2
Next up:PV Technology Basics
• Why Solar photovoltaics (PV)?• How PV works• “Grid-tied” and “net-metering”• Good solar sites
Then• Rebate Programs
33
Do Energy Efficiency First!!!!!New or Existing property owners should:• Determine a baseline of recent energy usage, on a
British Thermal Unit (BTU) / foot2 / degree-day basis,• Model energy efficiency and renewable energy
improvements, • Implement, through new construction, renovation or
rehabilitation of the property, the maximum amount of energy efficiency improvements possible,
• Have a 3rd party measure and verify the energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements, and
• Commission any larger building or system improvements, energy efficiency and renewable energy improvements.
44
Cost of Energy Generation\Energy Avoidance
Equipment cost to deliver 1 kWh per year (The energy is free.)
Passive Solar, Daylighting $0.50
Passive Cooling $0.25
Solar H20 $2.00
Solar Electric Power $8.00
Wind $6.00
Efficiency Improvements $0.10 - $1.00
Envelope Improvements $0.50 - $2.00
55
Leverage Utility Energy-Efficiency Incentives!
At a minimum, get existing home or business audited:– Residential customers:
http://www.masssave.com/
– Other customers (go to utility website):• http://www.nationalgridus.com/masselectric/business/
• http://www.nstaronline.com/your_business/
• http://www.gasnetworks.com/efficiency/applications.asp
7
Solar Electric Energy
• In one hour, the sun sends energy to this planet to meet all of our energy needs for an entire year
• Solar Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert some sunlight energy into electricity
• Combine with NE’s high traditional electricity costs…
8
Cost of PV ($/W)
Cost of Electricity
($/kWh)
Rebate Required ($/Watt)
$8.50 $0.40 $0.62$7.50 $0.35 $0.59$6.50 $0.30 $0.57$5.50 $0.25 $0.54$4.50 $0.20 $0.52$3.00 $0.15 $0.16$3.00 $0.15 $0.00
Scenarios for Solar Electricity
Nominal Cost of Installed PV mapped against the Cost of Electricity and a Rebate to achieve a Internal Rate of Return of 10% (used in typical project investments).
9
Converting Sunlight to Electricity
• Photons strike silicon sandwiches, dislodge electrons
• Electrons freed by solar energy travel an electrical circuit
• Creates Direct Current (DC) electricity
• Has to be inverted to 60 Hz AC – household power
Thanks to Terry Dupuis, Solar Works Inc. for the slides
10
Utility-Connected PV Systems means “Grid-Tied”
• PV systems parallel the electric utility service – house usually runs on both solar and utility electricity
• PV Power will either:– supply home electrical needs, and/or– flow to the grid when PV power exceeds household
demand.
11
Net Metering Changes Everything
• Sun shining – your home draws power from the array; at night, utility supplies power.
• When making more power than using, electric meter “spins” backwards– “netting” power
• “Net metering” effectively sells excess PV electricity to the utility - and at retail prices(it’s the law)
12
• Lots of Sunlight – minimize shading from trees, roof elements, other buildings during solar window: 9am -3pm
• Newly covered, structurally sound, roof facing near south
• ~40° Roof pitchor PV system pitch (flat roofs OK, too)
Decent PV Installation Characteristics
18
$2.56Average Award - $/watt
$9,935Average Total Award
$9.73Average $/watt cost
3890Average Capacity (watts)
$37,795Average Installed Cost
578Systems Rebated by MTC
PV System Costs 2001 - 2007
20
PV Project Economics
Assumes MTC rebate and grant plus adders.
Not for Profit 20+ yearsResidential* 8 to 18 yearsPublic 15+ yearsTaxable Business* ~5 years*Assumes ability to use Federal and State Tax Incentives
Examples of Solar PV Project Simple Paybacks
2222
Background to MTC and the Trust
• Massachusetts Technology Collaborative (MTC) administers the Renewable Energy Trust, created in 1997 by the Legislature to: – increase supply & demand for electricity from clean
sources, and – promote development of a vibrant Massachusetts
renewable energy industry.
• Over $250 million in awards; $40+ MM in FY2007• Support for over 1300 clean energy projects,
companies, and related activities.– Over 450 solar electric projects installed; ~5 megaWatts– Plus wind, small hydro, fuel cells, biomass, landfill gas
• 175+ cities and towns with installations
2323
Some Towns Aren’t Eligible for Funds• Source of funds is a surcharge $25 million/yr• Only customers in investor-owned utility service territories:
2424
Initiatives support commercially available technologies that useat least 25% of electricity onsite:
Commonwealth Solar or Small Renewables Initiative
Large Onsite Renewables Initiative
Solar PVWindHydro
Solar PVWindHydro
BiomassFuel Cells
Eligible Renewable Technologies
2525
Commonwealth Solar:More Clean Energy and Jobs
• Executive Administration Goal – Achieve the Governor’s 250 MW by 2017 goal– 4 Year Target: 27 MW by end of 2011
• Make it easy…– Non-competitive, rolling rebate application
process for all solar projects– Continuous, predictable PV incentives thru 2011– Ample Funding Available!
2626
Commonwealth Solar Funding
• $68 million over ~4 years– $40 million from the Renewable Energy Trust – $28 million from Div. of Energy Resources
• Minimum Reservations– $16 million through 2011 for state and municipal
buildings, including schools– $8 million thru 20111 for residences, including
low and moderate-income households.– 1st funding block:$8.5 million, of which $1
million reserved for residences.
2727
Commonwealth SolarResidential Benefits
+ Special incentives for moderate-income households
Cost Coverage 20% to 60% of typical residential PV System
Estimated payback 8 to 18 years
Return on Investment 4.3% to 13.7%
System size cap at 5.0 kW
2929
Calculating PV Rebate - 1
• Is it in a Municipal Lighting Plant district?
• Does the residence have adequate:– Roof Space? – Structural Roof Strength– Access to sunlight
• Or can it be ground-mounted?
3030
Calculating PV Rebate - 2
• Determine PV Incentive (Total $ & $/watt)• Start with Base Incentive ($2/watt)• Are you using inverter or panels made in
Massachusetts?– YES: Add $0.25/watt
3131
Calculating PV Rebate - 3Does the residence meet the Moderate Home Value criteria?
≤ $400,000Barnstable, Duke, Essex, Middlesex, Nantucket, Norfolk, and Plymouth
≤ $350,000Bristol, Suffolk, and Worcester
≤ $300,000Berkshire, Franklin, Hampden, and Hampshire
Moderate Home Value
County
YES: Add $1.25 per watt
3232
Calculating PV Rebate - 3Does the Property Owner meet the Moderate Income criteria?
Add $1 per watt
Between $76,296 and $91,552 (up to 120 of MA median household income)
Add $2 per watt
Less than or equal to $76,296 (MA median household income)
Rebate AdderHousehold Income Criteria
33
Sample Rebate Calculation
$4.50Rebate ($/watt dc) $16,200Rebate ($)
$1.00Moderate Household Income $1.25Moderate Home Value$0.25MA Company Components$2.00Base Incentive ($/watt)3600Total System Size (watts)
34
$3.62$0.55Average Award - $/watt$21,598$28,000Average Total Award
$6.13$1.77Average $/watt cost5.9650.1Average Capacity (watts)
$36,531$89,981Average Installed Cost992Number of Systems
WindHydro
Small Hydro and Small WindSystem Costs 2001 - 2007
3636
For more information…• Commonwealth Solar and Other Rebate Programs:
www.masstech.org/rebateswww.masstech.org/solarKelly Brown, 508-870-0312, x1602
• MTC Affordable Housing website:http://www.masstech.org/
renewableenergy/afford_housing.htm
• Green Affordable HousingRaphael Herz at MTC:
(508) 870-0312 [email protected]
Top Related