SILICATES FOR GROUND CONSOLIDATIONSilicate based grouts usually contain three main components:
Sodium silicateHardener or reagentWater
CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN SILICATE AND HARDENER
(CH2)m(COOCH3)2 + H2O (CH2)m(COOH)2 + 2 CH3OH
(CH2)m(COOH)2 + SiO2, Na2O n SiO2 + x H2O +
(CH2)m(COONa)2 hydrolysisgel formation
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDEREDInitial grout viscosity and the viscosity profile during gelation
Setting time of the grout
Effect of temperature
Degree of neutralization of the gel
Nature of treatment required e.g. water proofing, short or long term consolidation
Nature of the grout to be treated
GROUT VISCOSITYFor a given temperature, the initial viscosity of a silicate grout depends on:
Type of silicate used (ratio, % solids)
Ratio silicate/water
Amount of hardener
INITIAL VISCOSITY
Chart1
52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892
73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786
94.328870.170655.866651.4168
99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574
100.07179884.6144873.73468
1498.842295
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Alkali Neutralized [%]
% Alkali NeutralizedStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart2
2.262245.128647.9950410.86144
2.891825.758228.6246211.49102
3.52146.38789.254212.1206
3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018
7.45808610.5133613.37976
11.1429414.796315
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial ViscosityStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart3
158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896
125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526
110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958
137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228
237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
35 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
70 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart4
237.83826125.21846
337.08711238.61956
476.62846315.18816
677.97531376.43726
962.64066443.87986
1352.13751539.02896
1867.97886683.39756
2531.67771898.49866
3364.747061205.84526
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength Development at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart5
4.150982.57703
5.584184.01023
7.017385.44343
8.450586.87663
9.883788.30983
11.316989.74303
12.7501811.17623
14.1833812.60943
15.6165814.04263
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial Viscosity
Chart6
158.21856
125.21846
110.72638
137.26628
237.83826
274.45011
238.61956
221.29703
242.17603
337.08711
338.42416
315.18816
310.46018
356.52828
476.62846
395.65176
443.87986
510.61598
699.61228
962.64066
502.00536
683.39756
883.29778
1338.62228
1867.97886
829.58896
1205.84526
1600.60958
2445.66228
3364.74706
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Initial Viscosity versus Compressive Strentgth
Chart7
55
45
40
35
28
25
22
Temperature [C]
Setting time [min.]
R100/Silicate Temperature versus Setting time
Sheet1
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Alkali NeutralizedInitial ViscosityAlkali NeutralizedInitial Viscosity
Vol%Vol%%mPa.s%mPa.s
304.1502.7542.3
305.7703.2702.8
308.21002.8963.6
354.8503.3503.9
356.7705.7694.5
359.61005965.5
405.5506.4485.6
408.4708.1746.5
40121008.21057.6
506.8506.8478.9
509.6708.3679.8
5014.31008.710111.2
608.25011.85312.2
6011.47015.47013.2
6016.4100169814.8
304532.3
306742.9
308943.5
308.51003.7
404355.1
406535.8
408706.4
4010887.0
4011.41007.5
504278.0
506418.6
508569.3
5010709.9
50128510.5
50149911.1
6042910.9
6064011.5
6085112.1
60106312.8
60127413.4
6016.59914.8
30101154.2
35101005.6
4010887.0
4510788.5
5010709.9
55106511.3
60106312.8
65106214.2
70106515.6
305632.6
355524.0
405445.4
455386.9
505348.3
555339.7
6053511.2
6553912.6
7054514.0
Sheet2
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Compressive StrengthCompressive Strengthinitial ViscosityAlkali Neutralized
vol%vol%kN/m2kN/m2m.Pa.s%
3041311582.353
3051501252.663
3061591112.974
3081731373.594
30102102384.2115
3542172743.743
3552262394.052
3562292214.362
3582425.081
35103375.6100
4042813385.135
4053313155.444
4063203105.853
4083863576.470
40104004777.088
5044883968.027
5054448.334
5065915118.641
5086617009.356
501010159639.970
60450550210.929
60568311.235
60679088311.540
6081177133912.151
60101986186812.863
70484183013.741
705120614.045
706160114.449
7082510244615.057
70103323336515.665
30102384.2115
35103375.6100
40104777.088
45106788.578
50109639.970
5510135211.365
6010186812.863
6510253214.262
7010336515.665
3051252.663
3552394.052
4053155.444
4553766.938
5054448.334
5555399.733
60568311.235
65589812.639
705120614.045
Sheet3
R100
Temperature versus setting time
TempSetting time
Cmin
1555
1845
2040
2235
2528
2725
3022
INITIAL VISCOSITY
Chart1
52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892
73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786
94.328870.170655.866651.4168
99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574
100.07179884.6144873.73468
1498.842295
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Alkali Neutralized [%]
% Alkali NeutralizedStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart2
2.262245.128647.9950410.86144
2.891825.758228.6246211.49102
3.52146.38789.254212.1206
3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018
7.45808610.5133613.37976
11.1429414.796315
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial ViscosityStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart3
158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896
125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526
110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958
137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228
237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
35 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
70 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart4
237.83826125.21846
337.08711238.61956
476.62846315.18816
677.97531376.43726
962.64066443.87986
1352.13751539.02896
1867.97886683.39756
2531.67771898.49866
3364.747061205.84526
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength Development at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart5
4.150982.57703
5.584184.01023
7.017385.44343
8.450586.87663
9.883788.30983
11.316989.74303
12.7501811.17623
14.1833812.60943
15.6165814.04263
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial Viscosity
Chart6
158.21856
125.21846
110.72638
137.26628
237.83826
274.45011
238.61956
221.29703
242.17603
337.08711
338.42416
315.18816
310.46018
356.52828
476.62846
395.65176
443.87986
510.61598
699.61228
962.64066
502.00536
683.39756
883.29778
1338.62228
1867.97886
829.58896
1205.84526
1600.60958
2445.66228
3364.74706
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Initial Viscosity versus Compressive Strentgth
Chart7
55
45
40
35
28
25
22
Temperature [C]
Setting time [min.]
R100/Silicate Temperature versus Setting time
Sheet1
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Alkali NeutralizedInitial ViscosityAlkali NeutralizedInitial Viscosity
Vol%Vol%%mPa.s%mPa.s
304.1502.7542.3
305.7703.2702.8
308.21002.8963.6
354.8503.3503.9
356.7705.7694.5
359.61005965.5
405.5506.4485.6
408.4708.1746.5
40121008.21057.6
506.8506.8478.9
509.6708.3679.8
5014.31008.710111.2
608.25011.85312.2
6011.47015.47013.2
6016.4100169814.8
304532.3
306742.9
308943.5
308.51003.7
404355.1
406535.8
408706.4
4010887.0
4011.41007.5
504278.0
506418.6
508569.3
5010709.9
50128510.5
50149911.1
6042910.9
6064011.5
6085112.1
60106312.8
60127413.4
6016.59914.8
30101154.2
35101005.6
4010887.0
4510788.5
5010709.9
55106511.3
60106312.8
65106214.2
70106515.6
305632.6
355524.0
405445.4
455386.9
505348.3
555339.7
6053511.2
6553912.6
7054514.0
Sheet2
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Compressive StrengthCompressive Strengthinitial ViscosityAlkali Neutralized
vol%vol%kN/m2kN/m2m.Pa.s%
3041311582.353
3051501252.663
3061591112.974
3081731373.594
30102102384.2115
3542172743.743
3552262394.052
3562292214.362
3582425.081
35103375.6100
4042813385.135
4053313155.444
4063203105.853
4083863576.470
40104004777.088
5044883968.027
5054448.334
5065915118.641
5086617009.356
501010159639.970
60450550210.929
60568311.235
60679088311.540
6081177133912.151
60101986186812.863
70484183013.741
705120614.045
706160114.449
7082510244615.057
70103323336515.665
30102384.2115
35103375.6100
40104777.088
45106788.578
50109639.970
5510135211.365
6010186812.863
6510253214.262
7010336515.665
3051252.663
3552394.052
4053155.444
4553766.938
5054448.334
5555399.733
60568311.235
65589812.639
705120614.045
Sheet3
R100
Temperature versus setting time
TempSetting time
Cmin
1555
1845
2040
2235
2528
2725
3022
SETTING TIMEThe grout setting time depends on:
Nature of silicate; the higher the ratio the longer the setting time. The higher the solid content of the silicate the shorter the setting time, assuming a constant degree of neutralization
Concentration of the silicate; at constant volumetric dosages of hardener, the setting time increases with increasing silicate levels.
Type of hardener and concentration of hardener
Grout and soil temperature; the higher the temperature the shorter the setting time
Nature of the soil; acidity of the soil, calcium/magnesium content in the soil could influence the setting time
SETTING TIME
Chart1
52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892
73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786
94.328870.170655.866651.4168
99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574
100.07179884.6144873.73468
1498.842295
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Alkali Neutralized [%]
% Alkali NeutralizedStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart2
2.262245.128647.9950410.86144
2.891825.758228.6246211.49102
3.52146.38789.254212.1206
3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018
7.45808610.5133613.37976
11.1429414.796315
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial ViscosityStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart3
158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896
125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526
110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958
137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228
237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
35 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
70 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart4
237.83826125.21846
337.08711238.61956
476.62846315.18816
677.97531376.43726
962.64066443.87986
1352.13751539.02896
1867.97886683.39756
2531.67771898.49866
3364.747061205.84526
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength Development at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart5
4.150982.57703
5.584184.01023
7.017385.44343
8.450586.87663
9.883788.30983
11.316989.74303
12.7501811.17623
14.1833812.60943
15.6165814.04263
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial Viscosity
Chart6
158.21856
125.21846
110.72638
137.26628
237.83826
274.45011
238.61956
221.29703
242.17603
337.08711
338.42416
315.18816
310.46018
356.52828
476.62846
395.65176
443.87986
510.61598
699.61228
962.64066
502.00536
683.39756
883.29778
1338.62228
1867.97886
829.58896
1205.84526
1600.60958
2445.66228
3364.74706
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Initial Viscosity versus Compressive Strentgth
Chart7
55
45
40
35
28
25
22
Temperature [C]
Setting time [min.]
R100/Silicate Temperature versus Setting time
Sheet1
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Alkali NeutralizedInitial ViscosityAlkali NeutralizedInitial Viscosity
Vol%Vol%%mPa.s%mPa.s
304.1502.7542.3
305.7703.2702.8
308.21002.8963.6
354.8503.3503.9
356.7705.7694.5
359.61005965.5
405.5506.4485.6
408.4708.1746.5
40121008.21057.6
506.8506.8478.9
509.6708.3679.8
5014.31008.710111.2
608.25011.85312.2
6011.47015.47013.2
6016.4100169814.8
304532.3
306742.9
308943.5
308.51003.7
404355.1
406535.8
408706.4
4010887.0
4011.41007.5
504278.0
506418.6
508569.3
5010709.9
50128510.5
50149911.1
6042910.9
6064011.5
6085112.1
60106312.8
60127413.4
6016.59914.8
30101154.2
35101005.6
4010887.0
4510788.5
5010709.9
55106511.3
60106312.8
65106214.2
70106515.6
305632.6
355524.0
405445.4
455386.9
505348.3
555339.7
6053511.2
6553912.6
7054514.0
Sheet2
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Compressive StrengthCompressive Strengthinitial ViscosityAlkali Neutralized
vol%vol%kN/m2kN/m2m.Pa.s%
3041311582.353
3051501252.663
3061591112.974
3081731373.594
30102102384.2115
3542172743.743
3552262394.052
3562292214.362
3582425.081
35103375.6100
4042813385.135
4053313155.444
4063203105.853
4083863576.470
40104004777.088
5044883968.027
5054448.334
5065915118.641
5086617009.356
501010159639.970
60450550210.929
60568311.235
60679088311.540
6081177133912.151
60101986186812.863
70484183013.741
705120614.045
706160114.449
7082510244615.057
70103323336515.665
30102384.2115
35103375.6100
40104777.088
45106788.578
50109639.970
5510135211.365
6010186812.863
6510253214.262
7010336515.665
3051252.663
3552394.052
4053155.444
4553766.938
5054448.334
5555399.733
60568311.235
65589812.639
705120614.045
Chart8
5351605863
4043444853
37.833940.54447
373839.124244.11
35.3636.223840.542.76
3435373941
3234363839.5
30 %vol Sil
35 %vol Sil
40 %vol Sil
50 %vol Sil
60 %vol Sil
R100 [%vol]
Setting time [min]
Sodium Silicate Ratio 3.3Setting times at 20 C
Chart9
51.99061652.39040453.34444456.9152862.703124
43.17039543.8269862544.8884348.22587553.18273
38.25205439.165448540.33429643.4383547.564216
35.96281337.1330107538.40926241.27992544.574802
35.02989236.45689337.84054840.4778242.941708
34.18051135.8643152537.35537439.75925541.392154
32.1418934.082497535.6809637.8514538.65336
30 %vol Sil
35 %vol Sil
40 %vol Sil
50 %vol Sil
60 %vol Sil
R100 [%vol]
Setting time [min]
Sodium Silicate Ratio 3.3Setting times at 20 C
Sheet3
R100
Temperature versus setting time
TempSetting time
Cmin
1555
1845
2040
2235
2528
2725
3022
SilicateHardenerSetting time
%Vol%volmin.
30453
30540
30637.83
30737
30835.36
30934
301032
35451
35543
35639
35738
35836.22
35935
351034
40460
40544
40640.5
40739.12
40838
40937
401036
50458
50548
50644
50742
50840.5
50939
501038
60463
60553
60647
60744.11
60842.76
60941
601039.5
Sheet4
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Setting timeSetting time
% vol% volminmin
3045352.0
30543.2
30637.8338.3
3073736.0
30835.3635.0
3093434.2
30103232.1
3545152.4
3554343.8
3563939.2
3573837.1
35836.2236.5
3593535.9
35103434.1
40453.3
4054444.9
40640.540.3
40739.1238.4
4083837.8
4093737.4
40103635.7
5045856.9
5054848.2
5064443.4
5074241.3
50840.540.5
5093939.8
50103837.9
6046362.7
6055353.2
6064747.6
60744.1144.6
60842.7642.9
6094141.4
601039.538.7
TEMPERATURE VS. SETTING TIME
Chart1
52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892
73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786
94.328870.170655.866651.4168
99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574
100.07179884.6144873.73468
1498.842295
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Alkali Neutralized [%]
% Alkali NeutralizedStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart2
2.262245.128647.9950410.86144
2.891825.758228.6246211.49102
3.52146.38789.254212.1206
3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018
7.45808610.5133613.37976
11.1429414.796315
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial ViscosityStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart3
158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896
125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526
110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958
137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228
237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
35 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
70 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart4
237.83826125.21846
337.08711238.61956
476.62846315.18816
677.97531376.43726
962.64066443.87986
1352.13751539.02896
1867.97886683.39756
2531.67771898.49866
3364.747061205.84526
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength Development at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart5
4.150982.57703
5.584184.01023
7.017385.44343
8.450586.87663
9.883788.30983
11.316989.74303
12.7501811.17623
14.1833812.60943
15.6165814.04263
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial Viscosity
Chart6
158.21856
125.21846
110.72638
137.26628
237.83826
274.45011
238.61956
221.29703
242.17603
337.08711
338.42416
315.18816
310.46018
356.52828
476.62846
395.65176
443.87986
510.61598
699.61228
962.64066
502.00536
683.39756
883.29778
1338.62228
1867.97886
829.58896
1205.84526
1600.60958
2445.66228
3364.74706
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Initial Viscosity versus Compressive Strentgth
Chart7
55
45
40
35
28
25
22
Temperature [C]
Setting time [min.]
R100/Silicate Temperature versus Setting time
Sheet1
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Alkali NeutralizedInitial ViscosityAlkali NeutralizedInitial Viscosity
Vol%Vol%%mPa.s%mPa.s
304.1502.7542.3
305.7703.2702.8
308.21002.8963.6
354.8503.3503.9
356.7705.7694.5
359.61005965.5
405.5506.4485.6
408.4708.1746.5
40121008.21057.6
506.8506.8478.9
509.6708.3679.8
5014.31008.710111.2
608.25011.85312.2
6011.47015.47013.2
6016.4100169814.8
304532.3
306742.9
308943.5
308.51003.7
404355.1
406535.8
408706.4
4010887.0
4011.41007.5
504278.0
506418.6
508569.3
5010709.9
50128510.5
50149911.1
6042910.9
6064011.5
6085112.1
60106312.8
60127413.4
6016.59914.8
30101154.2
35101005.6
4010887.0
4510788.5
5010709.9
55106511.3
60106312.8
65106214.2
70106515.6
305632.6
355524.0
405445.4
455386.9
505348.3
555339.7
6053511.2
6553912.6
7054514.0
Sheet2
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Compressive StrengthCompressive Strengthinitial ViscosityAlkali Neutralized
vol%vol%kN/m2kN/m2m.Pa.s%
3041311582.353
3051501252.663
3061591112.974
3081731373.594
30102102384.2115
3542172743.743
3552262394.052
3562292214.362
3582425.081
35103375.6100
4042813385.135
4053313155.444
4063203105.853
4083863576.470
40104004777.088
5044883968.027
5054448.334
5065915118.641
5086617009.356
501010159639.970
60450550210.929
60568311.235
60679088311.540
6081177133912.151
60101986186812.863
70484183013.741
705120614.045
706160114.449
7082510244615.057
70103323336515.665
30102384.2115
35103375.6100
40104777.088
45106788.578
50109639.970
5510135211.365
6010186812.863
6510253214.262
7010336515.665
3051252.663
3552394.052
4053155.444
4553766.938
5054448.334
5555399.733
60568311.235
65589812.639
705120614.045
Sheet3
R100
Temperature versus setting time
TempSetting time
Cmin
1555
1845
2040
2235
2528
2725
3022
DEGREE OF NEUTRALIZATIONIn general the higher the degree of neutralization the higher the mechanical strength (compressive strength) the higher the durability.
Degree of Neutralization = (VH * dH * 6200)/(VS * dS * NA) * MH
VS = silicate volume (l)dS = density of silicate (S.G)NA = weight % alkali (Na2O) in silicateMH = molecular weight of hardenerVH = volume of hardener (l)dH = density of hardener (S.G.)
DEGREE OF NEUTRALIZATION
Chart1
52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892
73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786
94.328870.170655.866651.4168
99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574
100.07179884.6144873.73468
1498.842295
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Alkali Neutralized [%]
% Alkali NeutralizedStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart2
2.262245.128647.9950410.86144
2.891825.758228.6246211.49102
3.52146.38789.254212.1206
3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018
7.45808610.5133613.37976
11.1429414.796315
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial ViscosityStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart3
158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896
125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526
110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958
137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228
237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
35 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
70 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart4
237.83826125.21846
337.08711238.61956
476.62846315.18816
677.97531376.43726
962.64066443.87986
1352.13751539.02896
1867.97886683.39756
2531.67771898.49866
3364.747061205.84526
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength Development at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart5
4.150982.57703
5.584184.01023
7.017385.44343
8.450586.87663
9.883788.30983
11.316989.74303
12.7501811.17623
14.1833812.60943
15.6165814.04263
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial Viscosity
Chart6
158.21856
125.21846
110.72638
137.26628
237.83826
274.45011
238.61956
221.29703
242.17603
337.08711
338.42416
315.18816
310.46018
356.52828
476.62846
395.65176
443.87986
510.61598
699.61228
962.64066
502.00536
683.39756
883.29778
1338.62228
1867.97886
829.58896
1205.84526
1600.60958
2445.66228
3364.74706
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Initial Viscosity versus Compressive Strentgth
Chart7
55
45
40
35
28
25
22
Temperature [C]
Setting time [min.]
R100/Silicate Temperature versus Setting time
Sheet1
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Alkali NeutralizedInitial ViscosityAlkali NeutralizedInitial Viscosity
Vol%Vol%%mPa.s%mPa.s
304.1502.7542.3
305.7703.2702.8
308.21002.8963.6
354.8503.3503.9
356.7705.7694.5
359.61005965.5
405.5506.4485.6
408.4708.1746.5
40121008.21057.6
506.8506.8478.9
509.6708.3679.8
5014.31008.710111.2
608.25011.85312.2
6011.47015.47013.2
6016.4100169814.8
304532.3
306742.9
308943.5
308.51003.7
404355.1
406535.8
408706.4
4010887.0
4011.41007.5
504278.0
506418.6
508569.3
5010709.9
50128510.5
50149911.1
6042910.9
6064011.5
6085112.1
60106312.8
60127413.4
6016.59914.8
30101154.2
35101005.6
4010887.0
4510788.5
5010709.9
55106511.3
60106312.8
65106214.2
70106515.6
305632.6
355524.0
405445.4
455386.9
505348.3
555339.7
6053511.2
6553912.6
7054514.0
Sheet2
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Compressive StrengthCompressive Strengthinitial ViscosityAlkali Neutralized
vol%vol%kN/m2kN/m2m.Pa.s%
3041311582.353
3051501252.663
3061591112.974
3081731373.594
30102102384.2115
3542172743.743
3552262394.052
3562292214.362
3582425.081
35103375.6100
4042813385.135
4053313155.444
4063203105.853
4083863576.470
40104004777.088
5044883968.027
5054448.334
5065915118.641
5086617009.356
501010159639.970
60450550210.929
60568311.235
60679088311.540
6081177133912.151
60101986186812.863
70484183013.741
705120614.045
706160114.449
7082510244615.057
70103323336515.665
30102384.2115
35103375.6100
40104777.088
45106788.578
50109639.970
5510135211.365
6010186812.863
6510253214.262
7010336515.665
3051252.663
3552394.052
4053155.444
4553766.938
5054448.334
5555399.733
60568311.235
65589812.639
705120614.045
Sheet3
R100
Temperature versus setting time
TempSetting time
Cmin
1555
1845
2040
2235
2528
2725
3022
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Chart1
52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892
73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786
94.328870.170655.866651.4168
99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574
100.07179884.6144873.73468
1498.842295
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Alkali Neutralized [%]
% Alkali NeutralizedStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart2
2.262245.128647.9950410.86144
2.891825.758228.6246211.49102
3.52146.38789.254212.1206
3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018
7.45808610.5133613.37976
11.1429414.796315
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial ViscosityStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart3
158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896
125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526
110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958
137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228
237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
35 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
70 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart4
237.83826125.21846
337.08711238.61956
476.62846315.18816
677.97531376.43726
962.64066443.87986
1352.13751539.02896
1867.97886683.39756
2531.67771898.49866
3364.747061205.84526
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength Development at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart5
4.150982.57703
5.584184.01023
7.017385.44343
8.450586.87663
9.883788.30983
11.316989.74303
12.7501811.17623
14.1833812.60943
15.6165814.04263
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial Viscosity
Chart6
158.21856
125.21846
110.72638
137.26628
237.83826
274.45011
238.61956
221.29703
242.17603
337.08711
338.42416
315.18816
310.46018
356.52828
476.62846
395.65176
443.87986
510.61598
699.61228
962.64066
502.00536
683.39756
883.29778
1338.62228
1867.97886
829.58896
1205.84526
1600.60958
2445.66228
3364.74706
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Initial Viscosity versus Compressive Strentgth
Chart7
55
45
40
35
28
25
22
Temperature [C]
Setting time [min.]
R100/Silicate Temperature versus Setting time
Sheet1
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Alkali NeutralizedInitial ViscosityAlkali NeutralizedInitial Viscosity
Vol%Vol%%mPa.s%mPa.s
304.1502.7542.3
305.7703.2702.8
308.21002.8963.6
354.8503.3503.9
356.7705.7694.5
359.61005965.5
405.5506.4485.6
408.4708.1746.5
40121008.21057.6
506.8506.8478.9
509.6708.3679.8
5014.31008.710111.2
608.25011.85312.2
6011.47015.47013.2
6016.4100169814.8
304532.3
306742.9
308943.5
308.51003.7
404355.1
406535.8
408706.4
4010887.0
4011.41007.5
504278.0
506418.6
508569.3
5010709.9
50128510.5
50149911.1
6042910.9
6064011.5
6085112.1
60106312.8
60127413.4
6016.59914.8
30101154.2
35101005.6
4010887.0
4510788.5
5010709.9
55106511.3
60106312.8
65106214.2
70106515.6
305632.6
355524.0
405445.4
455386.9
505348.3
555339.7
6053511.2
6553912.6
7054514.0
Sheet2
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Compressive StrengthCompressive Strengthinitial ViscosityAlkali Neutralized
vol%vol%kN/m2kN/m2m.Pa.s%
3041311582.353
3051501252.663
3061591112.974
3081731373.594
30102102384.2115
3542172743.743
3552262394.052
3562292214.362
3582425.081
35103375.6100
4042813385.135
4053313155.444
4063203105.853
4083863576.470
40104004777.088
5044883968.027
5054448.334
5065915118.641
5086617009.356
501010159639.970
60450550210.929
60568311.235
60679088311.540
6081177133912.151
60101986186812.863
70484183013.741
705120614.045
706160114.449
7082510244615.057
70103323336515.665
30102384.2115
35103375.6100
40104777.088
45106788.578
50109639.970
5510135211.365
6010186812.863
6510253214.262
7010336515.665
3051252.663
3552394.052
4053155.444
4553766.938
5054448.334
5555399.733
60568311.235
65589812.639
705120614.045
Sheet3
R100
Temperature versus setting time
TempSetting time
Cmin
1555
1845
2040
2235
2528
2725
3022
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Chart1
52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892
73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786
94.328870.170655.866651.4168
99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574
100.07179884.6144873.73468
1498.842295
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Alkali Neutralized [%]
% Alkali NeutralizedStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart2
2.262245.128647.9950410.86144
2.891825.758228.6246211.49102
3.52146.38789.254212.1206
3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018
7.45808610.5133613.37976
11.1429414.796315
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial ViscosityStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart3
158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896
125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526
110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958
137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228
237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
35 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
70 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart4
237.83826125.21846
337.08711238.61956
476.62846315.18816
677.97531376.43726
962.64066443.87986
1352.13751539.02896
1867.97886683.39756
2531.67771898.49866
3364.747061205.84526
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength Development at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart5
4.150982.57703
5.584184.01023
7.017385.44343
8.450586.87663
9.883788.30983
11.316989.74303
12.7501811.17623
14.1833812.60943
15.6165814.04263
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial Viscosity
Chart6
158.21856
125.21846
110.72638
137.26628
237.83826
274.45011
238.61956
221.29703
242.17603
337.08711
338.42416
315.18816
310.46018
356.52828
476.62846
395.65176
443.87986
510.61598
699.61228
962.64066
502.00536
683.39756
883.29778
1338.62228
1867.97886
829.58896
1205.84526
1600.60958
2445.66228
3364.74706
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Initial Viscosity versus Compressive Strentgth
Chart7
55
45
40
35
28
25
22
Temperature [C]
Setting time [min.]
R100/Silicate Temperature versus Setting time
Sheet1
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Alkali NeutralizedInitial ViscosityAlkali NeutralizedInitial Viscosity
Vol%Vol%%mPa.s%mPa.s
304.1502.7542.3
305.7703.2702.8
308.21002.8963.6
354.8503.3503.9
356.7705.7694.5
359.61005965.5
405.5506.4485.6
408.4708.1746.5
40121008.21057.6
506.8506.8478.9
509.6708.3679.8
5014.31008.710111.2
608.25011.85312.2
6011.47015.47013.2
6016.4100169814.8
304532.3
306742.9
308943.5
308.51003.7
404355.1
406535.8
408706.4
4010887.0
4011.41007.5
504278.0
506418.6
508569.3
5010709.9
50128510.5
50149911.1
6042910.9
6064011.5
6085112.1
60106312.8
60127413.4
6016.59914.8
30101154.2
35101005.6
4010887.0
4510788.5
5010709.9
55106511.3
60106312.8
65106214.2
70106515.6
305632.6
355524.0
405445.4
455386.9
505348.3
555339.7
6053511.2
6553912.6
7054514.0
Sheet2
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Compressive StrengthCompressive Strengthinitial ViscosityAlkali Neutralized
vol%vol%kN/m2kN/m2m.Pa.s%
3041311582.353
3051501252.663
3061591112.974
3081731373.594
30102102384.2115
3542172743.743
3552262394.052
3562292214.362
3582425.081
35103375.6100
4042813385.135
4053313155.444
4063203105.853
4083863576.470
40104004777.088
5044883968.027
5054448.334
5065915118.641
5086617009.356
501010159639.970
60450550210.929
60568311.235
60679088311.540
6081177133912.151
60101986186812.863
70484183013.741
705120614.045
706160114.449
7082510244615.057
70103323336515.665
30102384.2115
35103375.6100
40104777.088
45106788.578
50109639.970
5510135211.365
6010186812.863
6510253214.262
7010336515.665
3051252.663
3552394.052
4053155.444
4553766.938
5054448.334
5555399.733
60568311.235
65589812.639
705120614.045
Sheet3
R100
Temperature versus setting time
TempSetting time
Cmin
1555
1845
2040
2235
2528
2725
3022
INITIAL VISCOSITY VS. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Chart1
52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892
73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786
94.328870.170655.866651.4168
99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574
100.07179884.6144873.73468
1498.842295
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Alkali Neutralized [%]
% Alkali NeutralizedStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart2
2.262245.128647.9950410.86144
2.891825.758228.6246211.49102
3.52146.38789.254212.1206
3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018
7.45808610.5133613.37976
11.1429414.796315
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial ViscosityStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart3
158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896
125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526
110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958
137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228
237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
35 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
70 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart4
237.83826125.21846
337.08711238.61956
476.62846315.18816
677.97531376.43726
962.64066443.87986
1352.13751539.02896
1867.97886683.39756
2531.67771898.49866
3364.747061205.84526
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength Development at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart5
4.150982.57703
5.584184.01023
7.017385.44343
8.450586.87663
9.883788.30983
11.316989.74303
12.7501811.17623
14.1833812.60943
15.6165814.04263
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial Viscosity
Chart6
158.21856
125.21846
110.72638
137.26628
237.83826
274.45011
238.61956
221.29703
242.17603
337.08711
338.42416
315.18816
310.46018
356.52828
476.62846
395.65176
443.87986
510.61598
699.61228
962.64066
502.00536
683.39756
883.29778
1338.62228
1867.97886
829.58896
1205.84526
1600.60958
2445.66228
3364.74706
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Initial Viscosity versus Compressive Strentgth
Chart7
55
45
40
35
28
25
22
Temperature [C]
Setting time [min.]
R100/Silicate Temperature versus Setting time
Sheet1
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Alkali NeutralizedInitial ViscosityAlkali NeutralizedInitial Viscosity
Vol%Vol%%mPa.s%mPa.s
304.1502.7542.3
305.7703.2702.8
308.21002.8963.6
354.8503.3503.9
356.7705.7694.5
359.61005965.5
405.5506.4485.6
408.4708.1746.5
40121008.21057.6
506.8506.8478.9
509.6708.3679.8
5014.31008.710111.2
608.25011.85312.2
6011.47015.47013.2
6016.4100169814.8
304532.3
306742.9
308943.5
308.51003.7
404355.1
406535.8
408706.4
4010887.0
4011.41007.5
504278.0
506418.6
508569.3
5010709.9
50128510.5
50149911.1
6042910.9
6064011.5
6085112.1
60106312.8
60127413.4
6016.59914.8
30101154.2
35101005.6
4010887.0
4510788.5
5010709.9
55106511.3
60106312.8
65106214.2
70106515.6
305632.6
355524.0
405445.4
455386.9
505348.3
555339.7
6053511.2
6553912.6
7054514.0
Sheet2
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Compressive StrengthCompressive Strengthinitial ViscosityAlkali Neutralized
vol%vol%kN/m2kN/m2m.Pa.s%
3041311582.353
3051501252.663
3061591112.974
3081731373.594
30102102384.2115
3542172743.743
3552262394.052
3562292214.362
3582425.081
35103375.6100
4042813385.135
4053313155.444
4063203105.853
4083863576.470
40104004777.088
5044883968.027
5054448.334
5065915118.641
5086617009.356
501010159639.970
60450550210.929
60568311.235
60679088311.540
6081177133912.151
60101986186812.863
70484183013.741
705120614.045
706160114.449
7082510244615.057
70103323336515.665
30102384.2115
35103375.6100
40104777.088
45106788.578
50109639.970
5510135211.365
6010186812.863
6510253214.262
7010336515.665
3051252.663
3552394.052
4053155.444
4553766.938
5054448.334
5555399.733
60568311.235
65589812.639
705120614.045
Sheet3
R100
Temperature versus setting time
TempSetting time
Cmin
1555
1845
2040
2235
2528
2725
3022
SYNERESISSyneresis is the phenomenon of the reaction ofsilanol groups whereby a siloxane bond will be formed and water will be released. This loss of water leads to shinkage and/or distortion of the silica gel structure.SiO - HSiHOSiSiOH2O
DEGREE OF SYNERESISMain factors influencing degree of syneresis:
Silicate ratio (ratio > = Syn = Syn = Syn >)
DEGREE OF SYNERESIS
Chart1
52.7209234.9927227.1187229.09892
73.5248652.5816641.4926640.25786
94.328870.170655.866651.4168
99.52978587.7595470.2405462.57574
100.07179884.6144873.73468
1498.842295
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Alkali Neutralized [%]
% Alkali NeutralizedStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart2
2.262245.128647.9950410.86144
2.891825.758228.6246211.49102
3.52146.38789.254212.1206
3.6787957.017389.8837812.75018
7.45808610.5133613.37976
11.1429414.796315
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial ViscosityStandard sodium Silicate with R100
Chart3
158.21856274.45011338.42416395.65176502.00536829.58896
125.21846238.61956315.18816443.87986683.397561205.84526
110.72638221.29703310.46018510.61598883.297781600.60958
137.26628242.17603356.52828699.612281338.622282445.66228
237.83826337.08711476.62846962.640661867.978863364.74706
30 vol% Sodium Silicate
35 vol% Sodium Silicate
40 vol% Sodium Silicate
50 vol% Sodium Silicate
60 vol% Sodium Silicate
70 vol% Sodium Silicate
Hardener R100 [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart4
237.83826125.21846
337.08711238.61956
476.62846315.18816
677.97531376.43726
962.64066443.87986
1352.13751539.02896
1867.97886683.39756
2531.67771898.49866
3364.747061205.84526
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Compressive Strength Development at 7 daysSilicate Grouted Leighton Buzzard Sand (grade 14/25)
Chart5
4.150982.57703
5.584184.01023
7.017385.44343
8.450586.87663
9.883788.30983
11.316989.74303
12.7501811.17623
14.1833812.60943
15.6165814.04263
10 vol% R100
5 vol% R100
Sodium Silicate [vol%]
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Initial Viscosity
Chart6
158.21856
125.21846
110.72638
137.26628
237.83826
274.45011
238.61956
221.29703
242.17603
337.08711
338.42416
315.18816
310.46018
356.52828
476.62846
395.65176
443.87986
510.61598
699.61228
962.64066
502.00536
683.39756
883.29778
1338.62228
1867.97886
829.58896
1205.84526
1600.60958
2445.66228
3364.74706
Initial Viscosity [m.Pa.s]
Compressive Strength [kN/m2]
Initial Viscosity versus Compressive Strentgth
Chart7
55
45
40
35
28
25
22
Temperature [C]
Setting time [min.]
R100/Silicate Temperature versus Setting time
Sheet1
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Alkali NeutralizedInitial ViscosityAlkali NeutralizedInitial Viscosity
Vol%Vol%%mPa.s%mPa.s
304.1502.7542.3
305.7703.2702.8
308.21002.8963.6
354.8503.3503.9
356.7705.7694.5
359.61005965.5
405.5506.4485.6
408.4708.1746.5
40121008.21057.6
506.8506.8478.9
509.6708.3679.8
5014.31008.710111.2
608.25011.85312.2
6011.47015.47013.2
6016.4100169814.8
304532.3
306742.9
308943.5
308.51003.7
404355.1
406535.8
408706.4
4010887.0
4011.41007.5
504278.0
506418.6
508569.3
5010709.9
50128510.5
50149911.1
6042910.9
6064011.5
6085112.1
60106312.8
60127413.4
6016.59914.8
30101154.2
35101005.6
4010887.0
4510788.5
5010709.9
55106511.3
60106312.8
65106214.2
70106515.6
305632.6
355524.0
405445.4
455386.9
505348.3
555339.7
6053511.2
6553912.6
7054514.0
Sheet2
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Compressive StrengthCompressive Strengthinitial ViscosityAlkali Neutralized
vol%vol%kN/m2kN/m2m.Pa.s%
3041311582.353
3051501252.663
3061591112.974
3081731373.594
30102102384.2115
3542172743.743
3552262394.052
3562292214.362
3582425.081
35103375.6100
4042813385.135
4053313155.444
4063203105.853
4083863576.470
40104004777.088
5044883968.027
5054448.334
5065915118.641
5086617009.356
501010159639.970
60450550210.929
60568311.235
60679088311.540
6081177133912.151
60101986186812.863
70484183013.741
705120614.045
706160114.449
7082510244615.057
70103323336515.665
30102384.2115
35103375.6100
40104777.088
45106788.578
50109639.970
5510135211.365
6010186812.863
6510253214.262
7010336515.665
3051252.663
3552394.052
4053155.444
4553766.938
5054448.334
5555399.733
60568311.235
65589812.639
705120614.045
Chart8
5351605863
4043444853
37.833940.54447
373839.124244.11
35.3636.223840.542.76
3435373941
3234363839.5
30 %vol Sil
35 %vol Sil
40 %vol Sil
50 %vol Sil
60 %vol Sil
R100 [%vol]
Setting time [min]
Sodium Silicate Ratio 3.3Setting times at 20 C
Chart9
51.99061652.39040453.34444456.9152862.703124
43.17039543.8269862544.8884348.22587553.18273
38.25205439.165448540.33429643.4383547.564216
35.96281337.1330107538.40926241.27992544.574802
35.02989236.45689337.84054840.4778242.941708
34.18051135.8643152537.35537439.75925541.392154
32.1418934.082497535.6809637.8514538.65336
30 %vol Sil
35 %vol Sil
40 %vol Sil
50 %vol Sil
60 %vol Sil
R100 [%vol]
Setting time [min]
Sodium Silicate Ratio 3.3Setting times at 20 C
Sheet3
R100
Temperature versus setting time
TempSetting time
Cmin
1555
1845
2040
2235
2528
2725
3022
SilicateHardenerSetting time
%Vol%volmin.
30453
30540
30637.83
30737
30835.36
30934
301032
35451
35543
35639
35738
35836.22
35935
351034
40460
40544
40640.5
40739.12
40838
40937
401036
50458
50548
50644
50742
50840.5
50939
501038
60463
60553
60647
60744.11
60842.76
60941
601039.5
Chart10
4
20
40
55
59
2
Silicate [% vol]
Degree of Synersesis [%]
Degree of Syneresis vs. %vol Silicate Ratio 3.3 at 70% Neutralization
Sheet5
Syneresis at 70 % Neutralization
SilicateDegree of Syneresis
%vol%
204
3020
4040
5055
6059
702
Sheet4
MeasuredPredicted
SilicateR100Setting timeSetting time
% vol% volminmin
3045352.0
30543.2
30637.8338.3
3073736.0
30835.3635.0
3093434.2
30103232.1
3545152.4
3554343.8
3563939.2
3573837.1
35836.2236.5
3593535.9
35103434.1
40453.3
4054444.9
40640.540.3
40739.1238.4
4083837.8
4093737.4
40103635.7
5045856.9
5054848.2
5064443.4
5074241.3
50840.540.5
5093939.8
50103837.9
6046362.7
6055353.2
6064747.6
60744.1144.6
60842.7642.9
6094141.4
601039.538.7
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