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2
COURSE INFO
Code : MEC655
Course :
Contact Hrs: 3 (L) & 1 (PBL) / weeks
Course Status : SPECIAL TOPICS
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3
Course Outcomes
Upon Completion of this course, students should beable to :
CO1 Compare energy efficiency and renewable energy approaches
to the reduction in the use of fossil fuel. [PO1, LO1]{C4}.
CO2 Analyse principles of renewable energy systems to propose
possible solutions for real-life energy management issues
[PO3, LO3, SS1]{C5}.
CO3 Relate energy utilization and its impact on the environment.[PO9, LO6, SS4] {A3}.
CO4 Review literature and compile information related to
sustainable energy technologies. [PO10, LO7, SS5]{P5}.
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3. Sustainable Energy Technologies Assessment
1. Solar Energy Systems:
2. Bio-mass Energy Systems
3. Hydro Energy Systems
4. Wind Energy Systems:
5. Geo-thermal.
6. Hydrogen fuel.
7. Waste heat recovery /harvest
8. Nuclear Energy.
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3.0 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural
resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal
heat, biomass etc. which are renewable (naturally
replenished).
In 2010, only about 18% of global final energy consumption
came from renewables (Ref: ).
The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that nearly
50% of global electricity supplies will need to come from
renewable energy sources in order to halve carbon dioxideemissions by 2050 and minimise significant, irreversible
climate change impacts
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Global Trend : Investment in RE Techs
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Source : WEO 2009 IEA
Global Fuel Mix for Electricity
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Malaysia Fuel Mix for Electricity
Source : http://www.teeam.com/st_paper_15july09.pdf
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Source : http://www.teeam.com/st_paper_15july09.pdf
http://www.tnb.com.my
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Malaysian Energy Policies
The Energy Policy of Malaysia is determined by the Malaysian
Government, which address issues of energy production,
distribution, and consumption. The Department of Electricity
and Gas Supply acts as the regulator while other players in the
energy sector include energy supply and service companies,research and development institutions and consumers.
Government-linkedcompanies, Petronas and TNB are major
players in Malaysia's energy sector.
Governmental agencies that contribute to the policy are theMinistry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA),
Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga)), and the Malaysia
Energy Centre (Pusat Tenaga Malaysia).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Commission_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Commission_of_Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporation7/31/2019 Solar energy resource intro
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The Governing Bodies
1. Ministry of Energy, Communications and Multimedia(Kementerian Tenaga, Komunikasi dan Multimedia) < 2004
2. Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications (Kementerian Tenaga, Air dan Komunikasi Malaysia) (KTAK) MAC 2004
3. Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water -
Kementerian Tenaga, Teknologi Hijau dan Air Malaysia (KeTTHA). April2009
Malaysian Energy Policies
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Malaysian Energy Policies
Among the documents that the policy is based on are the
1974 Petroleum Development Act, 1975 National Petroleum
Policy, 1980 National Depletion Policy, 1990 Electricity Supply
Act, 1993 Gas Supply Acts, 1994 Electricity Regulations, 1997
Gas Supply Regulation and the 2001 Energy Commission Actetc
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Sustainable development of the energy sector is important in ensurin
competitiveness of the economyEfforts will be undertaken to manage
both depletable and renewable energy resources to cater for the
demand of the economy;
To supplement the conventional supply of energy, new sources such
as renewable energy will be encouraged.Of these, biomass resources
such as oil palm and wood waste as well as rice husks, will be used on a
wider basis mainly for electricity generation. Other potential sources
include palm diesel and hydrogen fuel.
OPP3 (2001-2010)Statements on ENERGY SECTOR (infrastructure)
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National Renewable Energy Policy
On June 10, 2010, the government announced the National
Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan with a goal of
increasing renewable energy from 1% to 5.5% of electricity
supply by 2015.
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Parliament debated on the Renewable Energy Act and the Actfor a Feed-in Tariff Implementing Agency in October 2010with the expectation that the program passed into law andlaunched in 2011. (Dec 2011 Renewable energy, feedin
Tariff launched)
The legislation will establish the Sustainable EnergyDevelopment Authority (SEDA) which will manage the feed-intariff program.
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Achievement
9MP targeted the production of 350MW of grid-connected electricityfrom renewable sources, translating into 1.8% of electricity mix.
However, only 53MW was achieved by the end of 2009, or 15% of thetargeted capacity, he said.
The 10th Malaysia Plan (10MP) re-emphasised the use of renewableenergy to meet Malaysias growing energy demands, in particular hydropower for electricity generation and blending of biofuels for transportsector.
Two of the steps taken by the Government to help boost development inrenewable energy sector is the plan to implement a feed-in tariff
programme later this year and the mandatory blending of biofuels fortransport sector in 2011.
Source: The Star, 27th August 2010
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Source : http://www.teeam.com/st_paper_15july09.pdf
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http://www.teeam.com/st_paper_15july09.pdf
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MALAYSIA RE Programes < 2009
Source : http://www.teeam.com/st_paper_15july09.pdf
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Initiativeshttp://www.kettha.gov.my
Centre for Education and Training In Renewable Energy andEnergy Effiency (CETREE)
This project is a continuation of the centre for education andtraining in renewable energy and energy efficiency (CETREE)project that was implemented by the Malaysian Governmentin collaboration with DANIDA under the Malaysia-Danishenvironmental cooperation programme that began in 2000.The purpose of the project is to increase the level ofknowledge and awareness on the role and use of energy
efficiency in education. Through this project the concept ofrenewable energy and energy efficiency could be absorbedinto curricular activities in schools and universities.
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The Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy or SCORE is a
new development corridor in central Sarawak was launched
on 11 February 2008. It is one of the five regional
development corridors being developed throughout the
country.
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Renewable Energy Resources &
Systems
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3.1Solar Energy Systems
Solar radiations data; Solar energy collection and
conversion, Storage and utilization; Solar heating and
cooling; Solar power generation; Refrigeration and
Air-conditioning; Solar Energy system Economics
Solar EnergyThe Official Journal of the International Solar
Energy Society
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Solar Radiation
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SOLAR Radiation
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The electromagnetic spectrum
The heat radiated by a body is comprised of a range offrequencies.
Thermal radiation is defined as the portion of thespectrum between: 10-7 and 10-4 m.
Visible light is the portion of the spectrum between:3.9x10-7 and 7.8x10-7 m.
Solar radiation is the portion of the spectrum between: 10-5
and 3x10-6
m.
Electromagnetic waves transport energy and travel at thespeed of light.
c0= 2.9979 x 108 m/s
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Thermal radiation (10-7 to 10-4 m)
(3.9x10
-7
to 7.8x10
-7
m)
The electromagnetic spectrum
Solar radiation(10-5 to 3x10-6 m)
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The Potentials of Solar Energy
Solar energy represents an abundant and unlimited resource, which
theoreticallycould supply all the worlds energy demand. The Earths' surface receives so much solar energy from the sun everyday,
that if this energy is harnessed for even just 60 seconds, it would be enough
to power the world's total energy requirements for a year
The Sun radiates energy at 3.91026 W, but energy received at the outer
atmosphere of Earth is 1368W/m2. This value varies in 1.7% due tochanges in the EarthSun distance
The maximum radiation is received during a sunny day, where 90% of the
extraterrestrial radiation become direct radiation while the rest are being
deflected as diffuse radiation, while conversely, on a cloudy day, nearly all
of the solar radiation is diffused Although solar energy is sufficient to meet the entire energy needs of the
world, currently it is not economical to do so because of the low
concentration of solar energy on earth ( W/m2) and the high capital cost of
harnessing it due to low conversion efficiency.
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Typical Solar variation (temperate regions)
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A tropical country such as Malaysia is generally hot all year around and
experiences its rainy season during the end of the year. With an average of
12 h of sunshine daily, the average solar energy received is between 1400
and 1900kWh/m2 annually.
Although Malaysia has high potential in solar electricity generation, the
present initiatives and efforts are lower than the countrys actual
potential.
Currently, the solar energy conversion status in Malaysia is 1 MW, and its
estimated potential can reach more than 6500 MW [14].
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Solar Energy Technologies
Solar Energy Technologies are characterized by how Solar energy could be
harnessed, either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they
capture, convert and distribute solar energy.
Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are
considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies
reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considereddemand side technologies
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy
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Active Solar Techniques
Active solar techniques include the use ofphotovoltaic (PV) panels , solar
thermal collectors and concentrating solar power to harness the energy.
Other than PV systems, Active solar energy systems collect, store and
distribute solar energy by use of mechanical devices such as pumps or
fans. When air or water is warmed by the sun, the active system circulates
the warmer air or water, replacing the medium in the collection devicewith cool water or air, which is then warmed and cycled through the
system again.
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Passive Solar Techniques
Passive solar energy systems harness the sun's light and heat directly,
without employing devices to capture and convert it to electricity include
orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal
mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.
One example of passive solar energy is the placement of windows to allowoptimal amounts of sunlight into a room or building, both lighting and
heating the area without the need for an external energy source.
Passive solar energy can also be used, within a building, to create air
currents, which work with the ventilation system to cool as well as provide
heat.
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3.1.1 Photovoltaics (PV)
Photovoltaics (PV) is a method of generating electrical power byconverting solar radiation into direct current electricity usingsemiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic solarcells convert solar energy into electricity by using photons of light to knockelectrons into a higher state of energy.
A solar power cell consists of two layers of this treated silicon. The bottomlayer is positively charged (P-type) and the top layer is negatively charged(N-type).
The two layers form an electric field between them which only allows theelectrons to flow from the P-type silicon to the N-type silicon.
When the solar power cell is part of an external circuit, this will allow it to
generate solar electricity when light strikes the top silicon surface Materials presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline silicon,
polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copperindium selenide/sulfide.
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..Photovoltaics (PV)
Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels comprising a numberof cells containing a photovoltaic material
Photovoltaic systems are more versatile than other solar energy systems
and their popularity among solar power researchers and enthusiasts has
created a faster rate of advancement and development.
Photovoltaic solar energy systems are used in consumer, commercial and
industrial applications, which use the direct production of electricity to
power lights, cooling systems, ventilation and many other applications.
Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the
manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced
considerably in recent years.
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Solar PV
PV cells are often grouped in theform of modules to produce
arrays which have the capability to
produce a significant power
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Types of Solar PV
Most solar panels can be classified as : monocrystalline, polycrystalline oramorphous based on the silicon structure that comprises the cell.
Different panels use different materials that display the photovoltaic
effect.
Each has different sensitivity to light and temperature and may have
different cell designs which affect the overall look
Solar panel efficiency is still only about 13-18% efficient in turning sunlight
into electricity.
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Monocrystalline Solar Module
Polycrystalline silicon solar module
Thin Film Amorphous Solar Panels
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Monocrystalline PV panels
Made from a single silicon crystal.
The most efficient commercially viable panels producing the highest
wattage per square metre though more expensive, thanpolycrystalline types. Hence not necessarily the first choice forevery home
Very slow degradation, generally losing 0.25 - 0.5% per year
The lifespan of a monocrystalline cell is a minimum of 25 years andcan be upto 50, i.e. worthwhile investment for long term use.
The average size 180 W panel is about 160cm length, 80 cm inwidth, 3cm high, and weighs 15kg with its aluminum frame.
Extremely fragile,that means a rigid mounting is a must
Don't perform as well as other panels in shady conditions or at hightemperatures
costlier than polycrystalline options, but their longevity,performance, and efficiency mean that theyre a good buy over alonger period of time
P l t lli PV l
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Polycrystalline PV panels
Similar to mono-crystalline panels, but the silicon used has a differentstructure which is easier to make and therefore cheaper to buy and installthan mono-crystalline panels.
perform a bit better in high temperatures.
Poly-crystallines are slightly less efficient, so more panels may be needed forthe same output.
Amorphous PV panels
Less expensive than the crystalline panels. If space is not an issue, than an
amorphous panel could be a great option. Perform better than crystalline panels in very hot temperatures and are alsoslightly more tolerant of partial shading.
The production process is more energy efficient than the other panel varietiesso the panels are generally cheaper to make and to purchase. Their lightweight makes them suitable for curved structures.
They have a lower energy generation efficiency, so the panel is typically nearlydouble the size than the other panel varieties
Thin film has improved shade and temperature tolerances over both monoand poly and has better embodied energy rates than both.
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PV R&D..
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Types of PV Solar Energy Systems
PV Stand-Alone (off-grid) Systems These are designed to operate independent of the electric utility grid, and
are generally designed and sized to supply certain DC and/or AC electrical
loads. Stand-alone off-grid systems can be applied to remote homes, lighting,
TV, computers, water pumps and greenhouse ventilation systems
The output of an off-grid system is entirely dependent upon the intensity ofthe sun. The more intense the sun exposure, the greater the output. The
electricity generated is used immediately, so the system must function on
direct current and variable power output
The simplest type of stand-alone system is a direct-coupled system, where
the DC output of a solar module or array is directly connected to a DC load. If a certain power output guarantee is required at any time of the day or
night, either some kind of storage device is necessary. Most off-grid systems
use batteries to store power during periods of low to no sunlight .
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Stand Alone System:
Main Components
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PV Stand Alone Systems
Stand-Alone Off-Grid PV Hybrid Systems
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The systems may be powered by a solar array only or may be combined with another energy
supply such as wind turbine, propane or a diesel generator as an auxiliary power source in
what is called a solar-hybrid system (see hybrid systems). To meet the largest power requirements in an off-grid location, the PV system can be
configured with a small diesel generator. This means that the PV system no longer has to be
sized to cope with the worst sunlight conditions available during the year. Use of the diesel
generator for back-up power is minimized during the sunniest part of the year to reduce fuel
and maintenance costs.
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PV G id C t d S t
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PV Grid-Connected Systems
In grid-connected or grid-tied systems, solar energy is used during the day by
the system owner. At night, the user draws on the previously establishedelectricity grid.
An addition benefit of the grid-tied system is that the solar system does notneed to be sized to meet peak loadsoverages can be drawn from the grid.
Surplus energy generated during the day can be exported back to the grid.
Grid-connected systems must meet utility requirements. For example,
inverters must not emit noise that can interfere with equipment reception. Grid-connected systems can be applied to residential installations
PV Stand-Alone Grid-Tied Systems
Stand-alone grid-connected systems are the same as grid-connected systems,except with battery storage added to allow power to be generated even if theelectricity grid fails.
Stand-alone grid-tied systems can be applied to residential and businesssystems that require uninterrupted power
PV Grid-Connected System
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A "Grid-tie" solar system is useful for homes that are already connected to
the utility grid. The advantage of this type of system is the price reductionof utility. The system has to be wired with an inverter that produces pure-
sine-wave AC electricity, which is necessary for connecting to the utility
grid.
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BIPV (Building Intergrated PV)
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PUSAT TENAGA MALAYSIA (PTM)
The PTM Green Energy Office (GEO) Building is the office for the PusatTenaga Malaysia (Malaysia Energy Centre.The GEO building is a pilot project to demonstrate the use of green buildingdesign and the integration of energy efficiency and renewable energy
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PUSAT TENAGA MALAYSIA (PTM)
PV Solar Power Plant
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PV Solar Power Plant Commercial solar panel efficiency is still only about 13-18% efficient in
turning sunlight into electricity. Therefor Photovoltaic power generation
plant employs large number of solar panels to generate sufficient power. Example : 11 MW solar power plant in Portugal
3 1 2 Solar Thermal Energy
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3.1.2 Solar Thermal Energy
Solar thermal energy (STE) utilizes solar thermal collectors tocollect heat, which can then be transferred to air and water-
heating systems.
STE collectors are similar to photovoltaic collectors in
appearance, but operate by collecting and distributing heatthrough fluid-filled pipes to provide solar space heating and
solar water heating.
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Solar Water Heating
3.1.3 Concentrating Solar Power (thermal solar)
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g ( ) Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems utilize lenses, mirrors and
tracking systems to focus large amounts of sunlight into smaller areas. The
focused sunlight can then be used either as a direct source of heat, or to
boost the effectiveness of photovoltaic systems.
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Thermal Solar Power Plant
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Concentrated solar power can also be stored long enough to produce
electricity at night, like the Andasol plant does in Spain.
i l
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3.1.4 Passive Polar Systems
Passive solar energy systems harness the sun's light and heatdirectly, without employing devices to capture and convert it
to electricity include orienting a building to the Sun.
Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural
light as possible. This decreases energy consumption andcosts, and requires less heating and cooling from the building
A good daylighting design can save up to 75 %of the energy
used for electric lighting in a building.
Electric lights also generate significant heat in a building andby turning off or dimming the lights when not needed, 10 to
20 %of the energy used to cool a building can be saved ( -ve
for hot regions, +for cold regions)
l h
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Day-lighting
KLIA d li hti
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KLIA: day-lighting
P i S l H ti d i i t f b ildi d i i hi h th l
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Passive Solar Heating design is an aspect of building design in which the solar
cycle is exploited in Winter to provide passive building heating for free. In
essence the heat of the Sun is 'captured' in Winter to provide building heat -
so known as designing for solar gain.
S l V til ti
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Solar Ventilation
3 1 5 S l li
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3.1.5 Solar cooling
Solar cooling refers to any cooling system that uses solarpower. This can be done through passive solar, solar thermal
energy conversion and photovoltaic conversion.
Technologies available for solar-driven cooling include :
1) absorption systems .
2) desiccant cooling systems.
3) direct conversion cooling systems (PV)
Solar cooling
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Solar cooling
3 1 6 Solar Systems Installation in Malaysia
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3.1.6 Solar Systems Installation in Malaysiahttp://www.kettha.gov.my/en/content/solar-energy
Harnessing solar energy has been limited. The largest solar installations are solarwater heating systems in hotels, small food and beverage industries and uppermiddle class urban homes.
A third of the Government's total allocation of RM469 million for ruralelectrification programmes under the Seventh Malaysia Plan has been allocatedfor the provision of solar powered installations for rural and remote communities.
A 100 kWp Demonstration Photovoltaic Project was implemented under the
initiatives of the Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications, and the JapaneseGovernment, represented by NEDO in Marak Parak, Sabah. The project wascompleted in 1995. The project has given the necessary beginning for the effectiveand efficient transfer of technology in the field of PV power generation.
There is also a demonstration project 17,500 KWh per year 'Hybrid Solar PV -Diesel at Nature Education and Research Center (NERC) at Endau RompinNationalPark, Johor, Malaysia.
At the end of 2008, Malaysia had cumulative total installed and commissionedgrid-connected PV capacity of approximately 740 kWp and off-grid PV capacity of7-8 MWp. The off-grid PV applications serve mainly rural electrification and non-building structures and are almost fully funded by the Government of Malaysia
PUSAT TENAGA MALAYSIA (PTM) - BIPV**The
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( ) ename has changed in 2011
The PTM Green Energy Office (GEO) / Zero Energy (ZEO) Building is theoffice for the Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (Malaysia Energy Centre.The GEO building is a pilot project to demonstrate the use of green buildingdesign and the integration of energy efficiency and renewable energy
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Rural Electrification Projects
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Solar Farm in Kg. Kalabakan Sabah
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Rural Electrification Projects
MBIPV
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MBIPV
Suria 1000 Programme. A national MBIPV programme SURIA 1000, targeting the
residential and commercial sector will establish the new BIPV market and will
provide direct opportunities to the public and industry to be involved in renewable
energy initiatives and environmental protection.
Suria 1000 Secretariat - MBIPV Project
Pusat Tenaga Malaysia
No. 2, Jalan 9/10, Persiaran Usahawan, Seksyen 9
43650 Bandar Baru Bangi
Selangor Darul EhsanEmail: suria1000(a)mbipv.net.my
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http://www.mbipv.net.my/
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The Suria 1000 programme allows houses and commercial buildings tobecome part of the countrys renewable energy initiative by producing
energy through solar power.
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1. The MBPIV component that most benefit the public is Suria 1000. Here,
people can bid for PV system subsidies of up to 50%. This scheme has so
far given 30 house owners the rare opportunity of generating solar
power.
2. These developments will benefit from a 30% to 35% subsidy from the
Malaysian Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (MBIPV) project, which funds
PV systems for private dwellings, commercial buildings and housing
development, to promote solar energy. This scheme is implemented by
Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM) and is partially sponsored by the United
Nations Development Programme/Global Environment Facility.
3. The MBIPV project also backed development of the Ministry of Energy,
Water and Communications Low Energy (LEO) Building and PTM Zero
Energy (ZEO) Building. Both structures have incorporated PV cells and
energy-conservation features.
4. Numerous workshops were also held to build up expertise in BIPV
technology, promote a local PV industry, and outline laws and policies
that will encoura e BIPV develo ment.
2008 Solar homes for Malaysia (The Star Tuesday July 8 2008 )
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2008 Solar homes for Malaysia (The Star, Tuesday July 8, 2008 )
1. MBIPV funding support has led to a growing number of PV-equipped
buildings which serve as demonstration sites: the Sri Aman school inPetaling Jaya; shoplots in Damansara Uptown in Petaling Jaya; six
bungalow show units at Setia Eco Park in Shah Alam; Putrajaya Perdana
office in Putrajaya; a roof link bridge at Monash University in Bandar
Sunway, Selangor; and four bungalows at Precinct 16 in Putrajaya.
2. At Setia Eco Park in Shah Alam, Selangor, SP Setia is including PV systems in20 of the 39 bungalows, which are going for around RM1.58mil. The
5kilowatt peak (KWp) system cost over RM170,000 each and is expected to
generate RM150 worth of electricity every month.
3. In Precinct 16 of Putrajaya, developer Putrajana Perdana is offering PV
modules in 15 bungalows ranging in price from RM2.9mil to RM4mil. ThePV systems average around 5.4KWp each.
MBIPV Projects
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MBIPV Projects
Location Sek. Men, Keb. St. John
Type Retrofitted School
Project By Green School CampaignCapacity 5.04 kWp
KANEKA GEA060 ( Thin Film). 60 Wp x 84 units
Start of Operation 22 December 2010
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Location Private Bungalows, Bandar Eco Setia
Type Retrofitted Residential
Project By Suria For Developer
Capacity 10.29 kWp
Mitsubishi PV-AD 180MF5 (Polycrystalline)180Wp x 28Suntech STP 175S-24/Ac (Monocrsytalline)175Wp x 30
Fronius IG 60HV (2 units)
Start of
Operation
24 January 2011
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Address:
Photovoltaic Monitoring Centre,
Research Innovations on Sustainable Energy,Institute Of Science, UiTM Malaysia,
Shah Alam, Selangor, MALAYSIA
http://pvmc.uitm.edu.my/pvmc2010/default.asp
3.1.7 Economics Assessment
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The cost of home solar power systems have continued to change over the past decade due to
changing Government incentive schemes, technology advancements in panels manufacturing
and inverter efficiency, and suppliers in the market.
Cost considerations
The price of your solar PV system can be affected by variables including:
Government rebates and support schemes (these vary in each state)
Location
Number of panels
Orientation of panels
Type of panels
Type of inverter
System design and configuration
Shipping costs for equipment and parts Contractor installation costs
Removal of trees or other shading
Site preparation needs (for example, condition of roof or ground)
Structural engineering, architectural, and other professional services (for commercial systems)
Cost considerations
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Cost considerations
It is also important to note that if you have a solar PV system installed,your electricity rates will change from an off peak tariff to a time-of-use
(TOU) tariff. This will particularly affect your dedicated off-peak loads, such
as hot water, space heating and air-conditioning.
You should check with your electricity retailer whether the benefits of the
time-of-use (TOU) tariff outweigh the benefits of staying on your off-peaktariff. This needs to be considered before your install your solar PV panels.
Government rebates such as Renewable Energy Certificates can be
deducted from these figures.
Example: Cost considerations
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Example: Cost considerations
1 kW peak solar system generates around 1,600 kilowatt hours per year ina sunny climate and about 750 kilowatt hours per year in a cloudy climate.
A solar energy system can provide electricity 24 hours a day when thesolar electric modules are combined with batteries in one integratedenergy system.
Solar modules produce electricity even on cloudy days, usually around 10-
20% of the amount produced on sunny days. The typical components of a solar home system include the solar module,an inverter, a battery, a charge controller (sometimes known as aregulator), wiring, and support structure.
A typical silicon cell solar module will have a life in excess of 20 years
Monthly average residential consumption of electricity in Malaysia
is..kWh Monthly average residential electricity bill in the Malaysia is...
example
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Your monthly usage 1500kWh
New Electricitytariff
Maximum kWh Your Consumption(kWh)
Amount (RM)
First 500 units (0-500): 28.6 500 500 143.00
Next 100 units (501-600): 37.8 100 100 37.80
Next 100 units (601-700): 38.7 100 100 38.70
Next 100 units (701-800): 39.7 100 100 39.70
Next 100 units (801-900): 41.7 100 100 41.70Every unit >900: 44.6 0 600 267.60
Total 568.50
PV System 5.25kWp produces 481.25 kWh
Total electricity usage from TNB 1018.75 kWhNew Electricity
tariffMaximum kWh Your Consumption
(kWh)Amount (RM)
First 500 units (0-500): 28.6 500 500 143.00Next 100 units (501-600): 37.8 100 100 37.80
Next 100 units (601-700): 38.7 100 100 38.70
Next 100 units (701-800): 39.7 100 100 39.70
Next 100 units (801-900): 41.7 100 100 41.70
Every unit >900: 44.6 0 119 52.96
Total 353.86
Calculations for Savings in Electricity bill per month for BIPV System Installed (Residential)
This is only valid for monthly consumption of more than 400 kWh per month
Savings in electricity per month (RM) 214.64
Cost estimation (example)
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Cost estimation (example)
Some basic figures about the power resource from direct sunshine. On a cloudless midday it could equate to1000W/m. This needs to be corrected according to the angle of tilt between the surface and the sun. A majorcorrection being the latitude on earth from the equator. (So, for example, in London at 51 degrees north wouldbe about a 60% reduction to being on the equator. It would be further reduced by the season of the year andfurther still for cloud cover. On average the sun shines about 34% of daylight hours in London) The combinedeffect of these three factors is that the average raw power of sunshine per square metre of south facing roof inLondon is roughly 110W/m.
Some rough estimates of the potential power we could harness from the sun.
The two most common domestic solar power options are Solar Thermal and Solar Photovoltaic'
Solar Thermal utilizes the simplest technology by heating water directly.Let's say we have 10m of south facing solar thermal panels and these are 50% efficient in converting thesun's 110W/m into hot water.50% x 10 m x 110W/m which would deliver 13kWh per day
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) panels convert sunlight into electricity.Typical solar panels have an efficiency of about 10%, the more expensive ones could be higher than 20%efficient.An average south facing 20% efficient photovoltaic panel in England would be20% x 10m x 110W/m = 22W/m which would deliver 5KWh per day
http://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.html#ixzz1C7p64uvy
3.1.8 Solar Energy Systems Future
http://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.htmlhttp://www.articlesbase.com/diy-articles/soalr-energy-the-basics-2891189.html7/31/2019 Solar energy resource intro
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Solar power technology is improving consistently over time, as people begin to
understand all of the benefits offered by this technology.
Advantage:
Solar energy is a completely renewable resource.
Solar energy system make absolutely no noise at all. There are no moving parts in
a solar cell.
Solar power is pollution-free during use. Production end-wastes and emissions are
manageable using existing pollution controls. End-of-use recycling technologies
are under development and policies are being produced that encourage recycling
from producers.
PV installations can operate for many years with little maintenance or intervention
after their initial set-up, so after the initial capital cost of building any solar power
plant, operating costs are extremely low compared to existing power technologies.
Solar cells tend to last a good long time with only an annual cleaning to worry
about.
Solar panels and solar lighting may seem quite expensive, but in the long run it is
saving quite a great deal of money.
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Advantages Solar powered panels and products are typically extremely easy to install. Wires,cords and power sources are not needed at all, making this an easy prospect toemploy.
Solar electric generation is economically superior where grid connection or fueltransport is difficult, costly or impossible. Long-standing examples includesatellites, island communities, remote locations and ocean vessels.
When grid-connected, solar electric generation replaces some or all of the highest-cost electricity used during times of peak demand (in most climatic regions). Thiscan reduce grid loading, and can eliminate the need for local battery power toprovide for use in times of darkness. These features are enabled by net metering.Time-of-use net metering can be highly favorable, but requires newer electronicmetering, which may still be impractical for some users.
Grid-connected solar electricity can be used locally thus reducing
transmission/distribution losses experimental high efficiency solar cells already have efficiencies of over 40% in
case of concentrating photovoltaic cells and efficiencies are rapidly rising whilemass-production costs are rapidly falling.
Disadvantages
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Photovoltaics are costly to install. While the modules are often
warranteed for upwards of 20 years, much of the investment in a home-
mounted system may be lost if the home-owner moves and the buyer putsless value on the system than the seller.
Solar electricity is not produced at night and is much reduced in cloudy
conditions. Therefore, a storage or complementary power system is
required.
Solar electricity production depends on the limited power density of thelocation's insolation. Average daily output of a flat plate collector at
latitude tilt in the tropic the is 37 kwh/mand on average lower in
Europe.
Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC (using a grid tie
inverter) when used in existing distribution grids. This incurs an energyloss of 412%.
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http://www.mbipv.net.my/
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Future development.....
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