangiheBesar
PulauSiau
WanuaTagulandang
WanuaBiaro
Pulau TaliabuPulau Mangole
PulauWawonii
MIYAKO-RETTO
YAEYAMA-RETTO
Yonaguni-jima
BiliranIsland
CamiguinIsland
DinagatIsland
HomonhonIsland
Leyte
Samar
SARANGANI ISLANDS
Siargao Island
SIARGAO
ISLANDS
SiquijorIsland
SuluanIsland
Hsi-yü-p’ingYü
Liu-ch’iu Yü
Quemoy
MO
LU
CC
AS
S A K I SH I M
A - S H OTO
R YU
KY
U
IS
LA
ND
S
803425AI (G02257) 1-10
Boundary representation is not necessarily authoritative.Names in Vietnam are shown without diacritical marks.
110
110
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
112
112
114
114
116
116
118
118
Malaysia
Vietnam
Philippines
Malaysia
Vietnam
Philippines
SandakanKota Kinabalu
Cam Ranh
Kudat
SuluSea
South China
Sea
Balabac Strait
TelukLabuk
AlexandraBank
Alicia AnnieReef
AlisonReef
Amboyna Cay
AMYDOUGLAS
BANK
ARDASIERREEFS
BakerReef
ShinkoShoal
BarqueCanada
Reef
BombayCastle
BombayShoal
BoxallReef Pian
Jiao
LixinJiao
BrownReef
Buck Reef
Aitken Reef
CarnaticShoal
CentralReef
Collins Reef
CommodoreReef
CornwallisSouth Reef
CornwallisReef
CoronationBank
CuarteronReef
Dallas Reef
DiscoveryGreat Reef Discovery
Small Reef
EastReef
EldadReef
EricaReef
Fiery CrossReef
First ThomasShoal
Flat Island
Friendship Shoal
GavenReefs
GraingerBank
Half MoonShoal
Hardie Reef
Hardy Reef
Bao Tan
HolidayReef
HopkinsReef
HoppsReef
Hoare Reef
Deane Reef
DickinsonReef
HampsonReef
PetchReef
InvestigatorNortheast Shoal
INVESTIGATORSHOAL
IroquoisReef
IrvingReef
Itu AbaIsland
JACKSONATOLL
JohnsonPatch
Johnson Reef
Julia Shoal
KingstonShoal
Ladd Reef
JubileeSeamount
LankiamCay
LeslieBank
WoodBank
LivockReef
LizzieWebber
LOAITABANK
Loaita Island
LONDONREEFS
LordAuckland
Shoal
Louisa Reef
Loveless Reef
Lys Shoal
MaralieReef
MarieLouiseBank
MarivelesReef
MenziesReef
MischiefReef
Moody Reef
Namyit Island
Nanshan Island
NARES
BANK
NORTHDANGER
REEF
NORTHLUCONIASHOALS
NorthReef
Northeast Cay
ArdasierBreakers
ArdasierReef
FairieQueen
GlasgowBank
Director
GloucesterBreakers
Third ThomasShoal
OrleanaShoal
OwenShoal
PearsonReef
PennsylvaniaNorth Reef
PennsylvaniaSouth Reef
PetleyReef
PigeonReef
Prince ConsortBank
Prince of WalesBank
REED
TABLEMOUNT
RIFLEMANBANK
Royal CharlotteReef
SABINASHOAL
SandCay
Sandy CaySandyShoal
Seahorse Breakers
SeahorseShoal
Second ThomasShoal
Sin Cowe Island
S P R A T L Y
I S L A N D S
SouthReef
TiezhiJiao
SOUTHAMPTONREEFS
SOUTHERNREEFS
Southwest Cay
SpratlyIsland
SubiReef
Swallow Reef
SaracenBank
TemplerBank
Thitu Island
THITU REEFS
TIZARD BANK
TridentShoal
Tripp Reef
Union Atoll / Sin Cowe East Island
UNION
REEFS
VANGUARDBANK
WestReef
West YorkIsland
WesternReef
Whitsun Reef
WINCHESTERSHOALS
Fancy WreckShoal
Grierson Reef
LansdowneReef
Xiantou Jiao
Erjiao JiaoLangkou Jiao
Len Dao
LoaitaCay
Kennan Reef
RoyalCaptainShoal
Loaita Nan
Palawan
PulauBalambangan
PulauBanggi
PulauJambongan
PulauMalawali
PulauMantanani
Besar
PulauGaya
PulauMengalum
PulauTiga
Balabac Island
Bugsuk Island
Pandanan Island
Mantangule Island
Bancalan Island
Ramos Island
Cu LaoThu
ÎLES CATWICK
Philip
pin
e (K
alay
aan)
cla
im
Bruneian continental shelf claim
1979 Malaysian-claimedcontinental shelf limit
1979
Mal
aysian
-cla
imed
cont
inen
tal s
helf li
mit
1979 Malaysian-claim
ed
continental shelf limit
Ch
ine
se c
laim
Chi
nese
cla
im
1958 Britishboundary
Vietnam claims the Paracel and Spratly Isl
ands. Howev
er, th
e ex
te
nt o
f th
eir cl
aim
has
not
bee
n del
imited
.
Islands, reefs, and shoals that have portions above water at high tide are labeled in dark green.
4,000meters
200meters
1000meters
2000meters
Water Depth
China
Malaysia
Philippines
Taiwan
Vietnam
Paracel and Spratly Islands Occupation Status
0 20 40 60 80 100
Kilometers
0 20 40 60 80 100
Nautical Miles
0 20 40 60 80 100
Statute Miles
Scale 1: 2,700,000
803426AI (G02284) 1-10
Spratly Islands
0 20 40 Kilometers
0 20 40 Nautical Miles
Scale 1:2,500,000
AMPHITRITEGROUP Woody Island
PyramidRock
LincolnIsland
Passu Keah
Triton Island
Duncan IslandMoney Island
Robert Island
Pattle IslandQuanfu Dao
YagongDao Shi Yu
Xianshe YuDrummond Island
Rocky Island
Tree Island
North Island
South Island
South SandMiddle Sand
North Sand
Middle Island
West Sand
CRESCENTGROUP
DiscoveryReef
AntelopeReef
NorthReef
VuladdoreReef
BremenBank
IltisBank
ObservationBank
DidoBank
HeraldBank
BombayReef
JEHANGIREREEFS
NEPTUNABANKS
South China Sea
112°00’
113°00’
111°00’
111°00’
16°00’ 16°00’
16°30’ 16°30’
17°00’ 17°00’
112°00’
803427AI (G02457) 1-10
Paracel Islands
Claimed Straight Baselines
Claimed Archipelagic Straight Baselines
1 01° 14' 27" N 104° 34' 32" E
2 01° 02' 52" N 104° 49' 50" E
3 02° 18' 00" N 105° 35' 47" E
4 02° 44' 29" N 105° 22' 46" E
5 03° 05' 32" N 105° 35' 00" E
6 03° 19' 52" N 105° 57' 04" E
7 03° 27' 04" N 106° 16' 08" E
8 04° 04' 01" N 107° 26' 09" E
9 04° 31' 09" N 107° 43' 17" E
10 04° 42' 25" N 107° 54' 20" E
11 04° 47' 38" N 108° 00' 39" E
12 04° 47' 45" N 108° 01' 19" E
13 04° 00' 48" N 108° 25' 04" E
14 03° 01' 51" N 108° 54' 52" E
15 02° 38' 43" N 109° 10' 04" E
16 02° 05' 10" N 109° 38' 43" E
17 04° 10' 00" N 118° 53' 50" E
18 04° 08' 03" N 118° 53' 01" E
19 04° 06' 12" N 118° 38' 02" E
20 03° 27' 57" N 117° 52' 41" E
21 02° 15' 12" N 118° 38' 41" E
22 01° 46' 53" N 119° 02' 26" E
23 00° 59' 55" N 120° 12' 50" E
24 01° 20' 16" N 120° 47' 31" E
25 01° 22' 40" N 120° 53' 04" E
26 01° 22' 41" N 120° 53' 07" E
27 01° 18' 48" N 121° 26' 36" E
28 01° 08' 17" N 122° 25' 47" E
29 01° 02' 52" N 123° 06' 45" E
30 01° 09' 29" N 124° 20' 38" E
31 01° 45' 47" N 124° 43' 51" E
32 02° 44' 15" N 125° 09' 28" E
33 04° 14' 06" N 125° 18' 59" E
34 04° 40' 16" N 125° 25' 41" E
35 04° 44' 14" N 125° 28' 42" E
36 04° 44' 25" N 125° 28' 56" E
37 04° 44' 46" N 125° 29' 24" E
38 05° 34' 02" N 126° 34' 54" E
39 05° 33' 57" N 126° 35' 29" E
40 04° 46' 18" N 127° 08' 32" E
41 04° 45' 39" N 127° 08' 44" E
42 04° 38' 38" N 127° 09' 49" E
43 04° 37' 36" N 127° 09' 53" E
44 03° 45' 13" N 126° 51' 06" E
21 25° 25.8' 00" N 119° 56.3' 00" E
22 24° 58.6' 00" N 119° 28.7' 00" E
23 24° 09.7' 00" N 118° 14.2' 00" E
24 23° 31.9' 00" N 117° 41.3' 00" E
25 23° 12.9' 00" N 117° 14.9' 00" E
26 23° 12.3' 00" N 117° 13.9' 00" E
27 22° 56.1' 00" N 116° 29.7' 00" E
28 22° 18.9' 00" N 115° 07.5' 00" E
29 21° 48.5' 00" N 113° 58.0' 00" E
30 21° 34.1' 00" N 112° 47.9' 00" E
31 21° 27.7' 00" N 112° 21.5' 00" E
32 19° 58.5' 00" N 111° 16.4' 00" E
33 19° 53.0' 00" N 111° 12.8' 00" E
34 18° 39.7' 00" N 110° 29.6' 00" E
35 18° 39.4' 00" N 110° 29.1' 00" E
36 18° 26.1' 00" N 110° 08.4' 00" E
37 18° 23.0' 00" N 110° 03.0' 00" E
38 18° 11.0' 00" N 109° 42.1' 00" E
39 18° 11.0' 00" N 109° 41.8' 00" E
40 18° 09.5' 00" N 109° 34.4' 00" E
41 18° 14.6' 00" N 109° 07.6' 00" E
42 18° 19.3' 00" N 108° 57.1' 00" E
43 18° 30.2' 00" N 108° 41.3' 00" E
44 18° 30.4' 00" N 108° 41.1' 00" E
45 18° 31.0' 00" N 108° 40.6' 00" E
46 18° 31.1' 00" N 108° 40.5' 00" E
47 18° 50.5' 00" N 108° 37.3' 00" E
48 19° 11.6' 00" N 108° 36.0' 00" E
49 19° 21.1' 00" N 108° 38.6' 00" E
1 16° 40' 30" N 112° 44' 12" E
2 16° 40' 06" N 112° 44' 30" E
3 16° 39' 48" N 112° 44' 42" E
4 16° 04' 24" N 112° 35' 48" E
5 16° 01' 54" N 112° 32' 42" E
6 16° 01' 30" N 112° 31' 48" E
7 16° 01' 30" N 112° 24' 48" E
8 15° 46' 30" N 111° 12' 36" E
9 15° 46' 24" N 111° 12' 06" E
10 15° 46' 24" N 111° 11' 48" E
11 15° 46' 30" N 111° 11' 36" E
12 15° 46' 42" N 111° 11' 24" E
13 15° 46' 54" N 111° 11' 18" E
14 15° 47' 12" N 111° 11' 24" E
15 17° 04' 54" N 111° 26' 54" E
16 17° 05' 24" N 111° 26' 54" E
17 17° 05' 42" N 111° 27' 12" E
18 17° 06' 00" N 111° 27' 48" E
19 17° 06' 30" N 111° 29' 12" E
20 17° 07' 00" N 111° 31' 00" E
21 17° 07' 06" N 111° 31' 36" E
22 17° 06' 54" N 111° 32' 00" E
23 16° 59' 54" N 112° 14' 42" E
24 16° 59' 42" N 112° 15' 36" E
25 16° 59' 24" N 112° 16' 36" E
26 16° 58' 24" N 112° 18' 18" E
27 16° 57' 36" N 112° 19' 36" E
28 16° 56' 54" N 112° 20' 30" E
T1 25° 00.60' 00" N 122° 00.00' 00" E
T2 25° 28.80' 00" N 122° 05.80' 00" E
T3 25° 29.00' 00" N 122° 05.80' 00" E
T4 25° 37.50' 00" N 122° 04.50' 00" E
T5 25° 37.80' 00" N 122° 03.90' 00" E
T6 25° 17.70' 00" N 121° 30.40' 00" E
T7 25° 04.20' 00" N 121° 05.40' 00" E
T8 25° 00.55' 00" N 121° 00.65' 00" E
T9 23° 47.20' 00" N 119° 32.00' 00" E
T10 23° 24.80' 00" N 119° 18.70' 00" E
T11 23° 24.00' 00" N 119° 18.20' 00" E
T12 23° 19.50' 00" N 119° 18.80' 00" E
T13 23° 12.00' 00" N 119° 24.40' 00" E
T14 22° 19.10' 00" N 120° 20.90' 00" E
T15 21° 45.45' 00" N 120° 48.90' 00" E
T16 21° 56.70' 00" N 121° 36.10' 00" E
T17 21° 57.00' 00" N 121° 37.10' 00" E
T18 22° 41.00' 00" N 121° 31.00' 00" E
T19 23° 29.20' 00" N 121° 30.53' 00" E
T20 24° 28.70' 00" N 121° 51.10' 00" E
T21 24° 35.90' 00" N 121° 53.70' 00" E
T22 24° 49.90' 00" N 121° 57.30' 00" E
D1 20° 46.16' 00" N 116° 45.45' 00" E
D2 20° 44.16' 00" N 116° 42.13' 00" E
D3 20° 41.92' 00" N 116° 41.30' 00" E
D4 20° 35.78' 00" N 116° 44.80' 00" E
A1 09° 15.0' 00" N 103° 27.0' 00" E
A2 08° 22.8' 00" N 104° 52.4' 00" E
A3 08° 37.8' 00" N 106° 37.5' 00" E
A4 08° 38.9' 00" N 106° 40.3' 00" E
A5 08° 39.7' 00" N 106° 42.1' 00" E
A6 09° 58.0' 00" N 109° 05.0' 00" E
A7 12° 39.0' 00" N 109° 28.0' 00" E
A8 12° 53.8' 00" N 109° 27.2' 00" E
A9 13° 54.0' 00" N 109° 21.0' 00" E
A10 15° 23.1' 00" N 109° 09.0' 00" E
A11 17° 10.0' 00" N 107° 20.6' 00" E
1 21° 06' 57.73" N 121° 57' 27.71" E
2 19° 57' 38.19" N 122° 09' 46.32" E
3 18° 18' 35.30" N 122° 20' 19.07" E
4 17° 07' 16.30" N 122° 31' 28.34" E
5 17° 06' 14.79" N 122° 31' 43.84" E
6 17° 05' 51.31" N 122° 31' 42.66" E
7 17° 02' 36.91" N 122° 31' 03.28" E
8 16° 53' 18.03" N 122° 27' 56.61" E
9 16° 49' 56.11" N 122° 26' 50.78" E
10 16° 47' 38.86" N 122° 26' 04.40" E
11 16° 18' 44.33" N 122° 14' 16.69" E
12 14° 29' 54.43" N 122° 57' 51.15" E
13 14° 06' 29.91" N 124° 16' 59.21" E
14 14° 06' 10.40" N 124° 17' 26.28" E
15 12° 41' 06.37" N 125° 03' 53.71" E
16 12° 36' 18.41" N 125° 08' 50.19" E
17 12° 32' 33.62" N 125° 12' 59.70" E
18 12° 31' 57.45" N 125° 13' 32.37" E
19 12° 28' 36.42" N 125° 17' 12.32" E
20 12° 27' 37.51" N 125° 18' 05.23" E
21 12° 21' 41.64" N 125° 23' 07.41" E
22 12° 17' 27.17" N 125° 27' 00.12" E
23 12° 13' 21.95" N 125° 30' 19.47" E
24 12° 11' 48.16" N 125° 31' 30.88" E
25 12° 11' 20.67" N 125° 31' 48.29" E
26 12° 06' 07.00" N 125° 34' 11.94" E
27 10° 45' 16.70" N 125° 58' 08.78" E
28 09° 49' 59.58" N 126° 10' 06.39" E
29 08° 53' 16.62" N 126° 20' 48.81" E
30 08° 13' 11.53" N 126° 28' 53.25" E
31 07° 42' 45.02" N 126° 34' 29.03" E
32 07° 29' 49.47" N 126° 35' 59.24" E
33 07° 29' 16.93" N 126° 35' 59.50" E
34 07° 28' 30.97" N 126° 35' 57.30" E
35 07° 27' 29.42" N 126° 35' 51.71" E
36 07° 17' 19.80" N 126° 36' 18.16" E
37 07° 16' 14.43" N 126° 35' 57.20" E
38 06° 17' 14.73" N 126° 12' 14.40" E
39 06° 16' 08.35" N 126° 11' 35.06" E
40 05° 23' 34.20" N 125° 28' 42.11" E
41 05° 23' 21.80" N 125° 28' 19.59" E
42 05° 21' 55.66" N 125° 25' 11.21" E
43 05° 21' 58.48" N 125° 21' 52.03" E
44 05° 22' 02.91" N 125° 20' 59.73" E
45 05° 23' 20.18" N 125° 19' 44.29" E
46 06° 09' 08.44" N 124° 15' 42.81" E
47 06° 26' 47.22" N 122° 13' 34.50" E
48 06° 02' 33.77" N 121° 56' 36.20" E
49 06° 01' 08.15" N 121° 54' 41.45" E
50 06° 00' 17.88" N 121° 53' 11.17" E
51 05° 12' 08.70" N 120° 41' 38.14" E
52 04° 47' 39.24" N 119° 51' 58.08" E
53 04° 24' 53.84" N 119° 14' 50.71" E
54 04° 25' 03.83" N 119° 14' 15.15" E
55 04° 36' 09.01" N 119° 03' 22.75" E
56 04° 42' 52.07" N 119° 01' 44.04" E
57 04° 45' 55.25" N 119° 03' 15.19" E
58 04° 47' 05.36" N 119° 05' 12.94" E
59 04° 55' 10.45" N 119° 22' 01.30" E
60 05° 02' 23.73" N 119° 44' 18.14" E
61 05° 46' 35.15" N 119° 39' 51.77" E
62 06° 05' 58.41" N 118° 26' 57.30" E
63 06° 04' 14.08" N 118° 18' 33.33" E
64 06° 11' 04.65" N 118° 06' 54.15" E
65 06° 13' 39.90" N 118° 03' 52.09" E
66 06° 17' 43.99" N 118° 00' 05.44" E
67 06° 52' 14.53" N 118° 23' 40.49" E
68 07° 30' 26.05" N 117° 18' 33.75" E
69 07° 48' 30.69" N 116° 59' 39.18" E
70 07° 51' 27.17" N 116° 54' 17.19" E
71 07° 52' 19.86" N 116° 53' 28.73" E
72 07° 54' 36.35" N 116° 53' 16.64" E
73 08° 02' 00.26" N 116° 54' 10.04" E
74 08° 11' 18.36" N 116° 59' 51.87" E
75 08° 37' 56.37" N 117° 15' 51.23" E
76 08° 44' 17.40" N 117° 20' 39.37" E
77 08° 53' 32.20" N 117° 28' 15.78" E
78 09° 02' 57.47" N 117° 37' 38.88" E
79 09° 59' 22.54" N 118° 36' 53.61" E
80 11° 13' 19.82" N 119° 15' 17.74" E
81 12° 19' 35.22" N 119° 50' 56.00" E
82 13° 53' 21.45" N 120° 01' 05.86" E
83 15° 48' 43.61" N 119° 46' 56.09" E
84 15° 57' 51.67" N 119° 44' 55.32" E
85 16° 09' 57.90" N 119° 45' 15.76" E
86 16° 10' 12.42" N 119° 45' 11.95" E
87 16° 16' 34.46" N 119° 46' 19.50" E
88 16° 17' 12.70" N 119° 46' 28.52" E
89 16° 18' 29.49" N 119° 46' 44.94" E
90 16° 19' 28.20" N 119° 47' 07.69" E
91 16° 20' 04.38" N 119° 47' 20.48" E
92 17° 34' 24.94" N 120° 20' 33.36" E
93 17° 41' 17.56" N 120° 21' 02.02" E
94 17° 55' 04.13" N 120° 24' 40.56" E
95 18° 29' 32.42" N 120° 33' 42.41" E
96 18° 30' 52.88" N 120° 34' 55.35" E
97 19° 10' 14.78" N 121° 12' 52.64" E
98 20° 43' 15.74" N 121° 46' 57.80" E
99 21° 07' 17.47" N 121° 56' 43.85" E
100 21° 07' 18.41" N 121° 56' 48.79" E
101 21° 07' 12.04" N 121° 57' 03.65" E
CHINADeclaration of the People’s Republic of China on the Baseline of the Territorial Sea, May 15, 1996
PARACEL ISLANDS (claimed by CHINA and VIETNAM)Declaration on Chinese-claimed straight baselines, May 15, 1996
TAIWANLaw on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone of the Republic of China, January 21, 1998
MALAYSIAMalaysia has not formally claimed and specifi ed a system of baselines in the Baselines Maritime Zones Act ratifi ed in 2007 but baselines were apparently drawn todetermine Malaysia’s territorial sea limits, which are shown on offi cial maps.
PHILIPPINESRepublic Act P522 to defi ne the archipelagic baselines of the Philippines, July 28, 2008
INDONESIARegulation No. 38, June 28, 2002
VIETNAMDeclaration of the Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, November 12, 1982
Populated Places
More than 1 mi llion
100,000 to 1,000,000
25,000 to 100,000
Fewer than 25,000
National capital
Fiber-Optic Submarine Cables
APCN
C2C
China-US
EAC
FLAG
Guam-Philippines
SeaMeWe
TIS (Thai land-Indonesia-Singapore)
Maritime Lines
Established maritime boundary
Claim line
Bruneian continental shelf claim
Chinese (series of 9 dashes; the 10th dash shown on
map is outside of the South China Sea)
1979 Malaysian continental shelf limit
Philippine (Kalayaan)
Hypothethical equidistant line
Malaysian-Vietnamese joint CLCS (Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf) southern submission
200-nautical-mile arc drawn from undisputed territory
12-nautical-mi le line
Spratly Islands12-nautical-mi le line (Under UNCLOS, states are entitled to claim 12-nm territorial seas from any and all of their sovereign and/or claimed territory.)
Straight baseline
Straight baseline turning point
Note: The United States Government does not accept the validity of most of these straight and archipelagic baseline segments.China includes Pratas Island and Paracel Islands in its straight baseline claims; rendering of these baseline points does not denote acceptance or substantiation of these claims.
23
0 50 100 150 200
Kilometers
0 50 100 150 200
Nautical Miles
0 50 100 150 200
Statute Miles
Shipping-Related Features
Approximate shipping lane
Naval base
Port faci lityA port is named after its attributable city unless otherwise labeled
Energy-Related Features
Oil concession block
Concession block number
Oi l and gas field
Oi lfield
Gasfield
Offshore terminal
Floating (Production) Storage and
Offloading unit (FPSO and FSO)
112
Scale 1: 5,100,000
While Bandar Seri Begawan has not articulated claims to reefs in the South China Sea (SCS), since 1985 the Sultanate has claimed a continental shelf that extends beyond these features to a hypothetical median with Vietnam. Malaysia contends Brunei’s maritime limit stops at the 100-fathom isobath from the coast based on 1958 UK Orders in Council. China’s and Taiwan’s claimed areas in the SCS include the seaward extension of Brunei’s maritime claim. China (including Taiwan), Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam do not accept Brunei’s claims.
Beijing refers to the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Pratas Island, and Scarborough Reef as Nansha Qundao, Xisha Qundao, Dongsha Qundao, and Huangyan Dao, respectively, claiming these as well as all surfacing and undersea features within nine dashes drawn on Chinese SCS maps. China treats Scarborough Reef, also claimed by the Philippines, as part of partially drying Macclesfield Bank (Zhongsha Qundao). China adopted the nine dashes from Kuomintang maps drawn in 1947, resulting in Taiwan’s claims coinciding largely with China’s. China considers the area within the dashes to be part of Hainan Province and has referred to the maritime space therein as Chinese “territorial waters,” an undefined term that does not appear to conform to standard maritime regimes permitted under international law. Chinese archeologists assert the islands in the SCS were the ancient site of fishing and merchant activities and Chinese records note naval expeditions into the South China Sea during the Han Dynasty in A.D. 110 and the Ming Dynasty from 1403-1433. China contends the 1887 Sino-French Convention allocated all features to China east of 108°03’E. China occupies several of the Spratly Islands and completed seizure of all the Paracel Islands from Vietnam in 1974. Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam dispute China’s claims.
Kuala Lumpur drew its continental shelf claim in the Spratly Islands in 1979 to include five islands which Malaysia occupies plus others occupied or controlled by the Philippines and Vietnam. It constructed Layang Layang Resort on Swallow (Layang) Reef. As part of their joint submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) in May 2009, Malaysia and Vietnam defined 200-nm EEZ limits extending from mainland baseline claims, with both states ignoring, but not renouncing, any overlapping jurisdictional effects of the Spratly Islands. Brunei, China (including Taiwan), the Philippines, and Vietnam do not accept Malaysia’s claims.
Manila claimed Scarborough Reef as well as a large portion of the Spratly Islands as terra nullius during explorations in the SCS commencing in May 1956. It named the Spratly claim the Kalayaan (Freedom) Island Group and occupies several of the islands. It defines the Spratlys and Scarborough Reef as a special “regime of islands” distinct from the rest of the Philippine archipelago. China (including Taiwan), Malaysia, and Vietnam object to the Philippines’ claims.
Taipei, like Beijing, asserts “historic” sovereignty over all features drawn within the dashes originally shown on a map published by the Kuomintang government in 1947—including the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, Pratas Island, and Scarborough Reef. Taiwan occupies several of the Spratly Islands and administers Pratas Island. Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam object to Taiwan’s coincident claims with China.
Hanoi claims all of the Spratly and Paracel Islands. However, the extent of Vietnam’s territorial and maritime claims in the SCS has not been delimited in text or on maps. Vietnam considers the Spratly Islands an offshore district of Khanh Hoa Province and occupies several of them. China seized all of the Paracels in 1974. Like the Chinese, Vietnamese archeologists provide their own evidence to support a long historic presence on various SCS features. Hanoi claims that since France controlled both island groups beginning in the 1930s, Vietnam succeeded to those rights after indepen-dence. Brunei, China (including Taiwan), Malaysia, and the Philippines dispute Vietnam’s claims.
Note: The South China Sea is defined by the International Hydrographic Bureau as the body of water stretching in a southwest to northeast direction, whose southern limit is 3° South latitude between southern Sumatra and Kalimantan (Karimata Strait), and whose northern limit is the Taiwan Strait from the northern tip of Taiwan to the Fujian coast of China.
Claims in the Paracel and Spratly Islands
BRUNEI
CHINA
MALAYSIA
PHILIPPINES
TAIWAN
VIETNAM
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