Chapter 4Socialization
Presented by: Bunyamin NajmiEmail: [email protected]
Blog: www.bandungraya.blogspot.comMSM Institut Teknologi Bandung
Schools can be stressful. Schoolchildren in Japan can call a hotline and receive advice
concerning stress, bullying by classmates, and corporal punishment from their teacher.
Socialization
Definition:
Is the process through which people learn attitudes, values, and actions appropriate for members of a particular culture
Socialization
In this chapter will focus on the socialization experience of group child care for young
children
What makes us who we are?
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION
Nature, Heredity
Nurture, Environment
Traditionally
NatureOur character is innate—genetically determined
NurtureOur character is developed through social interaction
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION
Today:How heredity and environmental factors interact and influence the
socialization process
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATION
In 1994 based on true story movie Nell, Jodie Foster played a young
woman hidden from birth by mother in a backwoods cabin.
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONSocial Environment: The Impact of Isolation
Raised without normal human contact, Nell crouches like an animal, screams
wildly, and speaks or sings in a language of her own.
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONSocial Environment: The Impact of Isolation
The case of Isabelle
The painful of Isabelle is too real. For the six years of her life she lived in the darkened
room.
6 years of Isabelle’s live: • Lived in darkened room
•Little contact with other people
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabelle
When discovered at age six Isabelle:• Could not speak
•Make a various croaking sounds•Communication with simple gesture
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabelle
•Strong fear of stranger•Reacted almost like wild animal
•Became accustomed, extreme apathy•Test maturity: level of an infant
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabelle
Specialist developed a systematic training program for Isabelle adapt to human relationships and socialization
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabella
Training program for Isabelle:
• After a few days: she made her first attempt to verbalize
• Quickly passed through six years of development
• Over two months she was speaking in complete sentences
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabella
Training program for Isabelle (cont’d):
• 9 months later she could identify both words and sentences
• Before reached the age of nine, she ready to go to school with other children
• By her 14 year she was in sixth grade, doing well in school, and emotionally well-adjusted
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabella
Without opportunity to experience socialization in her first six years:
• Hardly human in the social sense
• Inability to communicate
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabella
Isabelle’s experience is important for researchers because it is one of only few cases of children reared in total isolation
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabella
Recently attention focused on infants and young children in orphanages in the formerly communist countries of Eastern Europe
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabelle
For Example:In Romanian, orphanages babies lies on their cribs for 18-20 hours a day receiving little adult care
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabella
• Many of them fearful of human contact• Prone to unpredictable antisocial behavior
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabelle
The researchers emphasizing the important of early socialization experiences for children who grow up in more normal environment
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabelle
It is not enough to care for an infant’s physical needs; parents must also concern themselves with children’s social development.
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONThe case of Isabelle
Harry Harlow(1971)Studies of animals raised in isolation:Infants monkeys developed greater social attachments from their need for warmth, comport, and intimacy than from their need for milk
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONPrimate Studies
• Heredity can be dismissed as a factor in the social development of humans and animals
• Studies of twins provide insight into fascinating interplay between hereditary and environmental factors
THE ROLE OF SOCIALIZATIONPrimate Studies
Identical twins Oskar Stohr and Jack Yufe:• Oscar raised as a member of Hitler Youth
movement Nazi Germany • Jack reared by Jewish father
THE INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY
Minnesota twin family:• Pair of identical twins• Reared apart• To determine what similarities if any:
in personality traits, behavior & Intelligence
THE INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY
Minnesota twin family, result:1. Both genetic factor & socialization experience are
influential in human development2. Similarities: temperaments, voice pattern,
nervous habits, leadership, dominance (heredity)3. Differences: attitudes, values, chosen mates &
drinking habits, need for intimacy, comfort, assitance (environment)
THE INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY
Notes:
This research based on small sample and preliminary analysis
The researchers had to retract their conclusions after they increase the sample and reclassified two of the original cases
THE INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY
The self: a distinct identity that sets up apart from others
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATION
Charles Horton Cooley (1990s):We learn who we are by interacting with others (looking-glass self)
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfCooley: Looking-Glass Self
3 phases of self concept:
• We imagine how we present ourselves to others
• We imagine how other evaluate us• We develop some sort of feeling about
ourselves
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfCooley: Looking-Glass Self
The result of individual imagination produce incorrect perceptions:
• The teacher criticized her/him• The teacher must think he/she’s
stupid• He/ She is stupid
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfCooley: Looking-Glass Self
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Stage of the self
SYMBOL:Raising One’s eyebrow
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Stage of the self
In North America means: astonishment, doubtIn Peru means: money, pay meIn Pacific Island, Tonga means: yes, or I agree
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Stage of the self
3 distinct stages:1. The preparatory stage2. The play stage3. The game stage
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Stage of the self
The preparatory stage:• Children merely imitate the people around
them• Grow older adept using symbols (gesture,
objects and word from the basic human communication
THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Stage of the self
The play stage:• To pretend to be other people• Role taking: the process of mentally
assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Stage of the self
The game stage:• Not just plays roles but begins to consider
several actual task and relationship• Grasp not only their own socials but also
those of other around them
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Theory of the Self
The self begins at privileged, central position in a person’s world
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Theory of the Self
Generalized others: attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child take into account in his or her behavior
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfMead : Theory of the Self
Significant others: those individuals who are most important in development of the self
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfGoffman: Presentation of the Self
It uses the imagery of the theatre in order to portray the importance of human – namely, social – action.
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfGoffman: Presentation of the Self
According to Goffman, the social actor has the ability to choose his stage and props, as well as the costume he would put on in front of a specific audience.
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfGoffman: Presentation of the Self
Impression Management: altering of the presentation of the self
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfGoffman: Presentation of the Self
Dramaturgical approach:
• People resemble performers in action• Argued that human actions are dependent
upon time, place, and audiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONSociological Approach to the selfGoffman: Presentation of the Self
Face-work: drawn attention to another aspect of the self
`Sociology on Campus4.1 IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT BY STUDENT
• All received high grades (ace-ace)• Received high & low grades (ace –bomber)• All received low grades (bomber-bomber)
`Sociology on Campus4.1 IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT BY STUDENT
• All received low grades (bomber-bomber):• Tend to be closed• Share disappointment and engage in
mutual self-pity (pity party)• Excuses for their poor performance
`Sociology on Campus4.1 IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT BY STUDENT
• Received high & low grades (ace-bomber)• Sensitive• Attempt to avoid such exchanges• When forced with aces bombers gracious
and congratulatory
`Sociology on Campus4.1 IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT BY STUDENT
• Received high & low grades (ace-bomber)• Sensitive• Attempt to avoid such exchanges• When forced with aces bombers gracious
and congratulatory
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939 : the self is social product and that aspects of one’s personality are influenced by other people (especially: parents). The self has components that work in opposition to each other.
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self
Jean Piaget: emphasized the stages through which human progress as the self develops
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self
Research on newborn baby by Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self
Newborns have not yet separated themselves from the universe which they
are apart
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self
As they are mature, children are gradually socialized into social relationships
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self
Cognitive theory of development Piaget (1954) identified 4 stages:
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self
1. Sensorimotor2. Preoperational3. Concrete operational4. Formal operational
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self
Sensorimotor (0-2)• Exploration through the body• Object permanence• Emotional attachment to a significant
few
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self
Preoperational (2-7)• Use of language• Imagination• Egocentric
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self
Concrete Operational (7-11)• Logical reasoning• Concrete thinking • Traits of objects are conserved even
when their shape changes
`THE SELF AND SOCIALIZATIONPsychological Approaches to the self
Formal Operational (12 to adult)• Abstract thinking develops• Problem solving and consideration of
consequences begins
`SOCIALIZATION & THE LIFE COURSEThe Life Course
A life course approach: look closely to the social factors that influence people throughout their lives, from birth to death.
`SOCIALIZATION & THE LIFE COURSEThe Life Course
Several life events mark the passage to adulthood. These turning points vary from one society and even generation to the next
`ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION & RESOCIALIZATION
Anticipatory socialization: processes of socialization in which person
“rehearses” for future positions, occupations and social relationships
`ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION & RESOCIALIZATION
Resocialization: processes to discarding former behavior pattern and accepting
new ones as part of transition in part life
`ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION & RESOCIALIZATION
Erving Goffman (1961) coined the term of total institution to refer to an
institution such as a prison, the military, a mental hospital, or a convent under a
single authority
`AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
Agents of Socialization:1. Family2. Education/Schools3. Peer Group4. Mass Media & Technology5. Workplace6. The State
`AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
Family1. Cultural influences2. The impact of race and gender
`AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
Education/School1. Fulfill of teaching children become
capable of increasing their intelectualphysical and social ability
2. Teaching the Values and customs of the larger society
`AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
Peer Group• Enjoy similar social status• Can assert himself/herself• Can be the source of harassment
Tabel 4-3 High School PopularityWhat makes high school girls popular
According to college men
According to college women
Physical attractiveness Grades/intelligence
Grades/intelligence Participation in sport
Participation in sport General sociability
General sociability Physical attractiveness
Popularity with boys Clothes
Tabel 4-3 High School Popularity (cont’d)What makes high school boys popular
According to college men
According to college women
Participation in sport Participation in sport
Grades/intelligence Grades/intelligence
Popularity with girls General sociability
General sociability Physical attractiveness
Car School clubs/government
`AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
Mass Media & Technology• Radio, motion picture, recorded
music, TV, Internet etc• Not always negative influence
`AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
The State• Government growing impact on the
life course• By reinstituting rite of passage that
had disappear• Become provider of child care etc
`AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION
Workplace• More and more young people work
today• Teenage employment in US is the
highest among industrial country
Summary
• Socialization affect overall cultural practices
• Heredity and environmental factors influencing socialization
• As a primary agents of socialization parents play critical role
• Schools have an explicit mandate to socialize people
• More and more mothers of young children have entered the labor market, the demand for child care has increased dramatically
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