Solid State Physics Program
Juliana Schell1,2
Doru C. Lupascu2
on behalf of the SSP Community
1 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland2 Institute for Materials Science and Center for Nanointegration
Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016
Nuclear Solid State Physics “Birth”
2ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
1920
J. Gróh and G. V. HevesyAnnalen der Physik 1920 vol 368,
issue 17, pages 85-92„Die Selbstdiffusionsgeschwindigkeit
des geschmolzenen Bleis"
1955
P. Lehmann and J. MillerCompt. Rend. Acad. Sc. 1955
vol. 240, pages 298 -299„Interaction quadrupolaire dans
111Cd“
1975
"
H. Haas„First results are described in theHMI-AR/1976. First conferencecontribution: HFI-IV in Madison(1977): 79Kr/Zn,Cd,Sb.
1959
R.L. MössbauerZeitschrift für Naturforschung 1959
vol 14a, pages 211-216„Kernresonanzabsorptionvon γ-Strahlung in Ir191"
3ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
PACEFG and BHF, charge
symmetry from 10 to 1500
K
MSEFG and BHF, charge
symmetry, binding
properties
ECLattice location
ASPICVersatile system to study
surfaces and interfaces
DLTSStudy concentration of
electrically active defects
/analyze the content of
deep level defects in the
material
PLOptical and electronic
properties
...and much more!Hall effect, capacity-
voltage, electrical
conductivity, paramagnetic
resonance spectroscopy
DiffusionThermal motion of
particles
Techniques1976-1991
4ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
PACGelbPAC
MSUsing LED excitation
EC123Sn
ASPICShipped to KU-Leuven:
upgrade and maintenance
DLTS
PLsummer student project
...and much more!
DiffusionOffline studies
Techniques2016
SSP infraestructure
5ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Annealing roomCollaboration ISOLDE, BMBF,
FCT, KU-Leuven
Digital PACCollaboration ISOLDE, BMBF
SSP infraestructure
6ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Conventional PACCollaboration ISOLDE, BMBF,
FCT
Digital and conventional PACFCT, BMBF, ISOLDE
Emission channelingFCT, KU-Leuven
Upgrades
7ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
The new implantation chamber at the GLM
branchBMBF Universität Göttingen
Nagl, Vetter, Hofsäss
Poster: Christoph Pohl
Perturbed Angular Correlations with Short-Lived Isotopes, thePAC-SLI setupPoster: Abel Fenta & Manuel Silva
Emission Channeling with Timepix position sensitive dectectorsPoster: David Bosne
Upgrades: chemical lab
8ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Chemical labCollaboration ISOLDE, BMBF,
FCT, COPENHAGEN, KU-
Leuven
EvaporatorBMBF
SSP infraestructure
9ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
MössbauerCollaboration ISOLDE, BMBF,
KU-Leuven, Mössbauer
Collaboration
e-g PACCollaboration ISOLDE, BMBF,
FCT
SSP infraestructure
10ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Gamma Spectrometry Collaboration ISOLDE, BMBF
PL and offline diffusionCollaboration ISOLDE, BMBF
SSP in the ISOLDE hall
11ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
GHM beam lineEmission channeling ONLINE
Collaboration ISOLDE, FCT,
KU-Leuven
GLM beam lineCollaboration ISOLDE,
BMBF
On-line diffusion chamberCourtesy: M. Deicher
12ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
13ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Implantation
Diffusion annealing up to
1800 °C
Sample serial sectioning by ion sputtering
Catching the sputtered ions by
a tape system (allow D < 10-
19m2/s)
In situ activity measurement
Remote control
On-line diffusion chamber
14ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
People working with diffusion at ISOLDE in 2016
15ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
“Potassium self-diffusion in a K-rich single-crystal alkali feldspar”
Fabian Hergemoller4th talk
eMS at ISOLDECourtesy: H. P. Gunnlaugsson
16ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
17ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Distingu
ish
ferroma
gnetism
/parama
gnetism
Valence state
Site symmetry/
interstitial/substitutional
Distinguish
ferro/para(magnetism)
Binding properties
(through Debye Waller factor)
eMS: can measure low local
concentrations (~10-4 at.%)
Always two elements that
play role:57FeParent (57Mn, 1.5 min) → daughter (57Fe, 100 ns)
Parent (57Co, 272 d) → daughter (57Fe, 100 ns)119SnParent (119In, 2.1 min) → daughter (119*Sn, 18 ns)
Why Mössbauer at ISOLDE?
At ISOLDE/CERN we can measure
spectrum in few minutes
On-line setup: 57Mn (1.5 min) 119In (2.1 min)
18ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Measurement Conditions
19ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Hot lid:
4 positions
Implant/measure under 30°, measure under 60°
Lamp heating from back RT-800 K
Each measurement ~few to 15 minutes
Cold lid (Moscow lid):
Cold finger with LN pumping
Implant/measure single sample under 30°, measure under 60°
Each measurement ~few to 10 minutes
Rotation lid
Implant/measure under 30°/60°
Rotate sample (usually fast)
Measure 0°-70°
Sample can be mounted on magnets (0.6 T || sample normal)
Heated to ~300°C (electrical) in B < 0.3 T
Quenching
20ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Implantation/measurement at T > RT
Sample quickly removed from vacuum (~15 seconds)
External measurement started (while next sample being implanted)
Quenching: sample dropped in LN and measured during decay
External magnetic field
Laser illumination
....
First tested 2014 with moderate success, applied in 2015 with reduced
success, used in 2016 with huge success
General Observations/methods
21ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Temperature series:
Implantation damage at low T’s
Incorporation on regular lattice sites at high T’s
Defect-probe complexes at intermediate T’s
Angular dependent measurements
”Damage” without angular dependence
”Crystalline sites” with angular dependence (if not cubic material)
57Mn implanted TiO2
Slight, but significant angular
dependence
Not Fe in amorphous zones
Cold Source/absorber eMS
22ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Hg produced from spallation
in a molten Pb target197Hg/197Au (PAC) implanted
into ice
Biomolecules prepared and
sample frozen
Isotopes used (since 2000)
23ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
MS
Isot.
Parent Lifetime Recoil Det. Target/ion
source
Yields
(s-1)
57Fe 57Mn (b-) 1.5 min. M:93 eV Res. UCx/RILIS few×108
57Co (EC) 272 d. 0.14 eV Res. ZrO/VADIS ~107
119Sn 119In (b-) 2.1 min. M:22 eV Res. UCx/RILIS ~109
119mSn (IT) 291 d. ~0 eV Res. UCx/RILIS ~109 (?)
119Ag (b-)
→119Cd (b-)
→119In (b-)
2.1 s.
2.2 min.
2.4 min.
M:102 eV Res. UCx/RILIS ~few×107
197Au 197Hg (EC) 64 h. ~0 Ge (LT) Pb ~109
151Eu 151Dy (EC)
→151Tb (EC)
→151Gd (EC)
17.9 min.
17.6 h.
123.9 d.
~0 Ge Ta ~109
MS Collaboration
2015
2014
2011
2016
Perturbed Angular Correlationsby J. Schell & G. Correia
25ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
PAC: a method to probe hyperfine interaction in matter
26
Strengths
• Sample’s morphology is very flexible: Solids, liquids, molecules...
• Efficiency is almost independent of temperature
• Its a differential time measurement ranging from ns to µs
Weaknesses
Needs radioactive nuclei with:
• suitable decay cascades, nuclear
moments, half-lives
• “complicated” analyzing software
• interpretation is not direct
Opportunities
• Facilities like ISOLDE provide many “new” PAC probes
• Synchrotron radiation can make available more probe elements
• New DFT and Cluster models offer great progresses on interpretation
• New detection methods offer greater efficiency and handling of data (LaBr3 detectors, digital)
• e-gamma, gamma-gamma and beta-gamma should be exploited TOGETHER providing new data and exciting new physics
Threats
• Access to large scale facilities depends on appropriate funding
• Training and know-how (in applied nuclear physics) is vanishing from educational programs
• Traditional European groups are disappearing where deep knowledge of the method was accompanied by a regular production of good work.
ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Why only conventional PAC ISOTOPES?
27
111mCd t1/2 = 48.54 m11
2
−7
2
+
EC = 100 %
111In t1/2 = 2.80 d9
2
+
171 keVγ15
2
+ 151 keVt1/2 = 85 ns
γ1
1
2
+245 keV
111Cd
γ2
1
2
+
β- = 93(3) %
181Hf t1/2 = 42.39 d1
2
−
482 keVγ2
181Ta
5
2
+ 133 keVγ1t1/2 = 10.8 ns
Q (b) µ (µN) A22 I
111mCd +0.765(15) (*) -0.766(3) 0.1786 5/2+
181Hf (**) +2.35(6) +3.29(3) -0.3185(11) 5/2+
+2.16(37) +0.669(16) -0.392(8) 2+
(*)Haas, H. and Correia J. G., Hyp. Int. 198, 133-137, 2010.(**)Singh, B., Nuclear Data Sheets, 199 & Tuli J.K., Academic Press Inc., 1995.
7
2
+
ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
28
H
Lib-N
Na
b-N
KM
Rb
CsPAC
M
Fr
Be
Mgb-N
Ca
Sr
BaM
Ra
Sr
Y
LaM
Ac
Ti
Zr
HfM
VPAC
Nb
TaPAC
M
Cr
Mo
WM
ZnM
CuPAC
Ag
AuM
NiPAC
M
Pd
PtM
Co
RhPAC
IrPAC
M
FeM
RuM
OsM
MnTc
PACM
ReM
B
Al
Ga
InPAC
Tl
C
Si
GePAC
M
N
P
AsPAC
SbM
Bi
O
S
SePAC
TeM
Po
FPAC
Cl
CdPAC
HgPAC
M
SnPAC
M
PbPAC
BrPAC
IM
At
Ne
Ar
KrPAC
M
XeM
Rn
He
CePr
PACM
TbM
GdM
EuPAC
M
SmM
PmM
NdM
DyM
HoM
ErM
TmM
YbPAC
M
LuM
ThM
PaM
BkCm
AmM
PuM
NpM
UM
Cf EsFm
Md
No Lr
Available at ISOLDE NOT available at ISOLDE
g-g & g-e- PAC
g-g & e--g PAC
only e--g PAC
only g-e- PAC
only g-g PAC
PAC Perturbed Angular Correlations
M Mössbauer Effect
Probe elements
ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
PAC RESULTS: dopant incorporation (Cd)
29
111Cd:MoOx γ-γ (151-243 keV)
PAC from decay of 111mCd
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0 50 100 150 200
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
RT
100°C
300°C
200°C
120°C
time (ns)
R(t)
0 100 200 300200
220
240
260
280
300
0 100 200 3000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 100 200 3000.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 100 200 3000
20
40
60
80
100
0 (
Mra
d/
s)
(
Mra
d/
s)
measurement temperature (oC)
fract
ion
(%
)
EFG1 shows evidence for Cd occupying regular site
on MoO3.
EFG2 shows strong dumping due to:
- irregular lattices sites (and/or)
- damaged environment (and/or)
- the temperature reversability of the EFG1, EFG2
fractions hint an electronic excitation at the dopant
Cd. (to be continued, e.g., with ... e--g PAC)
ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
„Probing the local structure in Multiferroic SmCrO3”Goncalo Oliveira
“Utilization of PAC of radioisotope trackers and DFT calculations to determine local environment of Hg(II) in dithiocarbamate functionalized particles for magnetic
removal of Hg2+ from water”Joao Nuno
Friday“The Electric Field Gradient: A systematic Density Functional Study for Hg adatoms on Graphene”
Abel FentaFriday
Apparatus for surface Physics at ISOLDE CERN (1991)
Apparatus for Surface Physics and Interfaces at CERN
(2003)
(ASPIC)
30ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Apparatus for Surface Physics and Interfaces at CERN
31ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
ASPIC• First test in December 1990: 111mCd on a Cu
(100) surface
• UHV 10-10 mbar
• Two deposition stages
• Surface and interfaces studies
• Deposition of radioative ions (but not only)
• Additional characterization
(chemical/structural)
• Beautiful Physics: PAC, MS, surface EC
• Manteinance and upgrade at KU- Leuven
Fig. source: Radioactive ions for surface experiments
CERN-ISC-91-10
Offline and on-line emission
channelingCourtesy: L. Pereira and U. Wahl
32ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Lattice sites of 27Mg in different pre-doped GaN
(IS453 courtesy)
33ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
● Electron emission
channeling patterns show
mix of substitutional +
interstitial 27Mg
● Interstitial Mg fraction highest in p-GaN:Mg
● Lowest in n-GaN:Si
Direct evidence for amphoteric character of
Mg that is coupled to the doping type
● Site change interstitial - substitutional MgGa
Activation energy for migration of interstitial
Mg: EM » 1.3 - 2.0 eV
-2
-1
0
1
2
-1 0 1 2 3
(01-
10)
(11-20)
(11-20
)
(01-
10)
1.42 - 1.50
1.33 - 1.42
1.25 - 1.33
1.16 - 1.25
1.07 - 1.16
0.99 - 1.07
0.90 - 0.99
0.82 - 0.90
-1 0 1 2 3
-2
-1
0
1
2
(11-20
)
(11-20)
(b) best fit
1.42 - 1.50
1.33 - 1.42
1.25 - 1.33
1.16 - 1.25
1.07 - 1.16
0.99 - 1.07
0.90 - 0.99
0.82 - 0.90
-1 0 1 2 3
-2
-1
0
1
2
(01-10)
(01-
10)
(11-
20) (11-20)
(d) 100% Mgi(c) 100% SGa
1.59 - 1.70
1.48 - 1.59
1.37 - 1.48
1.26 - 1.37
1.15 - 1.26
1.04 - 1.15
0.93 - 1.04
0.82 - 0.93
-1 0 1 2 3
-2
-1
0
1
2
(01-10)
(11-20)
(a) experiment
1.34 - 1.43
1.26 - 1.34
1.17 - 1.26
1.08 - 1.17
1.00 - 1.08
0.91 - 1.00
0.82 - 0.91
0.74 - 0.82
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Interstitial 27
Mg (t1/2
=9.5 min) in GaN of different doping types
Arrhenius step models:
N=1 EM
=2.0 eV
N=105 E
M=1.3 eV
implantation current [pA]: 0.20 0.27 1.4-3.0
nid-GaN
p-GaN
GaN:Mg
n-GaN:Si
inte
rsti
tial
27M
g [
%]
implantation temperature T [°C]
“Lattice location of 27Mg in GaN: latest results using the emission channeling technique”
Ulrich Wahl3rd talk
„Emission Channeling with Timepix position sensitive dectectors”
David Bosne (poster)“Lattice location of implanted transition metals in 3C-
SiC”Ângelo Costa (Friday)
Extra topic: topological insulators (IS612 courtesy)
34ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Semi-metalic surface states originating from non-
trivial topology of the electronic band structure in
the bulk (insulator)
(spintronics, quantum computation...)
Nature Physics 8, 800 (2012) Nature Materials 13, 178 (2014)Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 186801 (2014) Nature Communications 3, 982 (2012)
Topological crystalline insulators (IS612 courtesy)
35ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
cubic
rhombohedral
Pb, Sn or Ge
Te
PbTe
↓
(Pb,Sn)Te
↓
SnTe
↓
(Ge,Sn)Te
↓
GeTe
topological
crystalline
insulator
(TCI)
ferroelectric
Rashba
semiconductor
(FERS)
Rhombohedral distortion: breaking crystal mirror symmetry
...with hyperfine interactions (IS612 courtesy)
36ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Vzz [1
02
1 V
/m2]
r [Å]
GeTe
SnTe
PbTe
technique parent t1/2 Q [b]
Pb PAC 204mPb 67 min 0.44
Sn e-MS119In 2.4 min
0.094119mSn 293 d
Ge PAC 73As 80 d 0.70
𝜔𝑄 or ∆𝐸𝑄 ∝ 𝑄 𝑉𝑧𝑧
Δr
density functional theory
calculations
to establish relation between
measured HFI parameters and
structural parameters
EC-SLI (IS580)
Emission Channeling with Short-Lived Isotopes (online)
37ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Successful emission channeling measurements on topological insulators
-1
0
1
2
3
<211>
<111>
<110>
0.94
0.99
1.03
1.08
1.13
1.17-1
0
1
2
3
-2 -1 0 1 2
-2 -1 0 1 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
-1
0
1
2
3
<211>
<111>
<110>
-1
0
1
2
3-3 -2 -1 0 1
-3 -2 -1 0 1-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
0.94
0.99
1.05
1.10
1.16
1.21
56Mn (2.6 h)
• Mn as magnetic
dopant
• magnetic
properties
depend on Mn
lattice site (e.g.
substitutional
versus intersitital)
• EC is used to
determine the
lattice location
123Sn (40 min)
• parent: 123In
• isotope used for first time for
EC
• doping with Sn induces a
rhombohedral distortion;
the topological state
(e.g. topological
insulator, Rashba
semiconductor, or trivial)
depends on the
magnitude of this
distortion
• EC is used to
characterize the
distortionexample spectra:
Mn-doped PbTe, implanted at 100 °C
example spectra:
Sn-doped PbTe, implanted at 200 °C
Nobel Prize in Physics 2016
38ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"Source: "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 4 Dec 2016.
<http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2016/>
Acknowledgements
39
BMBF
Bundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungErforschung kondensierter Materie mit Großgeräten
Ausbau und Unterhalt der Einrichtungen an ISOLDE/CERN
Germany, contracts: 05K13TSA, 05K16PGA
M. Deicher, D. Lupascu, J. Schell
FCT
Fundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaCaracterização de Materiais com Técnicas Nucleares Radioativas -sinergia e complementaridade aplicadas ao treino edesenvolvimento.
Portugal, Project: CERN-FIS-NUC-0004-2015
J.G. Martins Correia
KU-Leuven
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Lino Pereira
ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
Acknowledgements
40
Thank you very much for your attention!... to colleagues and collaborators!
Specially the SSP in-house group!
ISOLDE Workshop and Users meeting 2016 by Juliana Schell
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